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THE 1990 VIRGINIA SLIMS OPINION POLL _ rt_F r - rr- - ~ ~ - Laurie Pearlstein Cohn & Wolfe (212) 598-3657 Kristin Gibson Cohn & Wolfe (212) 598-3620 WHAT: The 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll is the sixth in a series of national surveys analyzing women's attitudes and opinions and is conducted by Virginia Slims. FACT SHEET Contact • THE 1990 VIRGINIA SLIMS OPINION POLL Past Polls were conducted in 1985, 1980, 1974, 1972 and 1970, thus providing a basis for analyzing major trends over the years. Now in its 20th anniversary year, the Virginia Slims Opinion Poll was the first comprehensive poll on women's issues ever conducted and is now the most definitive source of information on the history of women's opinions and their changing role in society. WHO: The Roper Organization Inc. of New York City conducted.the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll, surveying a national cross-section of 3,000 women and 1,000 men. The Roper Organization has been conducting the Poll since 1974. In 1970, Virginia Slims commissioned Louis Harris and Associates to do the first survey of women's opinions about public affairs and women's role in society. HOW: Respondents were interviewed in person and asked 92 questions regarding attitudes toward women's changing status in society, careers, marriage and family. -more-

-2- FORMAT: The 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll is published in two formats: * A major comprehensive analysis, supported by charts, tables and graphs. * An easy to read booklet that outlines the Poll's major findings. The Poll is organized into six chapters: * How Far Have We Come? How Far Do We Have To Go? * A Personal Perspective On Life * Between Women and Men: Relationships in the 90's * Women in the Workplace * Worker, Mother, Wife * Women and Leadership SPOKESPEOPLE: Marlene Sanders Network television anchor, correspondent and producer Burns W. Roper Chairman, The Roper Organization Inc. Ellen Merlo Vice President of Marketing Services, Philip Morris U.S.A. Representatives of Virginia Slims and The Roper Organization will also be available to discuss the Poll findings and trends that have been recorded over the past 20 years. # # #

~ THE 1990 ~ ~ VIRGINIA SLIMS `" Tf---r OPINION POLL Contact r Laurie Pearlstein - - -*"`= Cohn & Wolfe ~ _ (212) 598-3657 Kristin Gibson Cohn & Wolfe (212) 598-3620 1990 VIRGINIA SLIMS OPINION POLL FINDINGS ANNOUNCED Women Cite Career Advancements And Satisfaction In Homelife; However Many Still Express Dissatisfaction April 25, 1990 (NEW YORK, NY) -- The results of the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll, the most comprehensive women's opinion poll in the nation, were announced today at the Pierre Hotel in New York City. The findings revealed that while women have made breakthrough strides in the workplace their greatest source of satisfaction still comes from their homelife. "Twenty years ago, when the women's movement was beginning to gain momentum, we conducted the first Virginia Slims Opinion Poll to find out about women's perceptions of their role in society and how that role was changing," said Ellen Merlo, vice president of marketing services, Philip Morris U.S.A. "Over the years, we have repeated the Poll at intervals which correspond with changing events in society. Now in 1990, as the 20th century comes to a close, we are proud to again present the findings of the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll." -more- ft7 ~

-2- The 1990 Poll is the sixth in a series of national surveys conducted by Virginia Slims. Together with similar Polls taken in 1970, 1972, 1974, 1980 and 1985, the study measures the major trends in women's attitudes, beliefs and behavior over the past 20 years. "The 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll provides a realistic blueprint of what needs to be done. Now we have to make it happen," said Marlene Sanders, nationally acclaimed newswoman and spokeswoman for the Poll. "What is particularly interesting is to see how many of the opinions that were controversial in the early 1970s are held by the majority today," said Burns W. Roper, chairman of The Roper Organization. "As time passes, the agenda of women's concerns, of course, changes. What emerges from the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll is that women today are looking for changes and are making demands." Are Women Advancing In The Workplace? The 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll findings indicate that it is in the workplace that women report the greatest improvement over the past two decades and also the greatest need for improvement in the years ahead. -more-

-3- Poll findings confirm that there is indeed a perceived "glass ceiling." Women believe that they are not offered equal access to leadership positions. In particular, they cite the need to gain opportunities in government and broader access to jobs traditionally held by men. The Poll also shows that money is a growing concern for women, and it is the number one issue on their agenda of workplace dissatisfaction. Fifty percent of women believe that over the next 10 years major changes are needed to bring women's salaries to comparable levels as men. Is Combining Work and Family Manageable? Marriage and family remain the center of most Americans' lives. More than 9 in 10 women are married or plan to. According to the 1990 Poll results, love, sexual fidelity and the ability to communicate feelings remain the cornerstone of a good marriage. The 1990 Poll also finds that while the family is the greatest source of satisfaction for women, there are still strong currents of discontent with homelife. Women are more likely to say that dealing with marriage and motherhood has gotten worse over the last 20 years which is probably the result of juggling work and family responsibilities. N ~ ~ -more- ~ C,D ~ ~ W ~

-4- "As women contribute more to the family income, they expect in return a more equitable division of household responsibilities. Token help with the dishes or the children no longer inspires their gratitude," said Roper. In fact, the 1990 Poll finds that women now hold a less flattering view of men than they did 20 years ago. In 1970, two-thirds of women believed that men are basically and thoughtful. In 1990, barely half would agree. Do Women Have Higher Status In Society? kind, gentle The 1990 Virginia Slims Poll findings indicate that efforts to improve women's status are now part of the political and social mainstream. In 1970, only 40 percent of women favored efforts to improve women's status, while 42 percent were opposed. Today, 77 percent of women favor these efforts and only 12 percent oppose them. Three-quarters of women believe that their roles should and will continue to change in the 1990's. More than half of the women polled say that changes will occur as a matter of course while 37 percent see the need for a more active effort to affect the needed changes. Women's perceptions of the need for an organized women's movement increases with rising levels of income, education and employment status. -more-

-5- The Roper Organization Inc. of New York City conducted the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll surveying the opinions of a national cross-section of 3,000 women and 1,000 men. Respondents were interviewed in person and asked 92 questions regarding attitudes toward women's changing status in society, careers, marriage and family. ###

THE 1990 RFLFASE VIRGINIA SLIMS OPINfON POLL Contact. Laurie Pearlstein Cohn & Wolfe (212) 598-3657 Kristin Gibson Cohn & Wolfe (212) 598-3620 1990 VIRGINIA SLIMS OPINION POLL FINDS WOMEN STRUGGLING WITH BALANCING FAMILY AND CAREERS Reject "Mommy Track;" Cite More Help From Spouse To Relieve Stress April 25, 1990 (NEW YORK, NY) -- For the first time since 1974, women's prF,ference for a lifestyle that combines marriage, family and career has declined according to the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll. The Poll also reveals that women reject the concept of "Mommy track", would like more help from their spouses, and feel they should put less pressure on themselves be superwomen. to Since the mid-1970's, a majority of women indicated that ideally they wanted to combine work and personal lives. However, in 1990, the proportion of women saying that they would personally prefer to combine marriage, family and career declined six points to 57 percent. And the proportion of women who would choose a dual-earner, shared-responsibility marriage dropped from 57 percent in 1985 to 53 percent in 1990.

-2- "Women are re-evaluating where they are today," said Burns W. Roper, Chairman of The Roper Organization Inc. "While they don't want to go back to a traditional wife and mother lifestyle, the Poll suggests they feel that new solutions for balancing family and career need to be found." In part, the Poll shows that 61 percent of women working full-time are more stressed today in balancing family and careers. Fifty-five percent say the nature of their jobs makes it harder for them to devote themselves fully to their family needs. Overtime or late hours create problems for nearly half of the women surveyed. At the same time, family responsibilities often cause on-the-job problems for women. Thirty-one percent of women employed full-time wish their families were more understanding about work demands, and 29 percent say their families make it hard for them to devote complete attention to work. When asked what suffers most when women work, 44 percent of women and 38 percent of men say that children suffer most when mothers work; 29 percent of women and men say marriage is affected.

-3- Is There Pressure To Be "Superwomen"? Thirty-four percent of women and 27 percent of men agree that, women should put less pressure on themselves to be "superwomen." Similarly, a quarter of women and 19 percent of men believe men should ease pressure on women to be "superwomen." These sentiments run particularly high among executive and professional women. Is The "Mommy track" The Answer? When asked if the "Mommy track" (a two-tiered alternative career path fQr women with children) would help ease the stress of a dual lifestyle, both men and women gave it very little support. Most women (73 percent) and men (69 percent) say that no one should have to choose a pre-ordained career path. More than eight in ten believe that companies should provide flexible polices for both women and men. What Is The Ideal Maternity Leave? The issue of maternity leave causes tension, and women feel compelled to accept options they regard as far from ideal. While a majority of women regard three months or less as most practical, only 15 percent find it ideal. Fifty percent would like to stay home at least until their child is two years old, yet only 11 percent think this is feasible. -more-

-4- Since most women work out of financial need, it is unlikely they will retreat from the workplace. But many are re-examining how they balance their lives. Seven out of ten women point to help from men with housework and child care as the best way to make their balancing act more manageable. More flexible hours and better day care options also top the list. The 1990 Poll is the sixth in a series of national surveys conducted by Virginia Slims. Together with similar Polls taken in 1970, 1972, 1974, 1980 and 1985, the study measures the major trends in women's attitudes, beliefs and behavior over the past 20 years. The Roper Organization Inc. of New York City, conducted the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll surveying the opinions of a national cross-section of 3,000 women and 1,000 men. Respondents were interviewed in person and asked 92 questions regarding attitudes toward women's changing status in society, careers, marriage and family. ###

Contact . Laurie Pearlstein Cohn & Wolfe (212) 598-3657 Kristin Gibson Cohn & Wolfe (212) 598-3620 TWENTY YEARS OF CHANGE CREATES NEW CONCERNS AND OPTIONS FOR WOMEN ACCORDING TO VIRGINIA SLIMS POLL Changes In Moral Climate, The Economy And Rising Crime Rate Affect Lifestyles April 25, 1990 (NEW YORK, NY) -- The 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll results show that if women today are re-evaluating their goals, they are doing so in response to an America significantly different from the 1970's. Changes in the economy, moral climate and rising rates of crime are key factors in the way women choose to live their lives. Is Money Power? Poll results indicate that the need for more money is among the most important issues on women's agendas. When asked what would make life better, 60 percent of women respond more money. Fully 70 percent of women say money is either a major or minor form of stress. Even among those with incomes of $50,000 and more, the response more money surpasses more leisure time by a wide margin. Sixty-three percent of women say their greatest sense of resentment is with lack of money. When asked to list sources of personal satisfaction, the amount of money women earn came last on their list. -more-

-2- Do Women Enjoy The Same Sexual Freedom As Men? Over the past 20 years, the number who believe women should not enjoy the same sexual freedom as men has dropped by half. In 1970, 65 percent of the women surveyed thought that pre-marital sex was immoral; in 1990 the number stands at 46 percent. Acceptance of couples living together without being married has doubled since 1970. The number of cohabiting couples quadrupled between 1970-1985. During the same time period divorce rates rose by 47 percent. Should There Be Single Mothers? Single parenthood now has considerable appeal for women. In 1970, only 11 percent thought it should be legal for adults to have children without getting married; nearly four times (42 percent) think so today. Fully one-third say that if they were single and nearing the end of their childbearing years, they would consider having a child on their own without marrying. But although single parenthood is more accepted, 56 percent wouldn't consider it, with the number one reason being that they felt a child needs two parents.

-3- Has Sexual Behavior Changed? The AIDS epidemic is another development of the last decade .that has had a measurable impact on American women. Despite the new-found sexual freedom, two-thirds of single women (and 57 percent of single men) say that the threat of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases has made them less sexually active. Most Americans say they know someone who has changed their sexual behavior due to the risk of AIDS. Women polled say that of the people they know who have changed their sexual behavior, 28 percent have changed a lot while 23 percent have altered their behavior somewhat. Most women (86 percent) and men (87 percent) believe that people who are sexually active should be more responsible in light of AIDS; and three-quarters of the women and men surveyed believe in equal responsibility for protecting against AIDS. Are Women Safe On The Streets? The rising rates of crime in the last two decades have also affected women. Seventy-two percent of women say they feel more afraid and uneasy on the streets today than they did a few years ago; fewer men share this feeling (49 percent).

-4- Those most likely to be fearful are older women (82 percent), women in the Northeast (80 percent) and black women (77 percent). The increasing level of fear may be partly responsible for the fact that a two-thirds majority of women currently favors capital punishment -- in contrast to just 46 percent in 1970. A Woman In The White House? The political network has registered significant change in the last two decades. With more women entering political office, confidence in a possible woman presidential candidate has risen dramatically since the 1970s. Twice the proportion of women in the 70's (40 percent in 1972 vs. 21 percent now) said they would be less likely to vote for a woman candidate. The share that say that woman have an equal or better chance to win their votes has risen from 54 percent to 74 percent in women, 46 percent to 61 percent among men. The 1990 Poll is the sixth in a series of national surveys conducted by Virginia Slims. Together with similar Polls taken in 1970, 1972, 1974, 1980 and 1985, the study measures the major trends in women's attitudes, beliefs and behavior ~ over the past 20 years. ~ ~r3 -more-

-5- The Roper Organization Inc. of New York City conducted the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Po13l surveying the opinions of a national cross-section of 3,000 women and 1,000 men. Repondents were interviewed in person and asked 92 questions regarding attitudes toward women's changing status in society, careers, marriage and family. ###

THE 1990 VIRGINIA SLIMS OPINION POLL Contact o~ Laurie Pearlstein Cohn & Wolfe (212) 598-3657 Kristin Gibson Cohn & Wolfe (212) 598-3620 VIRGINIA SLIMS OPINION POLL: A 20-YEAR PERSPECTIVE OF WOMEN'S ISSUES Highlights Now in its twentieth anniversary year, the Virginia Slims Opinion Poll documents major trends in women's changing attitudes. Published in 1970, 1972, 1974, 1980, 1985 and 1990, the Polls are the most definitive source of information available on the history of women's opinions and their evolving role in society. Looking back over the past two decades, The Virginia Slims Poll has uncovered some interesting opinions which illustrate just how far women have come. Do you favor or oppose most of the efforts to strengthen women's status in society today? o In 1970, 40 percent of women and 44 percent of men favor efforts to strengthen women's status. o In 1972, 48 percent of women and 49 percent of men polled favor efforts to strengthen women's status. -more-

-2- o in 1974, 57 percent of women and 63 percent of men polled favor efforts to strengthen women's status. o In 1980, 64 percent of both women and men favor efforts to strengthen women's status. o in 1985, 73 percent of women and 69 percent of men favor efforts to strengthen women's status. o In 1990, 77 percent of women and 74 percent of men favor efforts to strengthen women's status. Both men and women have steadly increased their support for strengthening women's status over the past twenty years. Do you think there are more advantages in being a man or a woman in society today? o In 1974, 31 percent of women and 42 percent of men believe it is more advantageous to be a man in American society. o In 1980, 43 percent of women and 43 percent of men believe it is more advantageous to be a man in American society. o In 1985, 49 percent of women and 51 percent of men believe it was more advantageous to be a man in American society. -more-

-3- o In 1990, 43 percent of women and 41 percent of men believe it is more advantageous to be a man in American society. From 1974 to 1985, increasing percentages of men and women agreed it was more advantageous to be a man in society; however, percentages are decreasing in 1990. Should it be legal for adults to have children without getting married? In 1970, 11 percent of women believe it should be legal for adults to have children without getting married. o In 1990, 42 percent of women believe it should be legal for adults to have children without getting married. Women in 1990 are more accepting of the idea that a woman can have a child on her own. What do women believe most accurately describes men? o In 1970, 50 percent of women feel most men think only their own opinions about the world are important. o In 1990, 58 percent of women feel most men think only their own opinions about the world are important. -more-

-4- o In 1970, 67 percent of women feel men are basically kind, gentle and thoughtful. o In 1990, 51 percent of women feel men are basically kind, gentle and thoughtful. o In 1970, 32 percent of women feel men are basically selfish and self-centered. o In 1990, 42 percent of women feel men are basically selfish and self-centered. Women's opinions about men have become less favorable over twenty years. In what areas do women experience discrimination? o In the 1970s, 40 percent of women feel they experience discrimination in obtaining top professional jobs and 51 percent feel they experience discrimination in obtaining top government jobs. o in 1990, 61 percent of women feel they experience discrimination in obtaining top professional jobs and 64 percent feel they experience discrimination in obtaining top government jobs. -more-

-5- o In 1974, 56 percent of women feel they experience discrimination in obtaining loans, mortgages and/or charge accounts in their own names. o In 1990, 41 percent of women feel they experience discrimination in obtaining loans, mortgages and/or charge accounts in their own names. While more women believe they are discriminated against in 1990 than in the 1970s in obtaining professional opportunities, they indicate their ability to obtain loans and charge accounts on their own has improved. Are women working primarily to support their family? o In 1980, 19 percent of total employed women worked to support their family. o In 1990, 31 percent of total employed women worked to support their family. more women in 1990 than ten years ago depend upon their incomes to support their families. ###

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~ ~ THE 1990 VIRGINIA SLIMS - OPINION POLL MARLENE SANDERS A pioneer for women in the television news industry, Marlene Sanders was the first woman to anchor an evening news show, the first television newswoman to cover the Vietnam War, and the first woman to be named a network news vice president. Ms. Sanders is host and moderator of WNET-New York's Metro Week In Review, a weekly public affairs program which covers major local issues. Prior to this, Ms. Sanders was host of WNET's public affairs series Current -- winner of three local Emmy Awards. Ms. Sanders gained prominence from her work at CBS News, where she won three Emmy Awards as a principal correspondent for CBS Reports. Her assignments included "Nurse, Where Are You?" which earned her one Emmy, and "What Shall We Do About Mother?" for which she earned two Emmys. In addition, Ms. Sanders also produced, wrote, directed and anchored "How Much for the Handicapped?" which won a prestigous Christopher Award. During her ten year stint at CBS News, Ms. Sanders also anchored Newsbreak, contributed reports to CBS Sunday Morning, and did hourly newscasts for the CBS Radio Network. Prior to CBS, Ms. Sanders spent 14 years at ABC News where she blazed new trails for women in the television industry. She began at ABC as a correspondent and anchorwoman and became the first woman to anchor an evening newscast. When she was assigned to cover the Vietnam War for ABC, she became the first television newswoman to do so. Ms. Sanders rose from the ranks of correspondent and anchorwoman to documentary producer where she produced many highly-acclaimed broadcasts of ABC News Closeup. One particular broadcast, "The Right to Die," earned her awards from Ohio State University, Front Page and the Writer's Guild of America. In 1976, she became Vice President and Director of Documentaries for ABC News; the first woman to be named a network news vice president. In addition to her television acclaim, Ms. Sanders is co-author of the highly acclaimed book "Waiting for Prime Time: The Women of Television News" which examines the unique problems facing women in the television industry. When she appears as a spokesperson for the Virginia Slims Opinion Poll, Ms. Sanders will give her personal perspective on how women's roles have changed over the past two decades. # # #

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=-~ THE 1990 VIRGINIA SLIMS _. OPINION POLL BURNS W. ROPER Burns W. Roper is a 44-year veteran of the marketing and opinion research industry. Since 1946, his accomplishments and experiences have covered a wide range of activities in the field. As Chairman of the Board of The Roper Organization Inc., he has directed marketing studies for many of the world's Fortune 500 companies and has conducted public affairs studies for such organizations as the Television Information Office. He has developed legal evidence studies for a number of leading law firms and their clients and conducted sociological studies for various universities, foundations and government agencies. For 16 years, Mr. Roper has conducted the Virginia Slims Opinion Poll which is recognized as the most comprehensive source of information on the history of women's opinions and women's changing role in society. He is a spokesperson for the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll. The Roper name, however, is perhaps best known for the scores of polls published for some of the nation's leading news publications including U.S. News & World Report. Mr. Roper also developed Roper Reports which explores the public attitudes on a wide range of political, social and economic issues. Many leading businesses, government agencies and public and private organizations subscribe to the ten-times-a-year service. In addition to his work within The Roper Organization, Mr. Roper has authored many articles for research journals and other publications. His contributions include a chapter in the book The Big Story which examines press coverage of the Tet Offensive and the effects of the event on public opinion. Mr. Roper is also no stranger to radio and television and has made numerous appearances as a public opinion expert on such programs as; The MacNeil/Lehrer Report, PBS Debate and Election Specials and The Today Show. Listed among his numerous activities is The Roper Public Opinion Research Center for which he is Chairman of the Board. A separate entity from The Roper Organization, the research center is jointly hosted by the University of Connecticut and Williams College. It is the largest archive of original public opinion research data in the world and contains not only Roper Organization studies, but also studies from most leading commercial, governmental and academic research organizations world-wide. # # #

The Roper Organization Inc. 205 East 42nd Street New York, NY 10017 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll Time started PM Time finished PM Total minutes I'm from The Roper Organization, a public opinion research firm. I'd like to ask you some questions about public affairs and the role of women in today's society. 1. In general, how satisfied would you say you personally are with your life today-would you say that you are very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, only slightly satisfied or not at all satisfied? Very satisfied ............... 1 15/ Somewhat satisfied ........... 2 Only slightly satisfied ...... 3 Not at all satisfied ......... 4 Don't know ................... y 2. On the whole, do you feel that, compared with 10 years ago, women are now looked on with more respect, less respect or about the same respect as 10 years ago? More respect ................. 1 16/ Less respect ................. 2 Same respect ................. Don't know ................... y 3. There has been much talk recently about changing women's status in society today. On the whole, do you favor or oppose most of the efforts to strengthen and change women's status in society today? Favor ........................1 17/ Oppose .....................2 Don't know ................... y 4. Do you think that women's roles in society will continue to change in the years to come, or have women's roles changed as much as they're going to, or do you think there will be a movement back to more traditional women's roles in the years to come? Women's roles will continue to change ...................... 1 Women's roles changed about as much as they're going to.... 2 Movement back to more traditional roles .................... 3 Don't know ................................................. y 18/ 5. Do you think women's roles should continue to change in the years to come, or that the change in women's roles has gone about as far as it should, or that the change has already gone too far? Should continue to change.... l a ~ - 19/ Gone as far as it should ..... 2 ~vVL~JJ+7~a~. Already gone too far ......... 3 Don't know ................... y

Cd. 1 Page 2 6. All things considered, in our society today, do you think there are more advantages in being a man, or more advantages in being a woman, or that there are no more advan- tages in being one than the other? More advantages in being a man .....1 More advantages in being a woman ...2 No more advantages in being one than the other . ......Don't know ......................... y 7. Why do you say that? (ASK 7) (SKIP TO 8) - 21- 22- 23- 24- _ 2-5- 20/ 8. As we prepare to enter the 1990s, do you think there is a need for a strong and organized women's movement to work for further changes for women, or do you think .changes will occur as a matter of course without any organized effort on the part of women? Need for women's movement ................ 1 (ASK 9) 26/ 9. 10. Changes will occur as matter of course ...2 Don't know ............................... y ~ (SKIP TO 11) IF-NEED FOR WOMEN'S MOt7EMENT , Do you feel that this kind of women's movement in the 1990s should be a ccntinu-_- atiot1 of the kind of women's movement we had in the 1970s and 1980s, or should it be basically the same kind of movement but with some changes in emphasis, or do you think a substantiallv different kind of women's movement is required? Continuation ............................. 1 (SKIP TO 11) 27/ Some changes .......................:.....2 (ASK 10) Substantially different ...:............31 Don't know ............................... y (SKIP TO 11) IF CHANGES NEEDED (2 OR 3 CIRCLED IN 0.9), ASK: what are the changes which you feel are-needed for the women's movement in the 1990s? -28- 2 9- 30- 31-

Cd. 1 Page 3 11. Do you feel women are discriminated against o-r_ not in RESPONSE FOR EACH ITEM)? (READ LIST, RECORDING ONE D_iscrim- Lnatad aQainst Not diseriminatod aQainst Don't know a. Getting a college education ...................... 1 y 33/ b. Getting into graduate professional schools (medical schools, law schools, etc.) ............. 1 y 34/ c. Getting skilled labor jobs ....................... 1 2 y 35/ d. Obtaining top jobs in the professions ............ 1 2 y 36/ e. Obtaining top jobs in the arts ................... 1 2 y 37/ f. Obtaining top jobs in government ................. 1 2 y 38/ g. Obtaining executive positions in business ........ 1 2 39/ h. Obtaining top jobs in the military services ...... 1 2 y 40/ i. Getting white collar and clerical jobs ........... 1 2 y 41/ J- Being given leadership responsibility in groups with both men and women ........................... 1 2 y 42/ k. Obtaining loans, mortgages, charge accounts in their own names .................................. 1 2 y 43/ 12. Now, turning to something else, here is a list of prominent women. (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) Please call off the 3 or 4 women whom you most admire or respect. a. Benazir Bhutto ............1 b. Barbara Bush .............. 2 c. Cher ...................... 3 d. Princess Diana ............ 4 e. Elizabeth Dole ............ 5 f. Chris Evert ............... 6 g. Jane Fonda ................ 7 h. Florence Griffith Joyner ..8 i. Billie Jean King .......... 9 j. Coretta Scott King ........ 0 k. Bette Midler .............. 1 Sandra Day O'Connor ....... 2 Jackie Kennedy Onassis ....3 Nancy Reagan .............. 4 Diane Sawyer .............. 5 Meryl Streep .............. 6 Barbra Streisand .......... 7 Elizabeth Taylor .......... 8 Margaret Thatcher ..........9 Barbara Walters ........... 0 Oprah Winfrey .............1 461 13. Now let's talk about some issues of concern today. Do you personally feel more afraid and uneasy on the streets today, less uneasy, or-not much-different from the way you felt a few years ago? More uneasy ............ 1 Less uneasy ............ 2 No different ........... 3 Don't know ............. y

Cd. 1 Page 4 14. Do you favor capital punishment-the death penalty, or do you oppose it? Favor capital punishment ..... 1 48/ Oppose capital punishment .... 2 Don't know ................... y 15. If two people with equal qualifications were running for President of the United States, and one of them were a woman, would you be more likely to vote for the woman candidate, less likely to vote for her, or wouldn't it make any difference to you at all? More likely to vote for woman...1 49/ Less likely to vote for woman...2 No difference at al1............ 3 Not sure ........................ y 16. As you may know, our country only has three women Governors out of fifty, and only two women Senators out of 100. There may be many reasons that there are so few women in high political offices. Here is a list of some of them. (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) For each, please tell me whether you think it is a major reason, or a minor reason, or not a reason that there are so few women in politics. First, item a.? (ASK ABOUT EACH ITEM) itajor raason a. Many Americans aren't ready to elect a woman to higher office ......................................... 1 b. Generally speaking women don't make as good leaders as men ................................................ 1 c. Women are discriminated against in all areas of life, and politics is no exception .......................... 1 d. Women's responsibilities to family don't leave time e. for politics .......................................... 1 Most men are better suited emotionally for politics than are most women ................................... 1 f. Women are mostly given the detailed dirty-work chores in politics, while men hold the real power.....1 g. Young girls are not encouraged to aspire to careers h. i. in politics ........................................... 1 Generally speaking, women aren't tough enough for politics .............................................. 1 Women just aren't as interested in going into politics as men ....................................... 1 j. Sinc® fewer women hold leadership positions in business, the professions and the military, few women have the experience required for higher office ........ 1 k. Women who are active in party politics get held back by the "old-boy network" ............................... 1. There are very few women in high political office to inspire others ..................................... 1 Minor reason Not s rtiason Don't knox 2 3 y 50/ 2 3 y 51/ 2 3 y 52/ 2 3 y 531 2 3 y 54/ 2 3 y 55/ 2 3 y 56/ 2 3 y 57/ 2- 3_ y 58/ ~ ~ 2 3 y 59/ ~ 2 3 y 60/ W ~ 2 3 y 61/ 1r ! (62-79)B 80-1 T)un^ 1-5

Cd. 2 Page 5 17. When it comes to (READ FIRST ITEM ON LIST), do you feel that women in public office would do a better job than men, a worse job than men, or just as good a job as men in public office? (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) (ASK ABOUT EACH ITEM) Just as Not Better Worse gooc.~ Sure a. Negotiating with our trading partners, such as Western Europe, Canada and Japan ....... 1 b. Improving American competitiveness in world markets ........................................1 c. Strengthening the economy ...................... 1 d. Encouraging the arts .......................... 1 e. Directing the military ......................... 1 f. Conducting diplomatic relations with other countries ...................................... 1 g. Improving the prison system ....................1 h. Solving the urban crisis ....................... 1 i. Assisting the poor ............................. 1 j. Improving our educational system ............... 1 k. Improving justice for minority groups........... 1 1. Dealing with big business ...................... 1 m. Protecting the environment ..................... 1 n. Maintaining honesty and integrity in government .....................................1 o. Working for peace in the world ................. 1 p. Protecting the interests of the consumer....... .1 q. Balancing the federal budget ................... 1 r. Dealing with health problems ................... 1 s.-Dealing with children and family problems ...... 1 t. Making decisions on whether or not to go to war .................................... 1 u. Solving the drug crisis........................ 1 v. Providing support for working parents (such as day-care) ........ ....... .............. 1 . w Dliith th e a ng w e pro bl em o f h ome essness.......1 l x. Dealing with the concerns of senior citizens (e.g. Social Security, Medicare, housing, etc:) 1 2 3 y 6/ 2 3 Y 7/ 2 3 y 8/ 2 3 y. 9/ 2 3 y 10/ 2 3 y 11/ 2 3 y 12/ 2 3 y 13/_ 2 3 y 14/ 2 3 y 15/ 2 3 y 16/ 2 3 y 17/ 2 3 y 18/ 2 3__ y 191 2 3 y 20/_ 2 3 y 21/ 2 3 y 22/ 2 3 y 23/ 2 3 y 24/ 2 3 y 25l 2 3 y 26/ ~ 2 3 y 27j ~ ~ 2 3 y 28/ , ~ 2 3 y 29/ CO fA

Cd. 2 Page 6 18. All things considered, do you think young adult women 20 years from now can look forward to a better life than young adult women now, or not as good a life, or don't you think there will be much difference? Better life ............ 1 (ASK 19) 30/ Not as good a life ..... 2 (ASK 19) Not much difference .... 3 (SKIP TO 22) Don't know ............. y~ 19. Do you think that because of the way things are going generally in this country for everyone, or do you think that because of the way things are going for women? Everyone ............... 1 (SKIP TO 22) 31/ Women .................. 2 (ASK 20 OR 21-SEE INSTRUCTION BELOW) Don't know ............. y (SKIP TO 22) INSTRUCTION: IF "WOMEN" ANSWERED IN Q.19 A~M "BETTER LIFE" IN Q.18, ASK 21. , IF "WOMEN" ANSWERED IN Q.19 $ZM "NOT AS GOOD A LIFE" IN Q.18, ASK 20. 20. If Not as Good Life in 018: © D18 21 In which of these ways, if any, will . In which of these ways, if any, women 20 years from now have a.life women 20 years from now have a which is not as good? (HAND RESPONDENT life? (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) CARD) a. Women will be under more a. Women will have more control stress because of increased over the way things go in responsibilities ............. 1 32/ their lives ................ 1 b. Due to economic pressures b. Men will look at women more women will have no choice as equals .................. 2 but to work .................. 2 c. More equal opportunities for c. More women will be working women in the workplace .....3 which will mean women won't d. More help from men with be able to fulfill their household chores and child roles as mothers and wives ..3 rearing .................... 4 d. Women will be held back in the e. More opportunities for workforce because of family (SKIP women in leadership positions and household TO in politics ................ 5 responsibilities ............. 4 Q.22) f. More opportunities for e. The more opportunities that become available for women, the more that will be expected of them ...................... 5 f. There will be more demands g• on women's time because of increased responsibilities...6 Women will have more problems with children because they have less time to supervise them ......................... 7 Other (Vol.) (Specify) 8 g• women in leadership positions in business ................ 6 Women will have more choice about what types of lives they choose to lead ........ 7 h. Men will be more sensitive to women's needs ........... 8 i. Employers will be more J• accommodating of the needs of working mothers ............ 9 It will be less of a man's world ...................... 0 will better 33/ ) ~ Other (Vol.) (Specify) 1 34/ Don't know .................... y! Don't know ................... y

Cd. 2 Page 7 ASK EVERYONE 22. Here is a list of things that have been widely discussed since the 1970s with regard to women in our society (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) GIould you tell me for each one whether you think since 1970 things for women have improved a lot, improved a little, gotten a little worse, gotten a lot worse, or haven't changed? First, (READ ITEM)? (ASK ABOUT EACH ITEM.) Gotten Gotten Iso¢srovod Improvod a little a lot a lot a little worse worse a. The salaries women are paid compared with what men are paid ................. 1 2 3 4 b.-The kinds of jobs open to them ......... 1 2 3 4 c. The kinds of marriages they have ....... 1 2 3 4 d. Their roles as mothers ................. 1 2 3 4 e. Their opportunities for leadership positions in government ............... 1 2 3 4 f. Their opportunities for leadership positions in business .................. 1 2 3 4 g. Their roles as homemakers............... 1 2 3 4 h. The day-care options available to working mothers ........................ 1 2 3 4 Haven't chanqed Don't know 5 y 35/ 5 y 36/ 5 y 37/ 5 y 38/ 5 y 39/ 5 y 40/ 5 y 41/ 5 y 42/ 23. Regardless of how much things have changed over the past 10 to 20 years, how much do you feel each of these things needs to change over the next 10 years to make women's lives better? (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) _ 13a jor changes are needed Some chanqns are nggdg¢ a. The salaries women are paid compared with what men are paid ..........................:...............1 2 b. The kinds of jobs open to them ........................ 1 2 c. The kinds of marriages they have ...................... . 1 2 d. Their roles as mothers ................................ 1 2 e. Their opportunities for leadership positions in government ......................................... 1 2 f. Their opportunities for leadership positioiis in business ........................................... 1 2 g. h. Their roles as homemakers ............................. 1 The day-care options available to - working mothers ......................................... 1 2 No real changos are aQoded Don't know 3 y 43/ 3 y 44/ 3 y-__ 45/ 3 y 46/ 3 y 47/ 3 y 48/ 49/ 3 y 50/ 20G00993s8

Cd. 2 Page 8 24. Do you find yourself getting annoyed a lot, getting somewhat annoyed, or hardly getting annoyed at all by (READ LIST AND RECORD BELOW) Arnoy.d Somasrhat a lot annovad a. Jokes about women drivers, mothers-in-law, or dumb blondes ......................................... .1 2 b. Pictures of nude women in Playboy and other magazines .............................................. 1 2 c. A man talking about you as a "girl" and not as a "woman" ........................................... 1 2 d. A woman being looked at as a sex symbol instead of as having sense in her head ......................... 1 2 e. Women being left home while men go out for a good time ............................................ 1 2 Iiardly annoye Don't know 3 y 51/ 3 y 52/ 3 y 53/ 3 y 54/ 3 y 55/ 25. Now I'd like to ask you about various descriptions of men and comparisons of men and women. For each description, please tell me whether you think it is mostly accurate or not. (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) First, item a.? (ASK ABOUT EACH ITEM) ltostly accurat• Not accuratEe a. Most men look at a woman and immediately think how it would be to go to bed with her ............................. 1 2 b. Most men are basically kind, gentle and thoughtful......... 1 2 c. Men get on with other men far better than women get on with other women ........................................... 1 2 d. Most men are basically selfish and self-centered........... 1 2 e. Most men are interested in their work and life outside the home and don't pay much attention to things going on at home ................................................. 1 2 f. Men enjoy action and excitement more than women do ......... 1 2 g. Most men are more interested in their own rather than a woman's sexual satisfaction ................................ 1 2 h. Men are more unfaithful than women ......................... 1 2 i. Most men think only their opinions about the world are important .............................................. 1 2 j• At heart, most men are just as big gossips as women ........ 1 2 k. Most men find it necessary for their egos to keep women down ................................................. 1 2 Don't know y 56/ y 57/ y 58/ y 59/ y 60/ y 61/ y 62/ y 63/ y 64/ y 65/ y 661 20600993~,9

Cd. 2 Page 9 26. Would you respect a man more, less, or 28 Who do ou think sacrifices more in about the same if he d id d t t . y home and take care ec e o s ay at of the children their personal lives to pursue a ca- while his wife worked? reer-men or women? Respect more ............. 1 67/ Men ....................... 1 69/ Respect less ............. 2 Women ..................... 2 Respect about the same ...3 Don't know ................ y Depends (vol.) ........... 4 29 C d 10 Don't know ............... y . ompare to years ago, do you think the institution of marriage is 27. Now, if you were free to do either, stronger, weaker, or is about the same as it was then? would you prefer to have a job outside the home, or would you prefer to stay home and take care of a house and fam- ily? Prefer to have a job ..... 1 68/ Prefer to stay home ...... 2 Don't know ............... y Stronger .................. 1 70/ Weaker .................... 2 About the same ............ 3 Don't know ................ y 30. In today's society there are many different lifestyles, and some that are acceptable today that weren't in the past. Regardless of what you may have done or plan to do with your life, and thinking just of what would give you personally the most satisfy- ing and interesting life, which one of these different ways of life do you think would be the best as a way of life? (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) a. A traditional marriage with the husband assuming the responsibility for providing for the family and the wife running the house and taking care of the children .......................................... 1 71/ b. A marriage where the husband and wife share responsibilities more both work, both share homemaking and child responsibilities ............... 2 c. Living with someone of the opposite sex, but not marrying ............ 3 d. Remaining single and living alone .................................... 4 e. Remaining single and living with others of the same sex.............. .5 f. Living in a big family of people with similar interests, in which some of the people are married and some are not ...................... 6 None of those (vol.) ................................................. 7 Don't know .........................................................y 31. biow let me ask you a somewhat different question. Considering the possibilities for combining or not combining marriage, children and a career, and assuming you had• a choice, which gne of these possibilities do you think would offer you the most satisfying and interesting life? (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) a. Having a career and not marrying or having children ............ 1 b. Having a career and marrying, but not having children .......... 2 c. Combining marriage, a career and having children ............... 3 d. Marrying, having children and not having a career .............. 4 e. Marrying, but not having children or a career .................. 5 Don't know .....................................................y 7 2/ 2060099360 - -- -- ----- - -- 32. What do you consider is the ideal size of family-a husband and wife and how children? No children ................ 1 Four children ............. 5 One child ................. 2- - Five children ............. 6 Two children .............. 3 Six or more children ...... 7 Three children ............4 Don't know ................ y many 73/ (74-79) B 80-2 Dupe 1-5

Cd. 3 Page 10 33. Now I'm going to name some different things, and for each one, I'd like to know how important you think it is to a good marriage-very important, fairly important, not too important, or not at all important. First (rea item). (ASK ABOUT EACH ITEM) V.ry i.mpor- taat a. Liking the same kind of life, activities and friends ........................................... 1 b. Being in love ..................................... 1 c. Keeping romance alive ............................. 1 d. Having children ................................... 1 a. Having similar ideas on how to raise children ..... 1 f. Having a good sexual relationship ................. 1 g. Sexual fidelity on the part of spouse ............. 1 h. Having similar ideas on how to handle money .......1 i. Financial security ................................ 1 j. Having similar backgrounds ........................ 1 k. Being able to talk together about your feelings ...1, 1. Your spouse having an understanding of what it is you do every day (your work around the house or your job, your outside interests, your abilities, etc.) .................................. 1 m. Both being able to see the humorous side of things ......................................... 1 Not rsirly ltot too at all imgor- imgor- iufpor- Don't tant. ti:].t #An-t know 2 3 4 y 6/ 2 3 4 y 7/ 2 3 4 y 8/ 2 3 4 y 9/ 2 3 4 y 10/ 2 3 4 y 11/ 2 3 4 y 12/ 2 3 4 y 13/ 2 3 4 y 14/ 2 3 4 y 15/ 2 3 4 y 16/ 2 3 4 y 17/ 2 3 4 y 18/

Cd.. 3 Page 11 34X. Suppose both a husband and wife work at good and interesting jobs, and the husband is offered a very good job in another city. Assuming they have no children, which one of these solutions do you think they should seriously consider? (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) a. The husband should turn down the job and stay where they are so the wife can continue with her job .................................................... 1 19/ b. The wife should quit her job, relocate with her husband and try to get another job in the new place ................................................. 2 c. The husband should take the new job and move there, the wife should keep her job and stay where she is and they should get together whenever they can on weekends, holidays and vacations ............................................. 3 Don't know ....................................................................y 34Y. Suppose both a husband and wife work at good and interesting jobs, and the wife is offered a very good job in another city. Assuming they have no children, which one of these solutions do you think they should seriously consider? (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) - a. The wife should turn down the job and stay where they are so the husband can continue with his job .................................................... 1 19/ The husband should quit his job, relocate with his wife and try to get another job in the new place ................................................. 2 c. The wife should take the new job and move there, the husband should keep his job and stay where he is and they should get together whenever they_can on weekends, holidays and vacations ............................................. 3 Don't know ...................................................................y

Cd. 3 Page 12 35. In today's family where the woman is both a working woman, a wife and a mother, which one of the three do you think gets slighted the most-the job, the marriage, or the children, or don't you think any of them get slighted? Job ................... 1 ~ None get slighted ..... 4 20/ Marriage .............. 2 (ASK 36) ~ (SKIP TO 37) Children .............. 3 Don't know ............ fy 36. Do you think it is inevitable that something has to suffer in families where the woman is both a working woman, a wife and a mother, or do you think things could change in order to balance all three elements evenly? It's inevitable that something suffers ................. 1 (SKIP TO 38) 21/ Things could change .................................... 2 (ASK 37) Don't know ............................................. y (SKIP TO 38) 37. Which of these things, in particular would need to change in order for working women to balance evenly their job, their marriage, and their children? (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) a. Men helping more with household and child care responsibilities ............ 1 22/ b.- Employers being more understanding of women's dual roles as workers and mothers ................................................................2 c. More flexible work hours/schedules ......................................... 3 d. Women putting less pressure on themselves to be "superwomen" ............... 4 e. Men putting less pressure on women to be "superwomen" ...................... f. Children helping more with household responsihilities ...................... 5 6 g. More and better day-care centers ........................................... 7 Don't know .................................................................y 38. If you were a single woman in your mid-thirties,, and wanted very much to have a child, would you consider having a child on your own without getting married or not? Yes, would consider ....... 1 (SKIP TO 40) 23/ No, would not consider . ..-. 2 (ASK 39) Don't know ................ y (SKIP TO 40) 39. Why not? 24- 25- -._ _._- 26- 27- 28- 40. Which of the statements on this card best describes (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) Just call off the letter. your current li ving situation? a. Married and living with husband or wife ...... .... 1 SK 4 29/ b. Living with someone as though married........ .... 2 ( IP TO 3 ) c. Living with other adult or adults ............ .... 3 d. No other adults in household ................ . 4~(ASK 41) 2OC O(1Q9363 41. How often would you say you date people of the oppo never? site sex-often, occasionally or Often ........................... 1 ' 30/ (ASK 42) ` Occasionally .................... `2 Never ........................... 3 (SKIP TO 47a)

Cd. 3 Page 13 42. Here are some statements that single men and women have made. (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) For each, please tell me whether you strongly agree, generally agree, generally dis- agree, or strongly disagree. First, item a.? (ASK ABOUT EACH ITEM BY LETTER) Strong- ly &araA a. Most of the men I'm interested in going out with are already married ...1 b. Most of the single men I meet don't know what they're doing with their lives ................................ 1 c. I'm happier than most of my married f riends .............................. 1 d. It is very difficult these days to find new people to date .............. 1 e. The demands of my job give me little time for a social life ............... 1 f. Most single men I meet are unwilling to make a serious commitment ......... 1 g. Being single is a lot easier than being married ........................ 1 h. It isn't all that important to get to know someone well before having a physical relationship with them ...... 1 i. I hope to be married someday, but - right now the timing just isn't right 1 Most single men I know are unwilling to take precautions against sexually transmitted diseases ................. 1 k. The threat of AIDS has made me less sexually active ...................... 1 1. The threat of other sexually transmitted diseases has made me less sexually active ...................... 1_ Cen.r- ally Agra& 2 Gener- ally dis- AZZAA 3 Strong- ly dis- a2z" Doa not Do sol.y k n' noK y t 1/ 2 3 4 5 y 32/ 2 3 4 5 y 33/ 2 3 4 5 y 34/ 2 3 4 5 y 35/ 2 3 4 5 y 36/ 2 3 4 5 y 37/ 2 3 4 5 y (SKIP TO 47a) 38/ 2 3 39/ 2 3 4 5 y 40/ 2 3 4 5 y 41/ 2 3 4 5 y 42/ 43. In general, which one of these aspects of your relationship with your husband (mate) would you most like to improve? (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) First Second sholco Choice a. Finances ............................................ 1 43/ 1 44/ b. The way your children are being raised .............. 2 2 N c. The way you communicate with each other ............. 3 3 Q d. Sex ................................................. 4 (ASK 44) 4 ~ e. Sharing of household chores ......................... 5 5 Q f. The amount of time you spend together ............... 6 6 Q Nothing (vol.) ...................................... 7 7 (r~~ Don't know .......................................... y I (SKIP TO 45) y W 44. What one other thing would you most like to improve? (RECORD ABOVE UNDER SECOND 4~h CHOICE)

. Cd. 3 Page 14 45. All.things considered, thinking about the person you are married to (living with) and about other people, how often do you meet someone who you think you would be happier with`than you are with your present partner-very often, fairly often, only occasionally, or never? Very often ........................ 45/ Fairly often ... ..................... 2 Only occasionally ....................... 3 Never ................................... 4 Don't know .......................... .y 46. Now would you read down this list, and for each one tell me who primarily handles that aspect of family financial management in your household-you, or your spouse, or do you do it jointly? (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) First, item a.? (ASK ABOUT EACH ITEM) Rsspond- Naithar Don't gnt Spgy" sTQint .jY9l. I knot[ a. Paying utility bills (electricity, phone, etc.)..1 2 3 4 y 46/ b. Paying the mortgage or rent ...................... 1 2 3 4. y 47/ c. Paying credit card or department store bills ..... 1 2 3 4 y 48/ d. Overall financial planning (how much to save, invest, pay on bills, etc.),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1 2 3 4 y 49/ e. What kind and how much life insurance to carry...1 2 3 4 y 50/ f:. What kind and how much other insurance to carry (household, car, etc.) ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1 2 3 4 y 51/ g'. Setting up and holding to a family budget ........ 1 2 3 4 y 52/ h. How much to spend on a vacation.................. .1 2 3 4 y 53/ AS-f{ EVERYONE 47a. In recent years, since the disease AIDS was first brought to public attention, health experts have recommended that people be more concerned and take precau- tions against the risk of the disease. Thinking now about people you know who go out with people, date, or are sexually active, to what extent have they changed their behavior or attitudes toward dating, relationships, and sexual practices in light of AIDS? Would you say they have changed a lot, or some, or only a little or not really at all? A lot ..................................1 Some ................................... 2 A little ............................... 3 Not really at all ...................... 4 Don't know anyone who dates or is sexually active (vol.) ................. 5 Don't know ............................. y 54/ 47b. Thinking again about the people you know who date or are sexually active, gen- erally do you think they need to be even more responsible about these matters in light of the risk of AIDS, or don't you think that is necessary? Need to be more responsible.............1 Not necessary .. .. .,.. ,2 55/ ~ Don't know ............................. y 47c. Who would you say should be primarily responsible for protecting against th e VJ ~ risk of AIDS--the man or the woman? ~ ~ Man .................................... 1 56/ W Woman ..................................... 2 Both equally (vol.) .................... 3 Don't know .............................. y u!

48. Here are descriptions of differ- ent kinds of jobs or careers a person could have. (HAND RESPON- DENT CARD) Regardless of what may be practical or possible for you at this time, I would like for you to imagine your ideal job situation. Suppose you could choose one of these for yourself, which would you choose? a. A career in a large business organization ................. 1 57/ b. A career in a small business .2 c. A career in a profession (law, medicine, etc.) ........ 3 d. A business of one's own ...... 4 e. A job that is interesting, but less demanding than a career.5 f. A part time job that helps g• bring in extra money ......... 6 No outside job at all ........ 7 Don't know ................... y Cd. 3 Page 15 49a. Thinking about working women who have new babies, in an jd,-a1 situation, how long is it par- ticularly important for a woman to stay home? (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) 923z 4 4b,_ 6 weeks ............ 1 58/ 1 59/ 3 months ........... 2 2 6 months ........... 3 3 1 year ............. 4 4 2 years ............ 5 5 3 years ............ 6 6 Until the child enters school ...... 7 7 Until the child is grown .............. 8 8 Don't know ......... y y 49b. Considering most employee benefits and job situations, in general, how long do you think it is practical for working mothers to stay home with a new baby? (RECORD ABOVE) 50. As you may know, though women have moved into the work force in great numbers, only two percent of top level business positions in this country are filled by women. There may be many reasons that there are so few women in high corporate positions. Here is a list of some of them. (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) For each one, would you tell me whether you think it is a major reason, a minor reason, or not a reason why. First, item a.? (ASK ABOUT EACH ITEM) a. Generally speaking women don't make as good bosses as men b. Women are discriminated against in all areas of life, and business is no exception c. Women's responsibilities to family don't leave time for running a major corporation d. Most men are better suited emotionally for big business than are most women e. Women are mostly given the low or mid-level jobs in business, while men hold the real power f. Young girls are not encouraged to aspire to careers as managers g. Generally speaking, women aren't tough enough for business h. Women are more interested in other things i. Women who try to rise to the top of major corporations get held back by the "old-boy network" j. There are few women in high corporate positions to inspire others k. The doors have not been open long enough to women for many of them to have made it to the top 14aj or rmaaon Minor raaaon Not a rgaaon Don' t know 1 2 3 y 60/ 1 2 3 y 61/ 1 2 3 y 62/ 1 2 3 y 63/ 1 2 3 y 64/ 1 2 3 y 65/ 1 2 ~ 3 y 66/ 1 2 ~ 3 y 67/ ~ 1 2 C: 3 y 68/ 1 2 W W 3 y 69/ ~ 1 2 ~ 3 y 70/ (71-79)B 8D-3 t3iupe 1 -5

Cd. 4 Page 16 51. Now I'm going to read you a list of words and phrases. Thinking about the business world, for each one, would you tell me if you associate it more with a female boss or top manager, or more with a male boss or top manager. (READ LIST) No difforancQ Don't &'ema1e male 1sol,1 know a. Hard-worker ............................................ 1 2 3 y 6/ b. Toughness ..............................................1 2 3 y 7/ c. Honesty ................................................ 1 2 3 y 8/ d. Intelligence ........................................... 1 2 3 y 9/ e. Concerned about worker's rights ........................ 1 2 3 y 10/ f. Well informed on business issues ....................... 1 2 3 y 11/ g. Sensitive to employees' personal problems .............. 1 2 3 y 12/ h. Effective in dealing with competitors .................. 1 2 3 y 13/ i. Decisive ............................................... 1 2 3 y 14/ j. Loyal to their employees ............................... 1 2 3 y 15/ k. Effective in dealing with labor unions ................. 1 2 3 y 16/ 1. Able to delegate responsibility ........................ 1 2 3 y 17/ m. Respected by the people who report to them ............. 1 2 3 y 18/ n. Take a long-term view of things ........................ 1 2 3 y 19/ 52. There has been talk recently about businesses adopting new personnel policies for women in managerial and professional positions. Some people say that women employees cost businesses more than men do because women take time off for things such as ma- ternity leave, child care responsibilities and so forth. The people who think that women cost companies more want women who work in managerial positions to choose be- tween two employment paths when joining a company: One for women who want to work and have families, and one for those who are primarily career oriented. (HAND RE- SPONDENT CARD) As you can see, In option 1 the company would not consider women who chose this track for future promotions to top management positions. These women would be given a flexible sched- ule and longer maternity leave. In return, they would receive lower pay and less opportunity for advancement. In option 2 the company would consider women who chose this_track for future promo- tions to top management positions. These women would have no children, grown chil- dren or would have someone else take care of their children. They would receive higher pay, and must be willing to work long hours. Have you heard anything about such policies? Yes ................ 1 20/ No ................. 2 Don't know ......... y 53. While some people favor this type of two track system, others disagree-- either because they don't agree that women cost companies more than men, or because they just don't think it is fair. What do you think? Do you think it would be a good idea or a bad idea for a company to ask a woman to choose bc,twuetl one of these two paths? 54. Do you think that this idea of two career paths for women is designed mostly to benefit women, or mostly to help businesses? Mostly to benefit women ...... 1 22/ Mostly to benefit businesses .2 Help both equally (vol.) ..... 3 Doesn't really help either (vol.) ....................... 2 Don't know ................... y 55. If you, yourself, were asked to choose one of these options, which one would you choose? Good idea .......... 1 21/ Bad idea ........... 2 Don't know ......... y Option 1 ........... 1 23/ Option 2 ...........2 Don't know ......... y 00~9 2~6 00~9 3 £ `73£`7

Cd. 4 Page 17 56. Here are some statements people have made about this employment policy for women. Would you read down the list, and for each, tell me whether you strongly agree, gen- erally agree, generally disagree, or strongly disagree with the statement? (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) First; Goner- Strong- Strong- Gnnctr- ally ly ly ally dis- dis- Don't AQXRA A9XRA Aqrs9- agree kZiQw a. This policy discriminates against women .......... 1 2 3 4 y 24/ b. This policy is just an excuse for paying women less than men .................................... 1 2 3 4 y 25/ c. This policy is not fair to men-they should have the same options ................................. 1 2 3 4 y 26/ d. This policy is a good idea because it gives women a choice ................................... 1 2 3 4 y 27/ e. This policy reinforces the idea that as a woman you can either have a family or a career, but _ not both ......................................... 1 2 3 4 y 28/ f. Companies shouldn't invest as much in employees who aren't as profitable ......................... 1 2 3 4 y 29/ g. Women should not be held back just because they have children ............................... 1 2 3 4 y 30/ h. No one should have to choose a set career path...1 2 3 4 y 31/ i. Companies should provide flexible policies for both women and men ............................... 1 2 3 4 y 32/ j. Managers should be able to establish any personnel policies they want to .................. 1 2 3 4 y 33/ k. If some women cost companies more, it is fair - that they get paid less .......................... 1 2 3 4 y 34/ 1. Women should not have to pay the price of not having children just to get a promotion.......... .1 2 3 4 y 35/ -- - - 57. Are you at present employed-either full time or part time? Full time ............... 1 Part time .............. 2 (SKIP TO 62) Not employed ........... 3 (ASK 58) (WOMEN WHO ARE NOT EMPLOYED) 58. Do you ever plan to take a job at some point in the future or not? Plan to take job ....... 1 Do not plan ............ 2 Don't know ............. y ~ ~ ~ ~ rZ ~ W ~ -- - 59. Now let`s turn to the subject of family size. Do you have any children? 36/ 37/ Yes .................... 1 (ASK 60) 38/ No ..................... 2 (SKIP TO 82)

Cd. 4 Page 18 60. How many children do you have? (write in number) 39,40 61. What are their sex and ages? (RECORD BELOW) $oXa Girl -ft (Write in no. ) (Write in no. ) 5 and younger ......... 41/ 461 6 to 12 ............. 42/ 13 to 17 .............. 43/ 47/ 48l (SKIP TO 82, PAGE 22) 18 to 22 .............. 44/ 49/ 23 and older .......... 5 50/ (ASK OF WORKING WOMEN) 62. What is your occupation? Top management, top talent, and major professional .......... 1 51/ Executive, administrative, lesser professional .............. 2 Owner-small retail store or business ........................ 3 Farmers (owners and managers) ............................... 4 Technicians, minor administrative ........................... 5 White collar, clerical (non-supervisory) .................... 6 Salesperson ................................................. 7 Skilled and semi-skilled labor .............................. 8 Unskilled labor ............................................. 9 Service and protective workers .............................. 0 63. Do you feel you stand an equal chance with the men you work with in not? (READ LIST) or V l ( .) o Not Equal equal chance chance Don't work with any men Don't know a. Salary .......................... 1 2 3 y 52/ b. Responsibility .................. 1 2 3 y 53/ c. Promotion ....................... 1 2 3 y 54l d. Becoming an executive........... 1 2 3 y 55/ 64. Do you feel the men you work with really look on you as an equal or not? Really look on as equal...... 2 56/ Don't look on as equal ....... 2 Don't know ................... y 65. Do you consider the work you do to be a career or just a job? Career ................. 1 57/ Just a job ............. 2 Don't know ............. y 206001499a.36+7

Cd. 4 Page 19 66. Are you working primarily to support yourself, to support your family, to bring in sozne extra money, or for something interesting to do? To support, self .................... 1 58/ To For support extra family .................. money ................. 2 For something interesting to do .... 4 Other reasons ......................5 Don't know .................... ...y 67. Quite aside from the money it.pays your does your job provide you with great personal satisfaction, or moderate personal satisfaction, or very little personal satis_fac- tion, or no personal satisfaction at all? Great personal satisfaction ............ 1 59/ Moderate personal satisfaction ......... 2 Very little personal satisfaction ...... 3 No personal satisfaction at all ........ 4 Don't know ............................. y 68. Here are some statements which people have made about work. (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) For each one would you tell me whether you yourself feel that way strongly, to a certain extent, or whether you don't feel that way at all. If it doesn't apply, just say so. First, item a.? (ASK ABOUT EACH ITEM) To Don't a feel Does csrtain that not Don't Stronalv estrant ww slv kngw a. fiaving the type of job I do makes it harder for me to do things for my family ............................. 1 2 3 4 y 6_Q/ b. My career or job is really going well ...................1 2 3 4 y 63./ c. My supervisor doesn't understand that I have family responsibilities too ................................... 1 2 3 4 y 62/ d. All in all I do feel I do a good job of balancing my job and my family ...................................... 1 2 3 4 y 63/ e. I feel bad about leaving my kids in the morning when I go to work ........................................... 1 2 3 4 y 64/ f. When my children's day-care arrangements fall through, and I'm late or absent, it causes problems at work ..... 1 2 3 4 y 65/ g• The conflicting demands of family and job put me under a lot of stress ........................................ 1 2 3 4 y 66/ h. Working overtime or staying late creates conflicts for me ................................................. 1 2 3 4 y 67/ i. I feel guilty that I don't spend more time with my family .............................................. 1 2 3 4 y 681" j. My boss doesn't give me as much responsibility as I'd like because he/she is concerned my family responsibilities take up too much time ................. 1 2 3 4 y 69/ k. In order to get ahead at my job it's important that I focus primarily on work even if it means I pay less attention for a while to my family life .................1 2 3 4 y 70/ 1. In order to get along better at work, it's important for me to socialize with the people I work with ........ 1 2 3 4 y 71/ m. I really wish my family was more understanding about the demands of my job ..........................-........1 2 3 4 y 72/ n. The demands of my family life make it hard for me to devote complete attention to my job ....................1 2 3 4 y 73/ (7§-73)B 2060®9~33~O Dupe 81-5 '

Cd. 5 Page 20 69. Everything considered, the satisfaction you get from the work you do, what it pays, etc.-how satisfied are you with your job-extremely satisfied, fairly well satisfied, not too satisfied, or not at all satisfied? Extremely satisfied.... 1 6/ Fairly well satisfied..2 Not too satisfied ...... 3 Not at all satisfied ... 4 Don't know ............. y 70. Regardless of how satisfied you are overall with your job, you may feel differently about some of these aspects of working. (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) Would you read down that list, and for each one, tell me whether or not it would make you much more sat- isfied with your job, somewhat more satisfied, or whether it really wouldn't make a dif_ference in your job satisfaction. E4uch more s&isfiad a. Having a more understanding boss .......... 1 b. More rewarding tasks/responsibilities ..... 1 c. Being under less pressure at work ......... 1 d. Better health benefits (HMOs, more medical coverage, dental coverage) ................ 1 e. More flexible work hours (flextime, f. voluntary part-time, job sharing, leaves) .1 More opportunity to work at home .......... 1 g. Incentive or bonus programs for higher productivity .............................. 1 h. More feed-back from boss/manager .......... 1 i. Better maternity leave, parental leave options ................................... 1 j. A company-run on-site day-care center ..... 1 som.- what saoro . s:tisfi.d Wouldn't mak• diff4rancs Alroady have (vo1.1 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 71. Is the person you report directly to at work a man or a woman? Man .................... 1 17/ Woman .................. 2 Don't know ............. y 72. Given your own personal goals - for work, for family, etc.- how supportive is the pers-on you report directly to at work? Very supportive ........ 1 18/ Somewhat supportive .... 2 Not very supportive .... 3 Not at all supportive . . 4 Don't know ............. y 73a. Thinking about your present job, imagine that you were to become pregnant and had to ask your boss for maternity leave. How nervous would you feel when telling your boss that you were expecting. Would you feel very nervous, somewhat nervous,_not____ too nervous, or not at all nervous? Very nervous ........... 1 19/ Somewhat nervous ....... 2 Not too nervous ........ 3 Not at all nervous ..... 4 -_ Don't know ............. y +GO~ilV.7a73 ~.L

Cd. 5 Page 21 73b. How supportive or understanding would your boss be? (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) a. Totally understanding/supportive ..................................... . 1 b. Would be tolerant, but probably not happy about situation ............ 2 c. Would not be understanding/supportive at all ......................... 3 Don't know ........................................................... y Q74 OMITTED THIS VERSION~ I NO (EMPLOYED WOMEN) 75. Now let's turn to. the subject of family size. Do you have any children? Yes ...................... 1 (ASK 76) No .......................2 (SKIP TO 82) 76. How many children do you have? 23/ 77. What are their sex and ages? (RECORD BELOW) U R $oa Girls (ANSWER IN (Write in no.) (Wri.te in no.) BOXES) FOLLOW DIRECTIONS BELOW) 5 and younger ......... 24/ 29/ (CIRCLE 78 6 to 12 ............... 25/ 30/ (CIRCLE 80) 13 to 17 .............. 26/ 31/ 18 to 22 .............. 27/ 32/ 28/ 33/ 23 and older ........ (IF NO CHILDREN AGE 12 OR YOUNGER, SKIP TO 82) (ASK 78 AND 79 IF CIRCLED-EMPLOYED AND HAVE CHILDREN 5 YEARS OLD OR YOUNGER) 78- Which of,these arrangements do you younger during your working hours? have for the care of your children.age (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) AND 79) 5 or Z$. 72- Ags _ 5 or younQgr 20. Other Age 6 choicea to 12 a. Grandparents or other adult relatives care for them ......1 34/ b. Older brothers, sisters care for them .................... 2 c. Spouse and I work different hours, and one of us cares -for them ................................................. 3 d. Spouse or I work at home and can care for them ........... 4 e. Spouse doesn't work and can care for them ................ 5 f. Neighbors, friends care for them ......................... 6 g. Company-run day-care center .............................. . 7 h. Other day-care center .................................... 8 i. Nursery school ........................................... 9 j. Housekeeper, baby sitter cares for them .................. 0 k. They take care of themselves until I (or anothez adult) get home ................................................... ... . 1. None ...................................................... 2 Don't know ............................................... y 1 36/ 1 38/ 2 2 35/ 1 37/ 1 391 2 2 y y 79. Which other arrangements on that list did you have available as a choice for the ca-te of your children age 5 or younger? (RECORD ABOVE) (ASK 80 IF CIRCLED-HAVE CHILDREN 6 TO 12 YEARS OF AGE) 80. Which of these arrangements do you have for the care of your children age 6 to 12. during your working hours? (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) (RECORD ABOVE) 20/ COL. 21 22/ (IF ANY CHILDREN AGE 12 OR YO NGE

Cd. 5 Page 22 81. -All things considered, your financial situation, how personally satisfied you are with your life, how your children are doing, etc., do you think your children are just as well off as if you didn't have a job, or do you think they would be better off if you didn't have a job? Just as well off ................... 1 40/ Better off if didn't have job ...... 2 Don't know ......................... y (ASK EVERYONE) 82. Some women would like to change certain things about men. Here are some things women have said they'd like to change about men. (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) In general, if you could change one thing about men, what would you change? a. More sensitive ........................ 1 41/ b. More able to express feelings ......... 2 c. More involved with family ............. 3 d. More accepting of women as equals ..... 4 e. More understanding of women's needs ...5 f. Less macho ............................ 6 g. Less selfish .......................... 7 Don't know ............................ y 83. In general, whom do you think men find more appealing-women who are dependent on them or women who are self-sufficient? Women who are dependent ............... 1 42/ Women who are self-sufficient ......... 2 Don't know ............................y 84. Here is a list of various things that people have told us would make their lives better. (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) Please look down the list and call off the letters of the two or three things that would make your life better. a. Having more control over the way things are going in my life............ 1 43/ b. More leisure time ...................... 2 c. Less stress at home .................... 3 d. A job/a more interesting job ........... 4 e. Less pressure on the job ...........5 f. More flexible work hours/schedules.....6 9• h. Being able to stay home and take care of home and family ................ 7 i. More help with household responsibilities from my children ...... 9 j. More money .............................0 k. A new man in my life ...................]. 1. Better sex life ........................ 2 None of these .......................... x Don't know ............................. y More help with household responsibilities from my spouse ........ 8 44/

Cd. 5 Page 23 85. I'd like to know how satisfying to you various aspects of your life are right now. (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) Would you read down this list and for each item tell me whether it is very satisfying to you, somewhat,satisfying, not too satisfying, or not at all satisfying to you. If it doesn't apply, just say so. First, item a.? (ASK ABOUT EACH ITEM) Vary SomQ- what Not too Not at all Doas satis- satis- satis- satis- not Don't fyin¢ fying fYi.nsz fyinQ aMly knLow a. Your housing situation .......................,.i 2 3 4 5 y 45I b. Your friends ................................... 1 2 3 4 5 y 46/ c. Your freedom to choose how to live your life ...1 2 3 4 5 y 47/ d. Your education ................................. 1 2 3 4 5 y 48/ e. Your relationship with your husband or the man in your life ...............................1 2 3 4 5 y 49/ f. Your children .................................. 1 2 3 4 5 y 50/ g. Your sex life .................................. 1 2 3 4 5 y 51/ h. Your current job or career ..................... 1 2 3 4 5 y 52/ i. Your future opportunities in job or career ..... 1 2 3 4 5 y 53/ j. Your employer/boss/manager .....................1 2 3 4 5 y 54/ k. Your image of yourself ......................... 1 2 3 4 5 y 55/ 1. Your income .................................... 1 2 3 4 5 y 56/ m. Your role as wife .............................. 1 2 3 4 5 y 57/ n. Your role as mother ............................ 1 2 3 4 5 y 58/ o. Your control over the way things are going in your life ................................... 1 2 3 4 5 y 59/ 86. Most people feel some resentment about various things in their lives. Here is a list of some things that people have told us they feel resentful about. (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) For each item, tell me whether you often feel resentful, or feel resentful from time to time, or almost never feel -resentful, a.? (ASK ABOUT EACH ITEM BY LETTER) Feal resent- fu3l oftan a. About not having enough free time .............. 1 b. About the way my job or career has gone ........ 1 c. About the amount of money there is to live on ..1 d. About the amount of time I spend keeping the family °organized" .............................1 e. About how I look ............................... 1 f. About how much my mate helps around the house ..1 g. About the way child-care related duties are shared in my household ......................... 1 h. About getting married too young .................1 i. About the amount of time I spend thinking about family responsibilities ........................ 1 j. About happy k. About 1. About not finding the right person to be with ..................................... 1 having children when I was too young ..... 1 the responsibility of having to take care of elderly family members ................. 1 or does no t apply. First, item Feel ras.antgul from tima to time fi`QQl rasQntful almost nQvar DoQs not aolv Don't know 2 3 4 y 60/ 2 3 4 y 61/ 2 3 4 y 62/ 2 3 4 y 63/ 2 3 4 y 64/ 2 3 4 y 65/ _ 2 3 4 y 66/ 2 3 4 y 67/ 2 3 4 y 68/ 2 3 4 y 69l 2 3 4 y 70/ 2 3 4 y 71/ (72-79) B K~O~tJEl.3.7~l~ 80-5 Dupe 1-5

Cd. 6 Page 24 87. No doubt, as you go through life, many people influence you at various points. Different people may have had an effect on certain decisions you made, the jobs or lifestyle you chose, and generally, the way you live your life. (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) Thinking back on any major decision or turning point in your life, which one or two people come to mind as someone who has had the biggest effect on you? a. A good friend who is female ..l 6/ b. A good friend who is male ....2 c. A female teacher ............. 3 d. A male teacher ............... 4 e. Mother ....................... 5 f. Father ....................... 6 g. Brother ...................... 7 h. Sister ....................... 8 i. Grandmother .................. 9 i. Grandfather .................. 0 k. Aunt ........................7/ l. Unc1e ........................ 2 m. Spouse ....................... 3 n. Religious leader ............. 4 o. An employer who is female ....5 p. An employer who is male ...... 6 q. Other: (SPECIFY) 7 No one (vol.) ................ 8 Don't know ................... y _ -- - - 88. Most people are subject to a certain amount_of tension and stress in their lives. Thinking of the way you live your life, how much tension and stress would you say there is in your life-a good deal, a fair amount, not very much or practically none? A good deal ............ 1 Practically none ....... 4 8f A fair amount .......... 2 Don't know ............. y Not very much .......... 3 89. Hexe is a list of things that may or may not be a cause of stress in your life. (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) Would you please read down the list and for each one tell me if it is a major cause of stress in your life, a minor cause, or not a cause of stress in your life. ' Doesn t Major CaUs-e_ Minor cau~e Not a aause apply (vol. ) Don't know a. The amount of money you have to live on ............................... 1 2 3 y 9/ b. Your children ......................... 1 2 3 4 y 10/ c. The amount of work you have to get done in the day ....................... 1 2 3 y 11/ d. The people you have to work with...... 1 2 3 4 y 12/ e. Your spouse or the man in your life...l 2 3 4 y 13/ f. Getting to and from work .............. 1 2 3 4 y 14/ g.- The neighborhood you live in .......... 1 2 3 4 y 15/ h. Your boss ............................. 1 2 3 4 y 16/ . Shopping .............................. 1 2 3 4 y 17/ j. Your parents .......................... 1 2 3 4 y Q Z8/ k. Driving to various places you have ~ to go ................................. 1 y ;mw 19/ 1. Pressure you put on yourself .... 1 2 3 Y 20/ ...... m. Trying to live up to other people's co ~ expectations .......................... 1 2 3 4-- -y 21/

Cd. 6 Page 25 90. Different people have different ways of dealing with stress. (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) Would you please look down this list and tell me for each item if this is something that you personally do quite often, sometimes, or very rarely when you want to reduce stress at the end of a tough day? &oma- Rara- NnQQr pon' t OftQu tlmaA ly (vol.) lsaQft a. Go for a walk ............................................ 1 2 3 4 y 22/ b. Read ..................................................... 1 2 3 4 y 23/ c. Take a bath/shower .......................................1. 2 3 4 y 24/ d.- Go out to a bar .......................................... 1 2 3 4 y 25/ e. Exercise (jogging, aerobics, swimming, etc.) ............. 1 2 3 4 y 26/ f. Have a cocktail at home (liquor, beer or wine) .........,1 2, 3 4 y 27/ g. Watch TV ..................................................1 2 3 4 y 28/ h. Go shopping .............................................. 1 2 3 4 y 29/ i. Listen to music .......................................... 1 2 3 4 y 30/ j Take a nap ............................................... 1 2 3 4 y 31/ k. Play a game (cards, video games, etc.) ................... 1 2 3 4 y 32/ 1. Listen to radio .......................................... 1 2 3 4 y 33/ m. Cook .....................................................1 2 3 4 y 34/ n. Talk on the telephone .................................... 1 2 3 4 y 35/ o. Work on a hobby .......................................... 1 2 3 4 y 36/ p. Take a tranquilizer ......................................1 2 3 4 y 37/ q. Have a massage ........................................... 1 2 3 4 y 38/ r. Have a manicure, pedicure ................................ 1 2 3 4 y 39/ s. Go to a spa .............................................. 1 2 3 4 y 40/ 91. Now let me read you some statements. For each please tell me whether you tend to DiaagrQa Don't know 2 y 41/ 2 s= 42/ 2 y 43/ 2 y 44/ 2 y 45/, 2 y 46/ 2 y 47/ 2 y 48/ 2 y 49/ 92. Now, thinking politically and socially, how would you describe your own general cuvlcck as being very conservative, moderately conservative, middle-of-the-road, moderately liberal or very liberal? Very conservative..._ .....}. Moderately conservative ...... 2 Middle-of-the-road ........... 3 Moderately liberal ........... 4 Very liberal ................. 5 Don't know................... y agree or disagree. (READ LIST) $=gA a. A double moral standard has existed for many years-one standard for women, another for men ................... 1 b. Society could survive just as well without the institution of marriage .....................:.........1 c. Pre-marital sexual intercourse is immoral ............. 1 d. Trial marriages-in which couples would live together for a certain perzod of time without legally getting . married-would lead to better marriages ................ 1 e. It should be legal for adults to have children without getting married ............................... 1 f. A single woman who becomes pregnant but doesn't love the man involved should marry him anyway ......... 1 g. Single women should not enjoy the same kind of freedom as single men ................................. 1 h. Legal abortions should be available for women who choose to have them ................................... 1 i. Where abortions are legal, the decision about an abortion should be left up to the woman alone. The man involved should not be consulted .............. 1 2 VLDLlVJ.7a.) 7 6 50/

D-1. Now just a few more factual questions for statistical purposes and I'll be all through. Are you the head of the household? Yes .............................1 51/ No ................................ 2 D-2. Are you married, single, widowed, separated or divorced? Married ................. 1 Single .................. 2 Widowed ................. 3 Separated or divorced...4 (ASK 52/ D-3) (SKIP TO D-5) D-3. Is your husband employed-either full or part time? Full time ............... 1 (ASK 53/ D-4) Part time ............... 2 (SKIP TO Not employed ............ 3 D-5) D-4. What is his occupation? Top management, top talent and major professional ............ 1 54/ Executive, administrative, lesser professional ............... 2 Owner-small retail store or business .......................... 3 Farmers (owners and managers) ..... 4 Technicians, minor administrative .................... 5 White collar, clerical (non-supervisory) ................. 6 Salesmen .......................... 7 Skilled and semi-skilled labor.... 8 Unskilled labor ................... 9 Service and protective workers.... 0 Cd. 6 Page 26 ASK EVERYONE D-5. Do you, or does anyone in your family living here at home belong to a labor union? Respondent belongs to union ....... 1 55/ Other family member belongs to union .......................... 2 No one belongs to union........... 3, Don't know ........................ y D-6. What is your religious affili- ation, if any-Protestant, Catholic, Jewish, or what? Protestant ........................ 1 56/ Catholic .......................... 2 Jewish ............................ 3 Other (write in) 4 None .............................. 5 Don't know ........................ y D-7. What was the last grade of school that you completed-not counting specialized schools like secretarial, art, or trade schools? No school ......................... 1 57/ Grade school (1-8) ................ 2 Some high school (9-11)........... 3 High school graduate (12) ......... 4 Some college (13-15) .............. 5 College graduate (16) ............. 6 Post graduate (17+) ............... 7 2 0 ca 0 0 ,9s73 7 7

D-8. Here is a list of age groups. (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) Would you call off the letter of the age group you happen to be in? (IF REFUSED, INTERVIEWER ESTIMATE GROUP) Cd. 6 Page 27 D-l0.Do you consider yourself to be of Hispanic origin or not? Yes ............................... 1 60/ No ................................ 2 a. 18-21 ......................... 1 58/ b. 22-24 ......................... 2 c. 25-29 ......................... 3 d. 30-34 ......................... 4 e. 35-39 ......................... 5 f. 40-44 ......................... 6 g. 45-49 ......................... 7 h. 50-54 ......................... 8 i. 55-59 ......................... 9 j 60-64 ......................... 0 k. 65 or older ................... x D-9. Now here is a list of income catego- ries. (HAND RESPONDENT CARD) Would you call off the letter of the category that best describes the combined annual income of all members of this house- hold, including wages or salary, pen- sions, interest or dividends, and all other sources? a. Under $7,000 ........... 1 59/ b. $7,000 to $9,999 ....... 3 c. $10,000 to $14,999 ..... 4 d. $15,000 to $19,999 ..... 5 e. $20,000 to $24,999 ..... 6 f. $25,000 to 29,999 ...... 7 g. $30,000 to 34,999 ...... 8 h. $35,000 to 39,999 ...... 9 1. $40,000 to 49,999 ...... 0 j. $50,000 to 74,999 ...... 1 k. $75,000 and over ....... 2 Not sure/refused ....... y F A C T U A L 3-S.'.X Race . Male ........ 1 61/ White ...... 1 62/ Female ...... 2 Black ...... 2 Other ...... 3 Name: Address City or Town State: 63-67 Zip code Apt. # Area code 68-70 Tele.# 71-77 Date: 78-79 Interviewer's Initials 80-6 C 1990 - The Roper Organization Inc

THE 1990 I VIRGINIA SLIMS OPINlON POLL

THET9g0 VIRGINIA SLIMS OPINION POLL

Chapter One: 1970-1990: How Far Have We Cot7te;?° How Far Do We Have To, Go? Ttt the home, in the workplace, and in all other aspects of ~erican society, women's lives have changed profoundly siaice 1070_ In many respects, what was conaidered contra veisial - e-Yea radical - 20 years ago has by now entered the urain5tr'eam of American life. Tn ovenvhelming numbers, today`s women support efforts to impr6ve tfieir status. Most say that women have gained respect in the last decade, and that the future awaiting the uext generfteion of women will be brighter still. Thou ;h, they believe that women have made great strides in the workvIace since 1970, most women also believe that it ..i. 4=._.. . . . isthe workplace that still requires the greatest change. Imtheizhorne lives as wives, mothers, and homemakers, Iarge nrircibers of women say things have,gotten worse, not iaetter, since 1970. Nevertheless, the workplace, more than the honme, is where they would like to see the greatest change in ihe decade ahead. Most wpmen say that in upcoming years their status will change ~ss a giatter of course, with or without an organized women% rriovement. Improving Women's Status 2flsdOgs 381 Today, ~7% of women favor efforts to improve the status of w-Omea; qnly I2% oppose them. This is a dramatic change prom 19"[O; when only 40% of women favored such efforts and 42%opposed them. CLange. s mmen's views parallel those in women's. Today, 74`~l`ofhien favor efforts to improve women's status, and 14% opjose them. In 1970, the figures were 44%o in favor and 3T% in opposition. z

`Ibday„SS*c(worrten say women are looked upon with Uuue zeApect tbaa they were ten years ago. This represents a dpm.ati4r_istcte~se from the 38% who felt this way in 1970, bzt a s1i&U_dKu= frorn the btl%@ level in 1985. Ar:n4ori~y 4 Woawfi and men are optimistic about wOsiaLP_n`sstaws_ir.tthe future. Fifty-two percent of women, aUd 57% a Mad think that the next generation of young WOMen we"i1 have a better life. Just 12% of women (and 9% of inen) thin& wtmen's lives witt not be as good ~G ymm frorta ztow. Stilf a Mw'a Wocld? € ogtions available to wofki~ng mothers have improved. In.2990, 43% ~ of Wcimen say being a man offers more aitvanwgiesf.vhile 44% say there are no more advantages in being one sex than the othet Women's perception that it is a trtan`s worid-rose from 3 1 % in 1974 to 49% in 1985f before dl=1i_ing to the cttrcezt level. Women who-are snast likely to feel there ate more advan- tages zn beinga;rnm mv-- women 30-49 years of age, college g[atiuafas, m.oree affluent women, those with children, and those who ts most directt with men in maa- ccurt e ~ P Y - , and professionat psuiiions. Womm's Liv= W*W4 Better, What's Not? Women are almost unanimous in saying that the workplace ~s itnprovetl fraF tbj= in the last 20 years. Nearly 9 in 10 w¢ttnhn say.betler jobs are now available to them Eighty-six percerftsay_dat compared with men's salaries, women's Salaries " are.better now than they were in 1970. NNearly 8 irt'IQ wotneA beLieve their opportunities for leadership posi- dons-in busines& have improved, and 72% say the day-care

Women generally view changes in home life less faVorably. Foity-five percent ofevomen say that marriage has become wmsesince 197(f whiTe just 34% say it has improved. Forty-one percent believe women's roles as mothers have become worse sinee 1970, while 3b~'o believe they have im- proved. They are evenly split (37%-37%) on the question of whether wo`menYs roles as homemakers have improved or gotten Worse since 1970. What Needs to i:,hange? Despite widespread agreement that the workplace has cha.nged for the iieffer since 1970, women still see a need for signifcanf ejiange. Fully half of today's women see a need for major ehanges in women's salaries over the next ten years -as com~d`with men's, and another 43% of women say that so`rrie changes are needed. Forty-seven p~mx nt o r women say major changes are needed in theiiay-care options available to working mothers, and 42' say some changes are needed. Forty-five"percent of women say majai` changes are needed in: women's op~ontViiities for leadership in government, and 45T~ say some Lha4es are needed. In terms of opportuni- ties for Ieaders'hip'in business, 44% see a need for major changes and 461o see a need for some changes. Women see a neecl for changee in the home, too; but on a inore moderate scale than in the workplace. Forty-three percent of v, ui7~i3n say some changes are needed in the kinds of ma.rriiiges-they have, and 35% say major changes areneeded. F6rty-stk percent of women say some changes are needed in Their roles as mothers, while 30% say major changesare needed. : .

The Role of the Women's Movement in the I994s By nearly a 3 to 2 n4.arbin> women say that change for e~osmen w~i occ.trr as a matter of course, without any need fdr an organ.i.ze4 movement. Women wzth higher levels of income, education, and employment status tend to see a,greater need for a strong ano o.rRanzzeci women;s movement w~io see a need for a strong and organized Among women wcirfteri s tnove.nqeut~ 53% say that it should be a continu- n7sou of the kind~of.=vement that existed in the 1970s and 1980s. Another ?,9 o say it should be basically the same, but with some chaDges in emphasis. Thirteen percent say a substantially di£feren_ t kind of women's movement is equired.

Chapter Two: A Personal Perspective From their rehiticrnships with family and friends to their sex lives, woan.en._F.4te their intimate personal lives more favorabZy, than their work lives. Most women identify c.hildreat, friends, and husbands (or the men in their lives) as g as,pects, of life. the most satisfyin However, resentme,rrt and stress are two factors leading to dissatisfaction today, both as a result of financial pressures. Women vary on how they best handle stress in their lives. Not surprisingly, most women say that having more money would.make Iife better. Life's. Satisfactions The top four aspects of lite tihat women rate as very satisfactory pertain to personal relationships: their children (cited by 66% of women who have children of any age), their role as mother (considered very satisfying by 59% of those who are mothers), their friends (cited by 59% of womez,i)f,and ihei,z relationship with their husband or the man in their life (cited by 56%a of women). -four percent of women are very satisfied with their freedom to choos,e.hgw t4.Iive their life. Half of all married women are very satisfied with their nle as wife: Vifty-three percent_a married women say their sex life is very sattsfying. However, just thirty percent of singles (who say this qnestion applies to them) rate their sex life as very VZ"isfyin,g. Ancf pnly twenty-seven percent of women who are separated, divorced, or cvidowed (who say the question applies to them) consider their sex li.fe very satisfying. 6

Looking beyond home and close personal ties, women tend to be less satisfied with other aspects of their lives. For -example, only 36% oywomen are very satisfied with their education. Sixty-seveu percent of those who are college graduates are very Wsfied on this score, as compared with only 2 1 % of those wfio never graduated from high school. Thirty-five percent of women are very satisfied with their current job or career.,Bui women employed in executive and professional capacities are far more satisfied 02%) than those in white coll_ar-(27%) or blue collar (29%) jobs. Overarl, thirty-five percent of women are very satisfied with- their self-image u bile a significarltly higher 46~/.0 of women in execufive or pr"ofe.~ ioha positions are very satisfied with their self-image. Only 18% of women are ~ ery satisfied with. their income. ;: - , Ivien's i(vel of sat~.sfa~ tic~n ,g,enerally resembles wo.men'sA i. but there are some differences. Half of all fathers (a_s corn- ~~ared witi~ 59% of moth; rs) say their parental role is very m ~atisfy~g And fe\k er en than women rate their friendsbips , r-sa&fyZn.g (53 °lo ok-inen versus 59% of-women).

What are sozne-of the things w~omen, Tesent?- The agnount o zrloney they have to live on (63%). . The amaunL of help their mate gives around the house (52%). .`f`he way tlie,ir jobs or careers have gone (49%). .`f`he way thqylook (48%). .The way child-care duties are shared (46%). Men are sub.sSarstially more content than women in a number ofareas. Iust 27% of men resent how much their . mate helps around the house. Fewer than 3 in 10 men don't like the way the.y.look_ _ Sfress:.. Cau~s:,and_rlntidotes Tifty-six percent of.wQ.men say they have a good deal or a iair ainount at stress in their lives, as compared with just -42% who say~he,y have little os none.-,The groups of women reporting the most stress are those in executive or professionaTpositions (7I%)x those who separated or divoiced(69%)„ those with children under 18 at home (66%), tfZose in their thirties, and those w•ho work full- (6 r 1 time The two majorcauses of stress among women are financial }ima.ts (cited by 7,0°h) and the pressure they put on them- ze1ves (cited b,y , E&%). More than half of women with children cite th,eir children as a source of stress. Half say the amount of wo~they have to get dQne i.a-a day causes sir,dss. Other sclzrrees_of stress include: trying to live up to other people's expectations (46%), the man in their life (4517c), the people they work with (44%), and their boss (36%). . .-I ~ ~-

Men find most areas of life less stressful titan:women do. Szxty-one percen- p~' :en say pressure they put on them- selves is a source, of stress (as compared with 68% of wom.eii). Just 4 in 10 fa.thers say their children cause them stress (as compared with 53% of mothers),. There are only two areas in whic'h men report greater stress: co-workerss are a source ofstiess foF half of working men (versus 44% of woriCingg women), and their boss..is a source of stress for I 40% of men (versus 36.% of women), Women reli.eve stress in a variety of ways, including u%af.cT~ing TV (77%), listening to music (74%), taking a bath or shower (68%)., -Jistening to the radio (67%), reading (66%5,_ taTkin,g ozikq telephone (66%), shopping (60%), going for a walk cooking, (54%), and taking a nap (53%). -- The only twp_ stress-reIieving activities that men are substantia7,ly more likety to chQose than women are having a cocl,ctail at houte Q3%a of men d.oo this, as compared with 22%r of women) a4,d going out to a bar (24% of men versus 12% of worqet):. Men,are only sliglhtly more likely to relieve stress by engag=ing in_exercis,e, such as jogging, aerobics, or sivAmm jng,(42% of men, as compared, with . 37% of women): , Incre.ased concern4 at?c>ut crime may contribute to stress. ' More than 7,out o~l0 women report that they feel more .afrfraid on theJstreet than they did a few years ago.

What IV QU_ld Make Life Better? Fully 64% of women (and 64% of men) say more money would make life better. Far belowmoAey, the next item on the wish list for both women and men, is "having more control over the way things are goiug in my life," which is ci.ted by 28% of women anc~~6~c of inen. d..- - 3:vl.ore than;QCie-quarter of married women say that more help frorn, the_i_.r husband with household responsibilities wou.ld iinprove their lives. Twenty seye,n percent of women with teenage children say :that more help from their chi.ldren with household responsi- bilities wouId make life better. Despite pi edictions that women are becoming "New `fradiEionalists,°Just 6% of women say that being able to stay li~n~e full,time and take,care of home and family would make their lives better. ,,~......_. • A better sex life, is at the bottom of women's wish list of things, that woctl.q improve their l'zves. It is cite:d by just 3% of wornen (and 8% of inen)._ Women witlaL bigher incomes are less likely to wish for md%e mone~xd_more likely to wish for more leisure time. More tl,ian 7, in.,.J,4 women earning under $15,000 a year wish for mozemoney, but only 4$90 of those earning $50,Ow ayear ar more share that desire. Just 15 % of those in the Iowest income group seek more leisure time, as com- pared with 3-7% af those in the most affluent.grpup. ...«."~'~

Chapter Three: Between Women and Men Fhe past 20 years have witnessed dramatic changes in male/ female relations. Today, for example, more couples live together without marrying- indeed, the number of cohabiting couples quadrupled betwoen 1970 and 1985. During the same period, the divorce rate rose by 47%. Meanwhile, a small num.be.r of women who have chosen not to marry are decidia.g to bear and rais.e.ch.i.ldren by themselves. These changes in matel.feniale relationships have been accompanied by important shifts in roles and power relations in tl7e.hom.e, The traditional marriage of the past - in which the man was the provider and the woman took care of the house and family - is no longer what most married couples have or what mos-t,Ameri.cans want. The changes of the past 20 years have created a new climate for maleJfema.te relations: a climate of more options and openness, but also of more complications and concerns. Changing Morals I~.~60V393J0Y In the past 20 years, Americans have greatly relaxed their attitudes abouisexual standards and behavior. In 1970, almost 66% of women thought premarital sex was immoral. By 1990, just 46% of women felt this way. In 1970, only 11 % thought itshould be legal for adults to have children without gettingrnanied. Nearly four times as many thtinkk so, i today. In certain areas, older women are much more conservative than younger worn.en. Women over 50 are more than twice as likely as younger women (18-29) to believe that premari- tal sex is immoraL Just 15% of older women say that living together before znarrying wauld.leadd to better marrizgus, but

45% of younger women say it would. However, majorities of both older and younger women agree that a double moral standard - one for men and one for women - has existeA for many years. The Institution of Marriage 2 0 C CACL %Y'%9_f 19 3 9-s- Well over half of women (61%) and men (62%) believe that marriage is not as strong an institution as it once was. But pessimism about marriage has decreased since 1970, when 73% of women and 71% of men said that marriage was weaker than it had been in the past. In 1990, 61% of women are married and living with their spouses, and another 4% are living with someone as though married. A majority of women (53%) and men (50%) say the most satisfying lifestyle is a marriage in which husband and wife share the responsibilities of work, housekeeping, and child care. However, 38% of women and 39% of men say the ideal is a traditibnal marriage in which the husband is the provider and the wife runs the house and cares for the children. Working women's views of marriage have shifted some- what since 1985, with the number saying the ideal is a shared-responsibility marriage declining 6 points and the number preferring a traditional marriage increasing by 5 points. In the views of both men and women, the ingredients of a good marriage have changed little since 1974. Being in love, sexual fidelity, and the ability to talk candidly with one another are considered the most important elements of a good marriage. However, 63% of women and 61% of men now say financial security has become a very impor- 12 12

tant element in a good marriage, versus 49% of both sexes in 1974. And today, 78% of women and 76% of men cite keeping romance alive as very important to a good mar- riage, as compared with 7 1 % of women and 66% of men in 1974. About 30% of those married or living as if married say that they sometimes meet someone they think they would be happier with than their present partner. Of these, most women (21%) and men (24%) say this happens only occasionally. Given a chance to improve their relationships, more than 4 in 10 women and men would change their finances and the amount of time they spend together. More than a third of both sexes would like to improve communication with their spouse or mate. The majority of married couples report that they jointly handle all major financial decisions. However, women in the household are more likely than men to sit down and pay the bills. Today, the majority of both women (52%) and men (58%) say that an ideal family has two children. In 1941, 7 out of every 10 Americans believed the ideal family had three or more children. The Single Life 20f O099392 The majority of single adult Americans say they are happier than most of their married friends. And majorities of women (60%) and men (70%) say that being single is much easier than being married. Nevertheless, about 7 in 10 singles say they "hope to be married some day, but right now the timing just isn't right."

Many more single women (65%) than men (42%) say that most single people they meet are unwilling to make a serious commitment. Majorities of women (57%) and men (51%) observe that most of the single people they meet do not know what they are doing with their lives. More women (73%) than men (57 ) agree that it is dificult these days to find new people to date. Opinions About Men Women are more critical of men today than they were 20 years ago. In 1970, two-thirds of women said that most men are basically kind, gentle, and thoughtful. In 1990, little more than half would agree. Today, the majority of women say that most men think only their opinions about the world are important, that most men find it necessary for their egos to keep women down, and that most men look at a woman and immediately think about what it would be like to go to bed with her. In 1970, 40% of women felt that most men are more interested in their own, rather than a woman's, sexual satisfaction. In 1990, 50% of women hold this vie«t Behavior regarded as sexist in 1970 bothers even greater numbers of women today. Eight in 10 women today say it annoys them when a woman is seen primarily as a sex symbol. Three-quarters of women resent being left home while men go out for a good time. Sixty-one percent of women are irritated by pictures of nude women in men's magazines. More than half are bothered when a man refers to them as a girl and rather than awroman. Fifty-three percent dislike jokes about women drivers, mothers-in-law, or dumb blondes. 2~0~99393 L a 14

If women could change one thing about men, 27% would want men to be better able to express their feelings. Twenty- three percent of women would want men to be more understanding of women's needs. The AIDS Epidemic Two-thirds of single women and 57% of single men say the threat of AIDS and of other sexually transmitted diseases has made them less sexually active. Most Americans say they know someone who has changed her or his behavior or attitudes toward dating, relationships, and sexual practices because of the risk of AIDS. Despite these changes, most women (86%) and men (87%) believe that the people they know who date or are sexually active should be even more responsible in light of the risk of AIDS. More than three-quarters of women and meri say that both partners should be equally responsible for protecting against the risk of AIDS. Single Parenthood A third of all women say that if they were single and nearing the end of their childbearing years, they would consider having a child on their own without getting married. More than half say they would not consider it. 15

Chapter Four: Women in the Workplace Greater numbers of American women work outside the home today than ever before. More than half of all adult women participate in the paid labor force full-time or part- time. Many women not working today will enter the work force in the future. In 1970, just getting into the workplace was often a major victory for women. Like their male co-workers, women today are now concentrating on what they offer their employers and what they can expect in return in salary, promotions, and benefits. When they compare themselves to men in these respects, most of today's women say they are coming up short. At work as in the home, women's expectations have mounted over the past 20 years. And a generation after they began crowding into the labor force, women are finding upward progress slower and harder than they had anticipated Women and Their Jobs 2~~S~~~arzI More than half of all adult American women are employed outside the home. The rates are highest among those in their childbearing years: 69% of women aged 25-34 and 73% of those 35-44 are now working or looking for work. Half of new mothers are back at work before their child's first birthday. The vast majority of women say they are working for economic reasons - 3107o to support their families, 24% to support themselves, and 329o to bring in extra money. A mere 8°lo say they work for something interesting to do. The number of women who say they are working to support their families has increased 12 percentage points since 1980. T 16

For the first time, a inajority of full-time working women look upon their work as a "career," not just a job." Overall, however, 53% majority of employed women (part- time as well as full-time workers) still think of their work as ` just a job." Fifty-seven 15ercent of all employed men think of their work as a career. As educational attainment and income increase for both men and women, so does the proportion of people who think of their work as a career. Work or Stay Home? 20600191091396 Most women also view working outside the home as a key element in a satisfying and interesting life. Fifty-seven percent say that they would ideally prefer to combine a career with marriage and children, versus just 27% who see the traditionp t housewife role -marrying and having children but not a career ~ as offering the most interesting life. The number of women who say the ideal is to combine marriage, children, and career has dropped 6 percentage points since 1985, but not because of an increased prefer- ence for the traditional housewife role. Rather, the change results from a growing preference for other options, such as having a career and marriage but no children. Discrimination Against Women A majority of wornen arid men believe that women still are being discriminated against on the job. In many work- related areas, more people perceive workplace discrimina- tion today than in 1970. More than 6 out of e`very 10 women believe women are discriminated against in obtaining top jobs in government and business. More than 5 in 10 believe women are dis- criminated against in obtaining top jobs in the professions or the military, and in getting skilled labor jobs. I 17

The Ideal Job Owning a business of one's own is the top choice for both women (23%) and men (40%). A career in a profession such as law or medicine is the next most popular prefer- ence. A greater number of men than of women favor a career in a large business organization. Women, however, are five times as likely as men to view a part-time job or no outside job at all as the ideal situation. Even among women who are not employed, 7 in 10 say their ideal job situation would involve some kind of work outside the home. Satisfaction on the Job More than 8 in 10 Americans express satisfaction with their jobs. Both women and men are more likely to say they are fairly well satisfied rather than extremely satisfied with their jobs. More executive and professional women (92%) say they are satisfied with their jobs than do white-collar (81%) or blue-collar (79%) women. Women and men hold nearly identical views of ways to increase their job satisfaction. Incentive or bonus programs for higher productivity top the list for both women (55%) and men (58%). More than half of both sexes say that better health benefits and medical coverage would increase their job satisfaction. Other top items include: less pressure, more rewarding responsibilities, more flexible work hours, and more feedback from the boss. Women are twice as likely as men (31% vs. 15%) to think that an on-site day-care center would improve their job satisfaction. And more women than men say that better parental-leave and maternity-leave options would make a difference. 18

Who's the Boss? A woman is five times as likely as a man to have a female boss. Only 8% of men report to a female, while 4 1 % women do. In other words. to the extent that women have achieved power in the workplace, it is mostly over other female workers. The majority of both male and female workers say that the person they report to is supportive. Half of working women rate their bosses as very supportive, and one-third as some- what supportive. In general, women do not rate female bosses as being more supportive than male bosses. How- ever, women with female bosses are more likely than those with male bosses to think their boss would be understand- ing about the issue of maternity leave. 19

Chapter Five: 20C0Q99399 Worker, Mother, Wife Since the mid-1970s, a majority of women have said that the ideal life combines marriage, career, and children. But preference for this kind of life, which increased from 1974 to 1985, has declined somewhat in the last five years - in part, perhaps, because women have not found it easy to "have it all." More so than in the past, women today tend to believe that something inevitably gets slighted when women work. Many believe it is the children. The issue of maternity leave is one clear source of stress. Though half of all women think the ideal maternity leave would last until the child is at least two years old, more than half of American women say that, considering most employee benefits and job situations, a leave of three months or less makes sense in practical terms. Since most women work for financial reasons, they are unlikely to retreat from the workplace in large numbers. But with many women experiencing tension in balancing work, marriage, and children, the demands for new solu- tions in either the workplace or at home - or both - are likely to increase in the coming years. A large majority see more help from men with housework and child care as the best way to make their balancing act more manageable. Other women put changes in the workplace - such as mo"re flexible hours and better day care - at the top of their wish list_ Conflicts at Home and at Work Nine out of 10 working women with children say that they do a good job of balancing their job and family. 11owever, two-thirds of women who work full-time say that the con- flicting demands of family and job put them under a lot of 20

stress. Majorities feel guilty that they don't spend more time with theirfamilies, and feel bad about leaving their kids in the morning when they go to work. Fifty-five percent of women working full-time say the type of job they have makes it harder for them to do things for their family. Working late or overtime creates problems for nearly half of women working full-time. Twenty-nine percent agreethat in order to get ahead on the job, it is important to focus primarily on work - even at the expense of attention to the family. Family responsibilities are more likely to affect a woirian'sob than a man's. Working mothers are twice as likely as their male counterparts (fathers with working wives) to say that when their child's day-care arrangements fall through, it causes them problems at work. What Gets Sacrificed? The majority of both women and men agree that a wife and mother who is working must make compromises. Forty- four percent of women and 38% of men say it is the ::hildren who tend to lose out most when a working woman is also a wife and mother. Twenty-nine percent of both women and men say it is the marriage that is slighted the most. Today, just 14% of women say that nothing is sacrificed when women with families work. In 1985, 2 1 % of women held this view. Seventy-eight percent of working women with children say that their children are just as well off as they would be if their mothers did not work. 2of o099400

While a slight majority of the American public believes that it is inevitable that something must suffer when a working woman is also a mother and a wife, 53% of working women with children think things could be different. Making It Easier Roughly 7 in 10 women say that more household and child- care help from men would make it easier for women to balance work, marriage, and children. Sixty-four percent of men agree. Some women believe that changes in the workplace would help them balance the roles of worker, mother, and wife. One-third of women believe that more flexible work hours and schedules would make a difference. Nearly the same number wish employers better understood women's dual roles as workers and mothers. More than other working women, full-time working mothers feel their jobs would be more satisfying if they had on-site day-care centers, better maternity, and parental, leave options, more flexible work hours, and more opportunities to work at home. Thirty-four percent of women (and 27% of men) say it would help if women put less pressure on themselves to be "superwomen." A quarter of women (and 19% of men) say men should put less pressure on women to be "super- women." Both of these sentiments are particularly high among executive and professional women. Equal numbers of men and xomen (32%) say it would make a difference if children helped more with household chores. zOf 009`3401 22

The Mommy Track A recently proposed plan, dubbed the "Mommy track," suggests that businesses adopt a two-tiered personnel system for female employees. Women who chose to be "career-primary women" (those who do not wish to have children or who will arrange for others to care for her children), would face no obstacles to advancement. Women who chose to be "career and family women" would receive lower pay and fewer promotions, but would have a more flexible schedule to accommodate children, and family responsibilities. The "Mommy track" proposal is not popular. By a 55% to 23% margin, women call this type of two-track system a bad idea. By a 45% to 29% margin, men agree. Opposition is especially strong among women with children, college- educated women, executive and professional women, and women under the age of 40. Fully 63% of women and 57% of men say the "Nlommy track" is designed to benefit businesses rather than women. Maternity Leave The greatest number of womea(32%) say that, ideally, a working woman should stay at home with a new baby until the child enters school. Six weeks is seen as ideal by only 5% of women. However, the greatest number of women (28%) say six weeks is the practical length for maternity leave, consider- ing most employee benefits and job situations. 20G0099402 23

Sharing the Responsibilities In 1970, two-thirds of women and 583'o of men said they would respect a man less if he stayed home to take care of the children while his wife worked. Today, 48% of all women and 52% of all men say it would not affect their opinion of a man if he made this choice. Opinion has shifted regarding the appropriate response of a dual-career couple to a job offer in another city. In 1990, for the first time, fewer than half of women (42%) and men (47%) say that if a wife is offered a good job, she should turn it down so that the husband can continue his work. The proportion of women holding this view has decreased 26 pcmentage points in the past 10 years. If the husband is offered a very good job in another city, majorities of both women (62%) and men (55%) say the wife should quit, relocate with the husband, and seek a new posiiion in the new city. However, the number of people holding this opinion has decreased since 1980. 24

Chapter Six: Women and Leadership The treniendaus strides by women in education and the work form over the past two decades have not yet been mat°ched by their presence at the top levels of business and governmen-t. Despite the prominence of a few women, life at the top remains overwhelmingly male. Today, for exarriple, only three state governors and two U.S. senators are women. Women (and men) are increasingly aware that a glass ceiling" often blocks a woman's climb beyond middle management. Nonetheless, Americans are increasingly open to women political candidates. In the corporate world, fewer Ameri- -cans see leaders through the lenses of gender stereotypes. Americans in growing numbers believe that leadership qualities such as intelligence and loyalty transcend a person's sex. Bumping the Glass Ceiling 206()099404 The majority of women think that women are discriminated against in obtaining top jobs in government, business, the professions, and the military, as well as skilled labor. Only in the arts are women perceived as having access to top leadership positions. By a 3 to I margin, women feel they are not discriminated against in the arts. omen in Politics Why are so few women in high political office? Sixty-five percent of women and almost as many men (61%) believe that many Americans are not ready to elect a woman to highei- office. More than 4 out of 10 women and men say that women are held back by the "old-boy network" in 25

party politics, and that women have few role models to inspire them. Thirty-nine percent of women say that young girls are not encouraged to aspire to careers in politics as adults. About half the American public says that if a woman and a man with equal qualifications were running against each other for president of the United States, the gender of the candidates would not influence their votes. Of the remain- der, 26% of the women and 9% of the men would be more like to vote for the woman candidate, and 20% of the women and 33% of the men would be less likely to vote for her. In, general, confidence levels in a possible female presiden- t'iaf candidate have risen dramatically since the early 1970s. The share of people who feel a woman candidate would have an equal or better chance to win their vote has risen from 54% to 74% among women, and from 46% to 61% among men. In most respects, a strong majority of the American public believes that women off iceholders would be just as capable as men in handling affairs of state. Public opinion on this quostion has changed dramatically since 1972. Today, just" 21% of women and 29 of men feel women would be less capable than men, when it comes to dealing with big business. In 1972, 47% of women and 52% of men held this view. Even in the area perceived as women leaders' weakest ` point - directing the military - the public shows growing confidence in women. Today, 42% of women and 58% of men th-ink women are less capable than men in this area, as compared with 69% of women and 75% of men in 1972.` •" :G= r 26

:iericans thinl,c women in public oii ce would do a better ) than men in a variety of areas associated with social :ds and human services. Sixty-five percent of women 160% of men agree that women officials could better tl with children and family problems. Sixty-one percent women and 56% of men believe women could better tl with day care and other support for working parents. such issues as prison reform, dealing with big business, I negotiating with overseas trading partners, between Yo and 30% of men believe a male politician would be ter than a female. In none of these areas does more than ,oman in 5 hold this view. mien in Corporate Leadership he public's view, what accounts for the relative absence ,vomen at high levels of American businesses? Fully half women (and 46% of men) agree that "the doors have not ;n open long enough to women for many of them to have de it to the top." ,men are more likely than men (by a 5 1 % to 39% rgin) to believe that women are mostly given low- or i-level jobs in business while men hold the real power. ,men are more likely than n-n to say that the "old-boy work" holds women back when they try to rise to the ir women in 10 believe the lack of female role models is iajor factor in discouraging women's rise to positions of iriess leadership. 2060099406 27

. Management Styles Americans see most management traits as neither "male" nor "female" in nature. Intelligence, in particular, is apt to be associated equally with male and female bosses. However, gender stereotypes of women as caring and empathetic and of men as aggressive and hard-driving still persist in some areas. Both women and men tend to say that qualities such as sensitivity to employees' personal problems, concern for workers' rights, and honesty are associated with female managers. Effectiveness in dealing withh labor unions and competitors, and "toughness" in general tend to be associated with male bosses. In previous Virginia Slims Polls during the 1970s, the women most respected by American women were, for the most part, ones who had risen to prominence as the wives of famous husbands rather than through their own acc4m- plishments. In 1990, of the four most respected women, only Barbara Bush - who tops the list - is prominent because of her husband. The other three - Oprah Winfrey, Margaret Thatcher, and.Barbara Walters-alt achieved recoznition strictly through their own personal accoml S. ~ ~ ~ To receive the full version of the d ~ 1990 Virginia Siims Opinion Poll. ~ please enclose $3.00 c}aeckk or mone} ~ order for shipping and hand[ing to ~ ihe fotlowing address_ ~ Virginia Siir.is P.O. Box411028 Chicago, IL.6C}6-1.-1 28

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TH E 1990 1 VIRGINIA SLIMS OPINION POLL A 20-year perspective of Women's Issues

TH E 1990 VI RGI N IA SLIMS OPI N ION POLL ~ ~ ~ © ~ ~ ~ A Study Conducted by The Roper Organization Inc. ~

2U60099411

Contents Introduction and Overview 7 1970 to 1990: How Far Have We Come? How Far Do We Have To Go? Strengthening Women's Status Gaining Respect Is It Still a Man's World? Women's Lives: What's Better? What's Not? What Needs to Change? The Role of the Women's Movement in the 1990s The Next Generation A Personal Perspective Personal Satisfaction with Life Causes of Resentment What Would Make Life Better? Stress, and How Women Cope with It Uneasiness in the Streets Between Women and Men: Relationships in the 1990s Changing Morals Marriage: Still the Preferred Lifestyle What Makes a Good Marriage? "If I Had It To Do Over..." Room for Improvement Who Controls the Finances? The Ideal Family Size The Single Life The AIDS Crisis Choosing Single Parenthood Opinions About Men Women in the Workplace Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace Improvements Made, Yet Changes Needed Women and Their Jobs Satisfaction on the Job ~ Ways to Increase Satisfaction . G .: Who's the Boss? ~ ~ The Ideal Job ~ A Career or Just a Job? Work or Stay Home? C` W, 0-

Worker, Mother, Wife 72 Conflicts at Home and at Work 72 Making It All Work: What Gets Slighted? 74 What Can Change To Make It Easier? 75 The Working Mother's Wish List 77 The "Mommy Track" 79 Maternity Leave: What's Ideal? What's Practical? 82 Respect for House-Husbands 83 The Dual-Career Dilemma 83 Women and Leadership 86 Bumping the "Glass Ceiling" 86 Women in Politics 88 Madam President? 90 For "Kinder, Gentler" Politics: Elect a Woman 91 Women and the Death Penalty 94 Women in Corporate America 94 Management Styles 96 Shaping Women's Lives: Who's Been Most Important 98 Most Respected Women 99 Appendix Survey Methodology 102 ~.~ ~ ~ CT> ~ ~ ~ ~ Cj

The Virginia Slims Polls record widening acceptance of the priorities of the women's movement in subtle ways. Since 1970, the Polls have asked women to identify women they most admire. In the early '70s, the favored candidates tended to be women who had achieved prominence through marriage. In contrast, three of the four top choices in the 1990 Poll (Oprah Winfrey, Margaret Thatcher, and Barbara Walters) are women known for their own achievements. But the 1990 Poll also registers an unmistakable call for further change. Fifty percent of women believe that over the next ten years major improvements are needed in women's salaries as compared with men's. Day care, opportunities for leadership, and broader access to jobs are also high priorities. There are strong currents of discontent with life at home. On questions dealing with marriage and motherhood, substantial pluralities of women say that things have gotten worse over the past 20 years. More than 75% of women see a need for at least some degree of improvement in the decade ahead. Personal Life: Satisfaction and Disappointment Women derive the greatest satisfaction from their personal lives. From their relationships with family and friends to their sex lives, women rate their personal lives more favorably than their work lives. Children, friends, and husbands (or the men in their lives) emerge - in that order - as the most satisfying aspects of life. At the same time, the 1990 Poll also indicates that women are angrier at men today than they were 20 years ago. Next to money, the amount of help their mates give around the house is the single largest cause of frustration for women who are married or living as if married. Parallel with this finding, the 1990 Poll shows that over the past 20 years, women's opinions of men have declined. In 1970, two-thirds of women believed that men are basically kind, gentle, and thoughtful. In 1990, barely half agree. Women's growing dissatisfaction with men is undoubtedly derived from their own rising expectations - not from any wholesale change in men's character. As women contribute more to family income, they expect a more equitable division of the household responsi- bilities in return. Token help with the dishes or children is no longer enough. Men's behavior - as women see it - contrasts sharply with men's beliefs about household responsibilities. Deeds don't live up to words. Fifteen years ago, both men and women expressed a preference for a traditional marriage in which the husband was the breadwinner and the wife took care of the house and children. In 1990, a majority among both sexes believe that sharing the responsibilities for earriin6s, housekeeping, and child-rearing makes for a more satisfying and interesting marriage. Men likewise acknowledge that the most tangible way to help women balance family and jobs would be to take more responsi- bility for the household work. But women indicate that men are failing to live up to this ideal and that their failure is an-iajor source of irritation. 8

Marriage and family nevertheless remain at the center of most Americans' lives. More than 9 in 10 women either are married or will marry. According to a majority of women, the ideal family still has two children. And, in Americans' minds, most of the factors making for a good marriage have remained essentially unchanged over the past 15 years: being in love, sexual fidelity, and the ability to communicate feelings still top the list. Two other factors have gained in importance. Today, 63% of women and 61% of men say that financial security is essential to a good marriage, as opposed to just 49% of both sexes in 1974. There also is growing emphasis on keeping romance alive. Seventy-eight percent of women and 76% of men cite this today, in contrast to 71% of women and 66% of men in 1974. Rising Expectations at Work It is in the workplace that women report both the greatest improvements over the past two decades and the greatest need for improvement in the years ahead. Women are twice as likely to acknowledge improvements in the workplace than in women's roles as mothers, spouses, and homemakers. And in 1990, for the first time, a majority of women who work full-time report that they regard work as a career rather than just a job. Yet women also experience growing levels of dissatisfaction, resentment, and stress related to their work, their earnings, their bosses, and their prospects for advancement. And more women today than in 1970 believe that sex discrimination holds women back in the workplace. At work, as in the home, women's expectations have risen over the past 20 years. A gen- eration after they began crowding into the labor force, women are finding upward progress slower and harder than earlier anticipated. Women in the ranks of middle management are bumping their heads against the glass ceiling that blocks the path to the top. In 1970, 50% of women agreed that women are discriminated against in obtaining executive jobs in business. In 1990, 61% agree. The 1990 Poll also makes it clear that money is a growing concern for women. It is the chief source of stress and resentment in women's lives, the principal factor that would make their lives better. Salary inequities between men and women are their number one complaint about the workplace. The vast majority of women who work do so because of economic necessity - 31% to support their families, 24% to support themselves, and an- other 32% to bring in extra money. In fact, the number of women who say they are working to support their families has risen 12 percentage points since 1980. There are growing num- bers of female-headed households in the United_ States, along with growing numbers of married couples who find they need two incotnes to support their families. In 1990, only 8% of women say they work for something interesting to do. -1:~

Introduction and Overview The past 20 years have brought unprecedented change in the lives of American women. The tumultuous social and economic developments experienced between 1970 and 1990 have fundamentally altered the way women view themselves and their role in society. The Virginia Slims Opinion Poll has chronicled the impact of these historic changes six times in the past two decades. The surveys span a period in which evolution and upheaval produced a women's rights movement that made new demands, earned victories, and brought about headline-making events - from the first woman astronaut to the first woman justice on the Supreme Court. But perhaps even more significant than these celebrated accomplishments was the surge of women into the workplace. And the changes at work were mirrored by changes at home as ideas about sex roles and marriages were radically transformed. The Virginia Slims Polls - conducted in 1970, 1972, 1974, 1980, 1985, and 1990 - provide the most comprehensive picture available of Americans' values, beliefs, and behavior regarding the changes that have occurred over the past two decades. Taken together, the Virginia Slims Polls show that if the 1970s began with an exclamation point, the 1990s begin with a question mark. New phrases embody new concerns: the "feminization of poverty", the "Mommy track"; "the glass-ceiling"; "the second shift." Against this backdrop, the 1990 Poll presents a complex view of progress and strain, of satisfaction and discontent, with aoals achieved, goals reconsidered, and goals to be met as this and the next generation move toward a new century. The 1990 Virginia Slims Opinon Poll also reports on the impact of recent developments on women's lives - especially the AIDS epidemic, the changing moral climate in the United States, and above all, rising financial pressures. A Mainstream Movement By many measures, the `70s and `80s were decades of advancement for women. In 1970 fewer than one woman in five had any college education, but by 1988 more than one in three did. Women made up 5% of lawyers in 1970, but more than 20% by 1989; 10% of doctors in 1970, but 18°lc by 1989. Yet during these same decades, other women lost ground. As the vulf between rich and pocr generaily widened in the United States, women constituted a growing percentage of Americans livins.,= below the poverty line. While the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll shows that the agenda set by the women's movement is far from its goals, it also demonstrates that many of the movement's aspira- tions have become the nation's. In 1970, for exctmple, only 40~'/~ of women favored efforts to improve women's status, while 4?f~were opposed. Today. 77,`~ of %vorzien favor these efforts, and only 12(-~ oppose them. Men`s opinions have swulW' .just Ltsfar: in 1970, 44% favored efforts to improve women's status and 39% opposed them: todav, 74% are in favor and just 14c~ in opposition. 2060059414

Having It All? Lily Tomlin's quip, "If I'd known this is what it would be like to have it all, I might have been willing to settle for less," would strike a responsive chord with many women in 1990. It is true that since the mid-1970s, a majority of women have said that the ideal life com- bines marriage, career, and children. But preference for this kind of life, which increased from 1974 to 1985, has since suffered a noticeable, if modest, decline. The proportion of women saying that they personally would prefer to combine marriage, career, and children declined six points to 57% since 1985. And the proportion of women who would choose a dual-earner, shared-responsibility marriage dropped from 57% in 1985 to 53% in 1990. In part, this shift reflects the difficulties women have experienced in trying to balance work, marriage, and children. Stress is a greater fact of life for women today than at any other time since 1970. More women now than in 1985 believe that something is inevitably sacrificed when women work - and it is children whom they see suffering the most. In 1985, 21% of women were confident that nothing is neglected when women with families work. In 1990, just 14% would say this. Of women with children who work full-time, 61% say the conflicting demands of family and job put them under stress, and 56% say they feel guilty that they don't spend more time with their families. The issue of maternity leave clearly causes tension. A majority of women regard a mater- nity leave of three months or less as most practical, in light of most job situations and em- ployee benefits. Yet only 15% of women find staying home for three months or less with a newborn baby is ideal. Fifty percent of all women say the ideal situation would be to stay home until their child is at least two years old, yet only I 1% think this is feasible. Women clearly feel compelled to accept conditions they regard as very far from ideal. Since most women work out of financial need, they are unlikely to retreat from the workplace in large numbers. But many women are re-examining the balance of work, marriage, and children. Seven out of 10 women cite more help from men with housework and child care as the best way to make their balancing act more manageable, suggesting that women will press for changes at home as well as in the workplace. More flexible hours and better day care are at the top of their wish list. Some women may give up or reduce their employment outside the home. Others may be drawn to alternative solutions, such as remaining single and devoting themselves to a career, living with a partner without marrying, or marrying but remaining childless. How- ever, the majority - who, whether by choice or necessity, remain in the work force while having a family - are likely to put renewed pressures on their mates to help more at home and on their employers to ease the stress at work. zaCO09S,_15

Women in a Changing World Historical forces - including the women's movement - do not act in a vacuum. If women today are re-evaluating the movement's goals, they are doing so in an America significantly different from that of 1970. Changes in the U.S. economy head the list. While the '70s and '80s saw overall growth in the U.S. economy, they also saw several bouts of double-digit inflation, Home ownership, for example, became elusive for many. Debt, fed by escalated spending, reached new highs. These and other factors add up to a mounting sense of financial pressure. The concern about money is one of the most dramatic findings of the 1990 Virginia Slims Poll. Fully 70% of women say money is a source of stress. When asked what would make life better, 60% of women respond more money, by far the number one answer. Even among those with incomes of $50,000 and more, the desire for more money outstrips more leisure time by a wide margin. Since 1970, the moral climate in the United States also has changed, opening new options for women. In 1970, for example, only 11% of women thought it should be legal for adults to have children without getting married; 42% think so today. Not surprisingly, single par- enthood now has considerable appeal for women. Fully one-third say that if they were single and nearing the end of their childbearing years, they would consider having a child on their own without marrying. The AIDS epidemic is another development of the last decade that has had a measurable impact on American women. Two-thirds of single women (and 57% of single men) say that the threat of AIDS and of other sexually transmitted diseases has made them less sexually active. Il Rising rates of crime in the last two decades also have affected women. Seventy-two per- cent of women say they feel more afraid and uneasy on the streets today than they did a few years ago. The increasing level of fear may be partly responsible for the fact that a two- thirds majority of women currently favors capital punishment - in contrast to just 46% in 1970. What Lies Ahead? Women are virtually unanimous that their roles should - and will - continue to change in the 1990s. A majority of women (and of men) believes that women can look forward to a better life 20 years from today. Fifty-eight percent of women believe that change will come as a matter of course without any organized effort by women. The 37% of women who see a need for a strong and organized women's movement tend to be those with higher levels of income, education, and employment status. The 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll indicates the areas where change is most likely to occur: Money issues. Whether or not a recession taxces place in the 1990s, money is already a major source of anxiety for most women and their families. As a result, financial issues - pay parity above all - should increasingly dominate women's efforts for change in the next decade. 20GQW)3416 I

Breaking through the "glass-ceiling." Women express growing confidence in their abili- ties as workers and leaders. Their gains in education and in a widening sphere of occupa- tions are likely, over time, to mean greater success in reaching top positions in government and business. The sheer force of numbers will mean that more women will become senior managers. This trend is likely to accelerate, since young women of the 21 st century will be able to look to a wider range of female role models occupying places of leadership. Accommodations at home and at work. As growing numbers of women discover that trying to balance marriage, work, and family can be highly stressful, they will press for change both at home and at work. There will be renewed conflict over the proper division of labor within the household. Men pay lip service to the need for them to take on more responsibilities in the home. Men are likely to feel compelled to become more involved with home responsibilities as women's income levels approach theirs. At work, day-care subsidies, parental leave, and flexible work schedules will be in line behind salary issues as focal points for change. Demographic trends suggest that the U.S. labor market will tighten in the next decade.. Even in industries that have been male strong- holds, employers will need to turn, increasingly, to women. Employers will have an added incentive to create attractive working conditions for women, and many will do so by meeting women's workplace demands. Narrowing of the expectation gap. As the institutions of society adapt to accommodate their needs, women will reduce the pressure on themselves to be superwomen. Some will choose not to marry, not to have children. Others will opt to put their careers on hold in order to stay at home with small children, or to devote themselves full-time to home and _ family. Most, however, will continue to pursue a triple role as worker, mother, and wife. These highlights and other findings from the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll are dis- cussed in greater detail in the following six chapters. Included with the information are de- tailed graphs and charts - showing changes over time when possible - to further illustrate the opinions.

1970-1990: How Far Have We Come? How Far Do We Have To Go?

1970-1990: HOW FAR HAVE WE COME? HOW FAR DO WE HAVE TO GO ? Since the first Virginia Slims Opinion Poll was conducted in 1970, women's lives-their roles in the workplace, in the home, and in all other aspects of American society-have changed profoundly. The radical and controversial ideas and attitudes of 1970 are well within the mainstream in 1990. In this chapter, we examine what has changed in these past two decades. Strengthening Women's Status Support for efforts to improve the status of women in society not only remains strong but continues to rise. Twenty years ago, only 40% of women said they favored efforts to strengthen the status of women, while 42% were opposed. Today, 77% are in favor of efforts to improve women's status while only 12% are opposed. Men share this view. Seventy-four percent say they favor efforts to improve women's status, up from 44% in 1970. Men who oppose such efforts have dropped from 39% in 1970 to 14% today. Favor Efforts to Strengthen Women's Status 1970 1972 1974 C3% __ ;--~-w-- 14 1980 1985 Q Women Men 2()C©Q93419

Twenty years ago, only three groups of women-single, divorced or separated, and black women-sought an improvement in the status of women. Today, majorities of all groups of women support such efforts. Support is now strongest among single or divorced women, those aged 18 to 29, and college-educated and employed women. Favor Efforts to Strengthen Women's Status: Breakdown by Demographic Segments (In percent) 1970 1990 Total women 40 77 Single 53= $5 Married 3$ 75. Divorced/separated 61 _ :..~~_ :~ . - ._ ,~, Widowed 36 66 18 to 29 465 _~.83 _ -;,. . -= - 30 to 39 40 . .- -_71 40 to 49 -~ 39 $0: ._ 50 and over 35 69 Non-high school graduate 36,.- -- _:- --:.67._,:_, - _ = High school graduate 3 College 44 82 Employed women 44 81 Northeast Midwest 38s South _ ~. -- ~_- .=39_ r,.:,73 . West 42 76 White - - - Black 60 79 About three-quarters of women and men expect women's roles in society to continue changing. Very few foresee any backward movement. Both women and men have felt this way for the past ten years. - Further evolution in women's roles is more welcome today than it was in either 1980 or 1985. Both women and men feel com€ortable with the prospects for change in female roles and status. In fact, nearly three-quarters of both sexes think that women's roles should continue to change in the future. In 1980, by comparison, only 57% of women and 58% of men said they thought women's roles should continue to change. 20Ct309r942Q 15

Will Women's Roles Continue to Change? Should They? (In percent) 1980 1985 1990 Women - . . Will continue to change 72 76 73 Should continue to change 57 69 74 Men Will continue to change 74 75 76 Should continue to change 58 67 73 Gaining Respect Most women (55%) feel that women command more respect than they did ten years ago. While this is dramatically higher than the 38% of women who felt this way in 1970, it rep- resents a slight drop from the 60% level recorded in 1985. A sense of erosion of respect since 1985 is sharpest among women in their thirties (down 10 percentage points to 56%), those with at least some college education (a 9 point drop to 61%), and women with middle incomes (a decline of 1 I points to 57% among those with household incomes between $25.000 and $35,000). While we cannot pinpoint the reason for this slight reversal, several factors have to be con- sidered. Perhaps, as the nation emerged from the upheaval of the 1970s, women sensed a palpable change in attitudes toward them. In the decade 1980-90, the rate of change in the status of women stabilized, thus altering the perception of change in respect for women relative to "ten years ago." Respect for Women: Women's Perspective 1970 974 1980 1985 1990 More respect Li ~38~7 Sarne respect 4T% 30% 23% 21% 60% --5'5%a 21% 25% Less respect EINot sure 20CY0093112~1 27% 23% _,~~p- .~ ~_ ,.. 5% 0 22% 18~011% 7% 3% 16

Men's attitudes remain about the same as in 1985, with 62% saying that women are now looked on with more respect . Twenty-two percent say that respect levels for women are about the same as ten years ago. 17 Respect for Women: Men's Perspective ~1985 More respect Same respect Is It Still A Man's '"Torld? Less respect -`22% I Not sure 15% 2% Previous Virginia Slims Opinion Polls have asked whether women or men enjoy more ad- vantages in American society. In 1974, the majority of women saw no more advantages in being one sex than the other; only 31°k said it was more advantageous to be a man. The perception that it's a man's world increased in 1980 and again in 1985. Five years ago, nearly half of all women (49%) said being a man offered more advantages. Meanwhile, the proportion saying neither sex had the advantage declined from 56`7o to 31 %. The opinion among women that it is more advantageous to be a man in our society reached a peak in 1985; since then, women appear to have modified that view somewhat. In 1990, they are evenly split on this question: 43% say there are more advantages in being a man, 44% say there are no more advantages in being one or the other. However, one opinion has remained constant over the 15-year period: no more than 10% of women have ever said they believe being a woman offers more advantages. The women who are most likely to feel it is more advantageous to be a man are those who compete most directly with men in management and professional positions, those 30-49 years of age, college graduates, those Mho are more affluent, and those with children. Not surprisingty, most women who feel that there are more advantages in being a man relate their opinions to the workplace. Fifty-six percent cite some kind of job-related answer. These women say that mcn,get better jobs and better pay and have more choices and opportunities. And more than a quarter (27%) of women indicate that they just feel "it's a man's world."

Is It More Advantageous to be a Man or a Woman? (In percent) 1974 1980 1985 1990 Women's perspective More advantages in being a man 31 43 49 43 More advantages in being a woman 8 9 8 9 No more advantages in being one than the other 56 45 41 44 Men's perspective More advantages in being a man 42 43 51 41 More advantages in being a woman 5 10 12 No more advantages in being one than the other 8 44 39 45 Women's Lives: What's Better, What's Not? What's improved in women's lives since the 1970s, and what's deteriorated? Almost unanimously, women say life has improved in the workplace. Eighty-nine percent of women say better jobs are available, and 86~'lo say women's salaries compared with those paid to men are also better. Nearly 8 in 10 cite improved opportunities for leadership positions in business, while 7 in 10 point to better day-care options available to working mothers. The same proportion also cite improved opportunities for leadership positions in government. In each of these areas, however, most women feel conditions have improved a little, not a lot. Men generally agree with wofnen in this assessment, with one difference: Men feel more strongIy than women that women haveareaterjob opportunities and greater salary parity. Although this represents a difference in degree rather than in kind, it may help account for men's relatively more optimistic view of women's improved status in all facets of Ameri-can society. On the negative side, many %~~omen say the quality of marriages women have has dimin- ished since 1970 (45~'(- say thing< have gotten worse, 34% say they have improved), and, by a narrower margin (41 1~7c-36r'r), they also say that ~,vomen's roles as mothers are worse now. There is an even 37"c-37,-,- split on the question of ~-hether women's roles as home- makers have improved or gotten worse in the past 20 years. So while women report an impro\ cnient in women's employment siti.iations over the past 20 years, many apparently feel tlie,e gains have come at the expense of hosne and family life. C_llmbinln`; ',,,1 r€ and 1aiiZil`.' has increased the pressures on women a~ w'3ves, mothers, A,,:i z n`r the p cf;blem. as we %vi!I see in later chapte rs, is tvomen's f4tdt their fair share to thee household work. ~~ 18 .~0COW~~ :~

Do Women Think Things Have Improved or Gotten Worse? (In percent) Hasn't Gotten Improved chan_Sed worse__ The kinds of jobs open to women 89 5 4 The salaries women are paid compared with what men are paid 86 8 Women's opportunities for leadership positions in business 79 12 6 The day-care options available to working mothers 72 10 14 Women's opportunities for leadership positions in government 71 18 Women's roles as homemakers 37 23 37 Women's roles as mothers 36 20 41 The kinds of marriages women have 34 16 45 While most women concur about the improvements in women's lives, the Poll found im- portant differences of opinion concerning the aspects of life which women feel hawe -gotten worse. For example. older women think the marriages women have are worse now; younger women disagree: • Among women 50 years of age and older, 55c say things have gotten t(orse while fewer than half as many (24%) say they have gotten better. • Among 40-49 year olds the gap narrows, to 44~1c-32CTc. . Among 30-39 year otds, more women feel that marriages hitve improved (-12c1c) than feel they have gotten worse (38c1c). • Among the youngest womzn, those aged 18-29, 40c"f say marriages have improved and 37% say they have worsened. Working wonien tend to disa-ree uith non-~~urking women about the state ot marriage today. Working %~ omen split almo~t evenly on this question, with 3y ,f saying nFarriages are better today and 40<< saying they are worse. Among women w'ho are both inarried aerd working, slightl}~ more sav marriatges are better (4lcc) than worse (3,S'«.}. By an emphatic 51%-27% margin. hotiever, non-«orkina women find Ftiarriage ,tior,c. 19

As to women's roles as mothers, women aged 50 and older say that things have gotten worse, while younger women believe that they have gotten better. By a 42% to 37% mar- gin, women with children under 18 think mothers' roles have improved. And among working women with children, this margin widens still further (45% to 36%). This endorse- ment of mothers' roles today is particularly significant coming from the group of women most subject to the dual pressures of work and family. Age is again a factor when it comes to women's roles as homemakers. Older women say things have gotten worse, and younger wom'en say they have improved. There is little dif- ference of opinion among other subgroups of women on this question. Older women and those without children at home- those most likely to have been "tradi- tional" wives and mothers - are most likely to think that women's roles as mothers and homemakers are worse today, whereas women with children - particularly working women with children - think that women's domestic roles are better now than 20 years ago. Why these differences? Basically, they reflect a generation gap between two groups of women who might be called "Traditionalists" and "Mainstream Modems"- women who have made different choices in their own lives. The Traditionalists, mostly older women, were raised to be traditional homemakers but now see diminishing social support for that role. With little or no earning power of their own, they stand to lose the most in a society that devalues the homemaker role and accepts working women and dual-income families as the norm. Mainstream Moderns, on the other hand, are better prepared to be wage earners as well as wives and mothers. They are usually Baby Boomers, and have benefitted directly from social changes that opened career paths to them, and they endorse the idea of men helping more at home. As this more egalitarian form of marriage becomes more common, these women welcome the change as an improvement in their own lives. Traditionalists Versus Mainstream Moderns (Percent of women who say each item has improved a lot or a little) Women's roles as homemakers Women's roles as mothers Kinds of marriages women have 24 ~ ^ Age 50+ Age 30 - 39 20

What Needs to Change? Women indicate that things have generally improved since 1970 with respect to women's roles in the workplace, but many feel that their roles as wives, mothers, and homemakers have gotten worse. Nevertheless, the workplace dominates the list of areas where women feel major changes are needed over the next ten years in order to make women's lives better. For example, half of women say that major changes are needed over the next ten years with respect to the salaries women are paid compared with what men are paid, and another 43% say that some changes are needed in this area. Large percentages call for major changes in the day-care options available to working mothers, women's opportunities for leadership positions in government and in business, and the kinds of jobs open to women. Not surprisingly, working women-particularly those with young children-are the most likely to say that major changes are needed in day care. This is particularly so among mothers who work part-time, suggesting that they might work full-time if better day care were available. College-edt:cated women and those already in executive and professional positions are most likely to say that major changes are needed in terms of women's oppor- tunities for leadership positions in business and government. Fewer women see a need for major changes in women's marriages, their roles as mothers, or their roles as homemakers, although most women agree that some changes are called for. In short, while women report that things have gotten worse at home since 1970, the workplace remains their top priority area for change in the decade ahead. Men are less likely in every instance to see a need for major changes, although most men agree that at least some changes are required in each of the eight areas. What Women Think Needs to Change (In percent) Major changes are needed Some changes are needed , No Real changes are needed The salaries women are paid compared with what men are paid 50 43 5 The day-care options available to working mothers 47 42 Women's opportunities for leadership positions in government 45 45 Wometi s opportunities for leadership positions in business 46 The kinds of jobs open to women 42 48 8 The kinds of marriages women have 35 43 17 Women's roles as mothers 30 46 20 Women's roles as homemakers 29 46 21 W E I# 21 zQcoQnS426

Women apparently feel that they had so far to go in 1970 that, despite major strides since then, they are still far short of equality in the workplace. At the same time, while women's home lives - their roles as mothers, spouses, and homemak- ers - may have suffered somewhat over the past 20 years, they apparently have not deterio- rated to the point where women believe major steps are required to make things better. Further, women view their domestic lives as comparatively more rewarding than their work lives. The Role of the Women's Movement in the 1990s Against the backdrop of nearly unanimous opinion that women's roles should- and will - continue to change in the 1990s, what role do women see for an organized women's movement? By nearly a 3 to 2 margin, women say that changes will occur as a matter of course without any organized effort on the part of women (58°l0). Just 37% see a need for a strong and organized women's movement to effect further changes. Men feel even more strongly that change will come as a matter of course. While half or more of all subgroups of women agree that changes will occur as a matter of course, there are some sharp differences in degree. The perception among women of a need for a strong and organized women's movement increases with rising levels of income, education, and employment status. Note: This question measures the extent to which women feel that change will come natu- rally, or whether external pressure is needed; this should not be misinterpreted as an evalu- ation of the efforts of today's women's movement. Will Changes for Women Occur as a Matter of Course or Is There a Need for an Organized Movement? (Women's opinions) 58% Changes will occur as a matter of course 37% Need for a women's movement 5% Don't know 22

Of those women who see a need for a strong and organized women's movement, 53% believe that the movement should be a continuation of the kind that existed in the 1970s and 1980s. Another 29% agree that it should be basically the same kind of movement, but with some changes in emphasis. Thirteen percent say a substantially different kind of women's movement is required. Women most likely to favor changes in the women's movement are the most educated, the most affluent, those with the highest status jobs (executives and professionals), those working part-time, those who live in the West, and those who live in small cities and rural 23 areas. In each of these groups, a majority of women say that changes in the women's movement-mostly some changes in emphasis, not a substantially new direction-are needed. What Kind of Women's Movement Is Needed? (Among women who think women's movement is needed for social change to occur) The Next Generation 53% Continuation of the kind we had in the '70s and '80s 13% A substantially different kind of women's movement 29% Basically the same but with some changes in emphasis 6% Don't know As an indicator of their optimism or pessimism about the future, respondents were asked to compare the lives of young women 20 years from now with the lives of young women today. A 52% majority of women, and even more men (57%), think that the next generation of young women will have a better life. Three in 10 among both sexes say young women's lives in 20 years will be about the same, and only I in 10 think their lives will be worse. However, this reflects a general optimism about the nation's future and is not necessarily related to the improving status of women. Groups most likely to think that the next generation of young women will live a better life are the better edu,-ated, the more affluent, and the younger segments of the population. (In percent) Women %Ien ~ Better life 52 57 ~ Not as good a life 12 9 c Not much different 30 29 d cc Don't know 6 4 cc What Kind of Life Women 20 Years From Now Can Look Forward To X ~l

2 A Persdnal Perspective

A PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE In the previous chapter, we looked at attitudes and opinions about women and their chang- ing status in American society. We now take a more personal perspective, focusing on how women evaluate their own lives as the decade of the 1990s begins: • Which aspects of women's lives are particularly satisfying and which are not? • What factors in their lives, if any, do they resent? . What causes them stress, and how do they cope with it? • What kinds of changes would do the most to make their lives better? Personal Satisfaction With Life Asked to rate how satisfied they are with each of_15 aspects of their own lives, the over- whelming majority of women report at least some satisfaction with all 15. The 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll finds clear differences, however, between the aspects of life women find very satisfactory and those they find less satisfactory. Leading the "very satisfied" list are personal relationships-their children, the men in their lives, their friends. The bottom end of the satisfaction scale relates to jobs and finances. Women continue to find their greatest satisfactions in their most intimate relationships, with friends, lovers, husbands, and children. The top four aspects of life that women say they are very satisfied with all concern personal relationships. Sex falls right in the middle of the list, with just under half of all women saying they are very satisfied with their sex lives. However, this divides sharply: 53% of married women report that their sex life is very satisfying, compared with 30% of singles (who say this question applies to them) and 27% of women who are separated, divorced, or widowed (again of those to whom the question applies). These findings suggest that the single life is far from swinging for the majority of unmarried women today. Dead last on women's list of satisfying aspects of their lives, far below all other items, is income; only 18°ro consider theirs very satisfactory. Even among the most affluent, women with a household income of $50,000 or more, only 32% say they are very satisfied with their level of income. 26

Life's Satisfactions (Percent of women very satisfied, of those to whom item appties) Most satisfying... ~Rolea i another = ~2e~Ta`tionship with liusban,d/rr~an,in ltfe And less so... == -t?to_ eyt3o~~ ~ag N ~ Se~t-image Current job/cafeer Control over life Job_opportunities Income 18% 5% 35% 34% 30% The 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll finds major differences among women in satisfac- tion with the education- and work-related aspects of their lives-differences closely related to their own status in the work force. While just 36°k of all women say they are very satisfied with their education, college graduates are more than three times as likely to be very satisfied (67%) than those who never graduated from hibh school (21. °.tc). Interest- ingly, college graduates are almost twice as satisfied with their education as the next best- educated group-women who attended college but did not graduate. Only 35% of the latter group say they are very satisfied. Cle<tr1y, man.y women regret dropping out of colIege without a degree. Similarly, while 35% of ult working women rate their current job or career as very satisfy- ing, executives and professionals are far more satisfied (52CA' ) titan whitc collar (27%) or blue collar (29%) worl:ers- , 2QGOQ~~9132 27

The level of women's satisfaction with future job prospects reflects their current occupa- tional position. There is a sharp division between women in executive or professional positions (45% of whom report being very satisfied) and those in either white collar or blue collar jobs (only a quarter of whom see very satisfactory advancement opportunities). Women executives and professionals are more satisfied with their employer, boss, or manager as well. Thirty-nine percent of women in executive or professional positions, 36% of white collar workers, and only 27% of blue collar workers say they are very satis- fied with their boss or manager. Even women's self-image appears to be directly related to their education and occupational status. Thirty-five percent of all women report being very satisfied with their image of themselves. The women who are the most satisfied with their self-image are those in executive or professional positions (46%), college graduates (44%), and those with $50,000 or more in annual household income (41%). For American women in 1990, "making it" by getting a good education, having a good job, and earning a good income appears to be a prescription for a positive self-image. 28 Life's Satisfactions, by Demographic Subgroup (PercPnt of women who say they are very satisfied) Your Education: 4-t years of college 1- 3 years of college Your Current Job or Career: Exec utive/profes sional -~- -r Blue collar $50,U00 or i1zor,2 iIuu~Q ~`1, , ~~ i ~, ~]coine 20GUQ9g 43Z

Causes of Resentment (Percent of women who feel resentful often or from time to time, of those to whom item applies) 30 What causes the most resentment... Amount of money there is to live on How much my mate helps me around the house The way my job or career has gone Not having enough free time ~ How I look The way child-care duties are shared The amount of time I spend keeping family "organized" And what causes less... Amount of time spent thinking about family responsibilities Getting married too young Not finding the right person to be happy with Responsibility of having to take care of elderly family members Havin~- children too young L__ Do women feel more resentment than men? The answer is a resounding yes, at least in several key aspects of life. The widest gaps are in the areas of: . How much their mate helps out around the house (52% of women say they feel resent- ful at least from time to time, versus only 27% of men); • How they look (481~7o versus 2917e); and • The way child-care related duties are shared in their households (-I&% versus 22%). ~-m---~ `

The Resentment Gap: Women Versus Men (Percent who feel resentful often or sometimes, of those to whom item applies) How much mate helps around house - How I look The way child-care duties are shared Time spent keeping family organized Time spent thinking about family responsibilities . _~ '1- 2.-, _ 31 Getting married too young ,~~ °- - - - _ Women D Men V4That V6'ould Make Life Better? Sixty percent of women (and 64% of men) say that having more money would make their Iives betteE Next on a list of 12 items - far behind money- is "having more control over the way things are going in my life" (cited by 28% of women and 30% of men). These two items top the list for every demographic subgroup, including women and men of all income levels. A close third among married women, however, is more help with household responsibili- ties from their husbands; 26% say that this would improve their lives significantly. Another high priority item for all groups of women and men is more leisure time. It is cited by 25% of women and 31% of men. Other wishes? Seventeen percent of women would like to have less stress at home. An equal number of those with children at home say that more help from their children with household responsibilities would make life better-fully 27% of women with teenagers C45

Men's feelings about life's satisfactions generally mirror women's. In the area of personal relationships, children are overwhelmingly the greatest satisfaction in men's lives, with two-thirds of men who are fathers saying they are very satisfied with their children. At the same time, men rate their parental role as less satisfying (with 50% of fathers, compared with 59% of mothers, saying they are very satisfied). One possible explanation: Fathers may spend less time than they would like with their children. Divorce is also undoubtedly a factor in this disparity, since fathers see their children far less frequently after a marriage dissolves. Another significant difference: Compared with women, fewer men rate their friendships as very satisfying (53% versus 59% of women), but more say their relationship with their wife or the woman in their life is very satisfying (by 60% to 56%). While women appear to have more intimate friends of the same sex, men tend to use marriage to satisfy their need for emotional closeness. In the work world, men are not significantly more satisfied than women with their educa- tion, employer or boss, or income. However, more men than women say they are very satisfied with their future job prospects (by a 36% to 30% margin) and their self-image (by a 41% to 35% margin). Causes of Resentment Consistent with their dissatisfaction with their incomes, women's greatest source of resent- ment is their money-or lack of it. About one in two women say that, at least sometimes, they feel resentful about several other aspects of their lives: how much their mate helps around the house (52% of those who have a mate), the way their job or career has gone (49% of working women), not having enough free time (49%), and how they look (48%). Slightly fewer also resent how child-care related duties are handled in their household (46% of those with children at home) and the amount of time they spend keeping the family "organized" (44% of those with a family). Fewer women say they resent the amount of time they spend thinking about family respon- sibilities (35% of those with families), getting married too young (27%), having children too young (25%), not finding the right person to be happy with (23%), or the responsibility of caring for elderly family members (22%). 29

32 feel this way. Lower priorities for women include a job or a more interesting job (12%), a different relationship (8% overall, but 20% of single women), a more flexible work schedule (7% overall, 12% of full-time working women), and less pressure on the job (7% overall, 14% of full-time working women). Despite assertions that women are becoming "New Traditionalists," only 6% of women say that being able to stay home full-time and take care of home and family would make their lives better. Even among the most pressured group of all - full-time working women with children under 13 - only 15% say that staying home would improve their lives. At the bottom of women's list of things that would improve their lives: a better sex life, cited by only 3% of women (but 8% of men). What Would Make Life Better? Mainly Money (Of women to whom item applies) More money More control over way things are going in life More help with household from spouse More leisure time ~ More help with household from children Less stress at home Job or more interesting job A different relationship More flexible work schedule ri Less pressure on the job --- - - 717.7 Being able to stay home ful 6% A better sex life 3% 20(;00.35~1`-.'34 time

As income increases, the percentage of women who say money would make life better decreases (from a high of 72% of women earning under $15,000 per year to a low of 48% of women earning $50,000 a year or more) while the percentage who wish for more leisure time increases-from 15% of those in the lowest income group to 37% of those in the most affluent group. More leisure time is also a priority for full-time working women (36%), particularly those with children under 18 (41%). Stress, and How Women Cope With It Stress seems to be a way of life for most women today. Fifty-six percent say they have a good deal or fair amount of tension or stress in their lives, while 42% say they have very little or non. Men report somewhat less stress: 51% say they live under a good deal or fair amount of stress. Subgroups of women reporting the highest levels of stress: • Women in executive or professional positions (71% say they have a good deal or fair amount of stress in their lives, versus 60% of men in comparable positions); • Those who are separated or divorced (69%); • Women with children under 18 at home (66%); . Women in their thirties (66%); and . Women who work full-time (64%, versus 59% of women who work part-time and 49% of women who are not employed outside the home). Within this group, fully 70% of women who work full-time and have children under 18 say they experience a good deal or fair amount of stress. 33

Stress: A Way of Life for Women (Percentage of women more/less likely than average to say there is a good deal or a fair amount of tension and stress in their lives) The most stressed: The least stressed: What causes the stress in women's lives? The two major culprits are shortages of money (which 70% say is either a major or minor cause of stress in their lives) and self-imposed pressure (68%). A majority of women also cite their children (a cause of stress for 53% of all women with children and for 64% of women with children under 18). Interestingly, mothers who do not 34 work outside the home report stress from their children to the same extent as women who do. However, 50% of all women, 66% of women with children under 18, and 73% of employed women with children under 18 cite the amount of work they have to get done in the day as a source of stress. Between a third and a half of women cite other stress factors, such as trying to live up to other people's expectations (46%-highest among 18-29 year olds, singles, and those \vith children under 18), the man in their life (-~5%o), the people they work with (44%), and their boss (36%). Smaller numbers consider the follo.wing_to be stressful: their parents (32%), driving to the various places they need to drive (34%), getting to and from work (29%), shopping (28`%`c). and their neighborhoods (27%).

Causes of Stress in Women's Lives (Percent saying item is a major or minor cause of stress, of those to whom item applies) Amount of money they have to live on Pressure they put on themselves Their children Amount of work to get done in the day Trying to live up to other people's expectations Spouse or other person in their life People they have to work with Their boss Driving to various places they have to go A 35 Their parents ~, - - : Getting to and from work ~ ~ 29% ~ Shopping ~ The neighborhood they live ni There are some significant- and revealing- differences between men and women as to what causes stress. Women find every one of these areas more stressful than men do. The biggest differences occur with respect to the following: . Self-imposed pressure (a source of stress for 68% of women compared with 6190 of men) . Children (53% of all mothers versus 40% of fathers; among those with children under 18, 64% of mothers versus 49% of fathers); . A spouse or mate (45% versus 33%); • Living up to other people's expectations (46°Io versus 38%a); and • Shopping (28% versus 21%). There are only two areas that men are more likely than women to perceive as stress induc- ing. Fully half of working men (versus 44% of working women) find their co-workers a source of stress, and 40% (compared with 36% of women) cite their bosses. t

Top Causes of Stress: Women and Men (Percent saying item is a major or minor cause of stress, of those to whom item applies) 36 Money Pressure put on self Amount of work in day Trying to live up to other people's expectations Spouse or other person in life People work with .: ~: -~ :4~`7a :.. - ~ __ . -- - -_ - •- k- ~-t --= Boss M F5 Women ^ Men

How do women relieve stress at the end of the day? At the top of the list is watching TV (77% often or sometimes do this to relieve stress), and listening to music (74%), followed by taking a bath/shower (68%), listening to the radio (67%), reading (66%), and talking on the telephone (66%). Cited by between half and two-thirds of women are shopping (60%), going for a walk (58%), cooking (54%), and taking a nap (53%). Between a quarter and a half of women say they work on a hobby to relieve stress (43%), exercise (37%), or play a game (27%). Less popular antidotes for stress include a cocktail at home (22%), going out to a bar (12%), having a manicure or pedicure (10%), having a massage (9%), going to a spa (8%), and taking a tranquilizer (7%). When the Going Gets Tough: How Women Relieve Stress (Percent of women who say often/sometimes) 8 olat -~ - o alk ;took " Take a nap Work on a hobby Exercise (jogging, etc. lay a game 27% 37% 43%= 20(;049!)439

Women appear to employ a wider variety of stress-relieving activities than men: . Talking on the phone (66% of women say they do this often or sometimes to relieve stress, versus only 29% of men); • Shopping (60% versus 30%); . Cooking (54% versus 30%); • Taking a bath/shower (68% versus 53%); • Reading (66% versus 53%); and . Going for a walk (58% versus 50%). The only two stress-relieving acfivities that men are substantially more likely to use than women are having a cocktail at home (33% of men do this often or sometimes to relieve stress, versus 22% of women), and going out to a bar (24% versus 12%). Men are only slightly more likely to engage in exercise such as jogging, aerobics, or swimming (42% compared with 37% of women). Despite the much-publicized health benefits of active exercise, including its value as a tension reliever, most Americans, women and men alike, appear to prefer sedentary activi- ties as their main antidotes to stress. Uneasiness in the Streets Fear of crime appears to add stress to women's lives today. Seventy-two percent of women say they personally feel "more afraid and uneasy on the streets today" than they did a few years ago; fewer men (49%) share this feeling. Those most likely io feel uneasy are older women (82%), women in the Northeast (80%), and black women (77%). Virtually the same number of women today as in 1970 report feeling afraid and uneasy on the streets. The number of men feeling this way, however, has dropped from 60% in 1970 to 49% today. _ How Feel On the Streets Today Compared -,vith a Fe-w Years Ago (In percent) 1970 1990 Women Men Women VMen More afraid and uneasy 60 72 49 Less afraid and uneasy 3 5 7 Not much different 23 35 22 43 20t06.,~~I-_,_) s `tti 38

3 Between Women And Mi n: Relationships In The 1990s M

BETWEEN WOMEN AND MEN: RELATIONSHIPS IN THE 1990s MaleJfemale relations have changed dramatically since 1970. The traditional marriage of the past, in which the man was the provider and the woman took care of the house and familX is no longer what most married couples have or what most Americans want. Relations between women and men are more equal and open than they were 20 years ago. Today when people shape the major relationships in their lives, they face more options than ever before. 40 The changes are significant. People, of course, are still getting married, and most young people still want to marry eventually. But more are staying single longer, postponing marriage until they are older, and divorcing at a far higher rate than in the early 1970s. These are a few of the ways family life in 1990 differs from family life in 1970: • More couples today live together without being married; in fact, the number of cohabit- ing couples quadrupled between 1970 and 1985. . Over the same period, the divorce rate rose by 47%; although this trend apparently has stabilized in recent years, it has done so at a record high level. . Many divorcees remarry, creating complex stepfamily configurations. • A jump in the number of teen pregnancies, compounded by a high divorce rate, has produced a large number of female-headed households with children, and, in the proc- ess "feminized" poverty. . A few women, mainly well-off professionals, have opted to forego marriage altogether, and are deliberately bearing and raising.chil_dren on their own. These changes in family structure and malejfemale relationships have been accompanied by important shifts in power relations in the home. The idea that men are the providers while women take care of the house and family is no longer widely accepted. In addition, the massive movement of women into the work force has produced economic changes. Be- cause women are not as economically dependent on men as they were 20 years ago, they have gained bargaining power at home as well as in the workplace. In short, the changes of the last 20 years have created a new climate for maleJfemale relations - a climate of more options and openness, but also of more complications and concerns. Against these changes, the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll provides a look at women's and men's perceptions of male/female relations. Changing Morals The Poll shows that Americans have greatly relaxed their attitudes about sexual standards and behavior, and especially about women's independence. For instance, the number who reject the notion that single women should enjoy the same sexual freedom as men has dropped by half over the past 20 years. In 1970, almost t«o-thirds (65%) of «,omen thougbT premarital sex was immoral; that number has dropped to 4617( today. In 1970, only 1 I thought it should be legal for adults to have children "', ithout getting married; nearly four times as many (42OIc) think so today. And acceptance of "trial marriages"- living together before tmirriage -- has doubled. ~ i 1•:A211

Changing Morals: 1970 and 1990 (Percent of women agree) 32% A double moral standard has existed for many years - one standard for women another for men 36% Legal abortions should be made available for women who choose to have them ~ b~ ~~ _ ~ r r ~610 1 ~ - ~- I 45%j Pre-marital sexual intercourse is immoral r -.=.-r. ..: . - It should be legal for adults to have children without getting married 11% alone. The man involved should not be consulted Where abortions are legal, the decision about an abortion should be left up to the woman legally getting married - would lead to better marriages Trial marriages - in which couples would live togetCter for a certain period of 29% 15% Society could survive just as 16% 8% ell without the instit 74% ion of marriage le ~an~e kind of freedom as single men Single tivomen should not enjoy t 30% A single \~~on1an \iho becon~ei pregu_tnt but doesn't love the man involved should marry him anyway 9% 12% * In 1970, th~., itcnn reaa. "Lau, rnakin,~ :rinr choutdt-e rrepc:tl,•d El 1990 D 1970 - w(o) 41

Not surprisingly, there are generational differences on these matters. On some items, younger and older women are in virtual agreement; for instance, 82% and 80%, respec- tively, believe that a double moral standard-one for men and one for women--has existed for many years. In other areas, however, older women are much more conservative than younger women. Older women are more than twice as likely as younger women to believe that premarital sex is immoral (64% versus 31%). Similarly, older women (15%) are much less likely than younger women (45%) to think that living together before marrying would lead to better marriages. And fewer older women (46%) than younger women (65%) think that legal abortions should be available for women who choose to have them. A look at the attitudes of younger versus older women in 1970 compared with younger versus older women today reveals that Americans across all age b oups have become more relaxed in their attitudes toward morality. And while younger women continue to be more liberal than older women, the gap has narrowed significantly on three items-the existence of a double moral standard, whether women should enjoy the same freedom as men, and whether a single pregnant woman should marry the man involved even if she doesn't love him. On the other hand, the gap has gotten larger in attitudes toward premarital sex, trial marriages, and having children out of wedlock. 42

Changing Morals, 1970 - 1990: Younger Women Versus Older Women (In percent) 43 Agree: A double moral standard has existed for many years--one standard for women, another for men Legal abortions should be available for women who choose to have them * Premarital sexual intercourse is immoral 1970 _ Younger Older women womeIL Point (L8 -29) (50+) Difference 52 34 -18 1990. Yo.unger Older women women Point (18_ 29) a: (50+~. Di~e_rence 8_2.- - .80 31 50 77 +27 It should be legal for adults to have children without getting married 19 +33. -14 , . 60 ,. _ 23 -; 37.___ decision about an abortion should be left up to the woman alone. The man involved should not be consulted 32 Trial marriages--in which couples would live together for a certain period of time without legally getting married--would lead to Where abortions are legal, the better marriages 29 s - - Society could survive just as well without the institution of marriage 14 Single women should not enjoy the same kind of freedom as single men -10 --_ _24 . 1 25 34_ + 9 .. A single woman who becornes pregnant but doesn't love the man involved should marry him anyway 7__ __19 ____ +12 * In 1970, this item read, "Laws making abortions illegal should be repealed." Marriage: Still the Preferred Lifestyle, But There is Room for Improvement --t-_ 2. - 7.- _-11_ - _+ 4_ 20C100:9D~ ~~,~~~ Well over half of women (61%) and men (62%) believe that marriage is not as strong an institution as it once was. People are less pessimistic about marriage today, however, than they were in 1970, when 73% of women and 7 1 % of men thought that marriage was weaker than it had been in the past. 6 -23 ' -- $ - - - - - a° ~~~ . - u

Marriage as an Institution: Stronger or Weaker? 44 Women Women -~hw_ ® 5% 73% 19% Men Men Despite their reservations about marriage, rriost women continue to choose it. Today 61% of women are married and living with their spouses. This is virtually the same number as in 1985, though somewhat fewer than in 1980. Living Situations of Women and Men (In percent) Married and living with spouse Stronger Weaker Abo th ut e 5% Stronger 71% Weaker ' o About the 229 same same 66 68 62 62 ~ Slightly different wording from 1980 and 1985, when item read, "Living with someone as husband and wife though not mairied." In 1990, the ideal marriage is based on a shared division of labor. A majority of women (53°l0) and men (50%) say that a marriage where the husband and wife share responsibiYities more (with both working outside the home and jointly taking care of housekeeping and child- rearing) offers the most satisfying and interesting life, while 38% and 39%, respectively,'favor a traditional marriage. The number of women who say the shared-responsibility marriage is the ideal has decreascu` slightly (by 4 percentage points) since 1985. But the number of men preferring this ideaI has' not changed - in fact, the number of men favoring a traditional marriage continues to decline. -T --

The Most Satisfying Lifestyles: Women (In percent) Marriage where husband and wife share responsibilities more - both work, share housekeeping and child-care responsibilities Traditional marriage with husband assuming responsibility for providing for family and wife running house and taking care of Pr children 50 42 37__ _ 38 45 Remaining single and living alone Remaining single and living with others of the same sex Living in large family of people with similar interests in which some are married and some are not None/don't know The Most Satisfying Lifestyles: Men (In percent) Marriage where husband and wife share responsibilities more - both work, share housekeeping and child-care responsibilities 3 -~--~- _ ~---- - children ~ .. . _ 48 1974 1980 1985 1990 46 52 57 53 1 Traditional marriage with husband assuming responsibility for providing for family and wife running house and taking care of Living with someone of opposite sex, but not marrying Remaining single and living alone Remaining single and living with others of the same sex Living in large family of people with similar interests in which some are married and some are not None/don't know - - 1 l Q . -~ ~ 1 1 1 1 ~ 2 2 1 3 ''~'

Aj)~*4M- uestioti; perhaps the mosf"years has ` n moriFeiiiziloved wdrrien'1 OverwheMnfz-tnaibritieftf workirii;'vvonien feel the rdeal " iarriage is one'thaf is based on sliarecd iesnsibrfifies for""uistance, womeri working full= ~ (In percent) _ --, .. the workplace or at home... or bofh. (See Chapter 5, "Worker, Mother, Wife".) The Most Satisfying Lifestyles: By Women's Employment Status further conflicts in the coming years and give rise to demands for new solutions in either ence tension between what is ideal and what is possible: This tension is likely to cause Other Poll data, however, indicate that women work primarily for financial reasons-and they are therefore likely to continue working. Women; it seems, are beginning to experi- to be leading about 1 working woman in 20 to change her mind about the ideal marriage. strains, pressures, and demands that working women face both at work and at home appear " change in women's attitudes toward their work and family responsibilities. The increasing Why this shift? Some results in the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll show a similar by 5 points. 24%). Interestingly, though, the number saying a shared marriage is ideal has declined 6 points since 1985, while the number saying the traditional marriage is ideal has increased une preter tlne snarea mamage overtne txadtttonal by a margt.n or nearty j to i to i-lo co 1985 1990 Full - Part ` Not F-ull Part Not time time employed time time employed 46 Marriage where husband and wife share responsibilities more - both work, share housekeeping and child-care responsibilities 73 58 44 67 Traditional marriage with husband assuming responsibility for providing for family, and wife running house and taking care of children 19 35 Living with someone of opposite sex, but not marrying Remaining single and living alone Remaining single and living with others of the same sex Living in large family of people with similar interests in which some are married and some are not None/don't know 2 2 3 3 I 2 ;~Ioc 30()9~)V 4s 51 24 59 33 40 52 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 1 4=_

iage ~` What Makes=a Good Mar~ - -- ~ .' °.• Being in love, sexual fidelity, and, the ~abihty~~Ik with one another about fee~lingssare,,,,. =considered the most important elements of a good marnage. F While most of the qualities rated very unportant to a good marriage have not changed over .. the years, other elements have become more important. Sixty-three percent of women and.-_ 61% of men, for example, now consider financial security to be part of a good marriage today, compared with only 49% of both groups in 1974. Keeping romance alive is now . viewed as more important, too; it is cited by 78% of women and 76% of men today, versus 71% of women and 66% of men in 1974. What Makes a Good Marriage? (In percent) 1974 1990 Things considered "very important": Women ivten Women Men t - 4-7 Being in love 90 86 87 Spouse's sexual fidelity 79 - 70 85 ._ _,._ . ._ . _ Being able to talk together about your feelings 88 83 84 __., Keeping romance alive 71. 66 78 Both being able to see humorous side of things 78 70 76_ Having similar ideas on how to raise children 74 72 Having a good sexual relationship 77 73 72 - -- Having similar ideas on how to handle money 68 61 71 Spouse understanding what you do everyday 62 52 _ 67-- Liking the same kind of life, activities, friends 68 64 _ - =- Financial security 49 49 63 Having children 51 5 48 Having similar backgrounds 28 23 34 M R II n 0 78 ~ .76 _ 69-- ~ - 63 74 ~ _--_ 65 57 62 -;~- 61 41 29 ~ ~ ~. ~ ~

"If I Had It To Do Over" . About 30% of those marned or_i_tvrng a ~`ed dmit that they_sometimes meet sorrieo i` ~~.•~ 48 (21%) and men (24%) say this happens only occasionally, while fewer say they very often or fairly often meet someone with whom they think they would be happier. Employed women and men are more likely to feel this way than those who stay at home, perhaps because they have more opportunities to meet and spend time with new people. Likewise, younger people, those who are college-educated and those who live in urban areas are more likely to feel this way. they thmk would make them happter than thetr present partner. Of these,, most women_ (Based on married or living as married) (In percent) ' Women Men Very often 2 3 Fairly often 4 3 Only occassionally 21 24 Never 69 65 Don't know 3 5 How Often You Meet Someone You'd be Happier With Than Your Present Partner Room for Improvement If given the chance to improve their relationship, what one aspect would people most like to change? Finances and the amount of time they spend with their mate are cited by virtu- ally equal numbers of married women and men (or those living together as though married) as aspects of their relationship they would most like to improve. More than a third of both sexes would like to improve communication with their mate. Room for Improvement in Marriages (Based on married or living as married) (In percent) Top two choices combined: omen en Finances 43 41 The amount of time you spend together 42 44 The way you communicate with each other 36 34 Sharing of household chores 28 11 The way your children are being raised 7 7 Sex 6 10 Nothing (volunteered) 11 17 Don't know 3450 2 4 20f1009

ho Coritrols the_FinanCes`?~ financial plans, decide how much insurance to carry, and how much to spend on vacation. Women in the household, though, are more- likely than men to actually sit down and pay A majority of married couples report that they jointly handle all major financial decisions. ; Married couples and couples living as if married structure the family budget, make overall ' the bills. (Based on married or living as married) (In percent) Joint responsibility Women tend to handle Men tend to .- - - -- : handle _, .. Women Men Women Men Women Men say say say say say say "Vde do" "We do" I dd' , "She does" `iie does", _ `~do Who Handles the Finances? How much to spend on a vacation What kind and how much other insurance to carry (household, car, etc.) What kind and how much life insurance to carry Overall financial planning (how much to save, invest, pay on bills, etc.) Setting up and holding to a family budget Paying utility bills (electricity, phone, etc. Paying credit card or department store bills Paying the mortgage or rent children would make the ideal family. that 3 or more children made an ideal family. Only about 4 in 10 think so today. In 1941, only about 3 out of 10 women and men considered two children or less ideal. Today, 6 out of 10 think so, with the majority of both women (52%) and men (58%) saying that two 29 28 33 The Ideal Family Size The size of the ideal family has been shrinking. For instance, in a survey taken in 1941 by the American Institute of Public Opinion (Gallup), about 7 in 10 women and men thought 24fi{)Q99451 49

The Single Life Majorities of single adult Americans consider themselves happier than most of their mar- ried friends. And majorities of women (60%) and men (70%) say that being single is a lot easier than being married. Nevertheless, about 7 in 10 singles say they "hope to be married someday, but right now the timing just isn't right." Many more single women (65%) than men (42%) say that most single people they meet are unwilling to make a serious commitment. Majorities of women (57%) and men (51%) observe that most of the single people they meet "don't know what they're doing with their lives." More women (73%) than men (57%) agree that it is difficult these days to find new people to date. Among single people who say they date at least occasionally, the threat of sexually trans- mitted diseases is a very big concern. Majorities feel that it's important to get to know someone well before starting a physical relationship. And while most say that the people they know now take precautions against sexually transmitted diseases, two-thirds of women and 57% of men say that the threat of AIDS and of other sexually transmitted diseases has made them less sexually active. 206Q6):3452 50

The Single Life (Among those who date at least on occasion) (In percent) Single Single Strongly/Generally Agree: Women Men 51 It is very difficult these days to find new people to date I hope to be married someday, but right now the timing just isn't right The threat of AIDS has made me less sexually active The threat of other sexually transmitted diseases has made me less sexually active Most singles I meet are unwilling to make a serious commitment Being single is a lot easier than being married Most of the singles I meet don't know what they're doing with their lives I'm happier than most of my married friends Most singles I know are unwilling to take precautions against sexually transmitted diseases The demands of my job give me little time for a social life Most of the men/women I'm interested in going out with are already married It isn't all that important to get to know someone well before having a physical relationship with them 65 42 60 70 57 51 56 59 29 18 24 P" 3

The AIDS Crisis Most Americans say that they know someone who has changed his or her behavior or attitudes toward dating, relationships, and sexual practices due to the risk of AIDS. Women say that, to the extent the people they know have modified their attitudes or behav- ior, they have changed a lot (28%) or some (23%). Virtually equal numbers of men report this extent of change among the people they know. 52 Total Women Total Men A lot 28 28 Some 23 22 A little 11 13 Not really at all 12 14 Don't know anyone who dates or is sexually active 16 12 Don't know 11 10 The AIDS Epidemic (In percent) Due to the risk posed by AIDS, people I know who are sexually active have changed their attitudes or behavior... Despite these changes, most women (86%) and men (87%) believe that the people they know who date or are sexually active should be even more responsible in light of the risk of AIDS. As for who should take primary responsibility - the man or the woman - for protect- ing against AIDS, an overwhelming majority of people say both partners should be equally responsible. More than three-quarters of both women and men offered this response. Protecting Against AIDS:Who Should Take Responsibility? Women a 13% Man 4% Woman 4% Don't Know 79% Both Equally Men 2{)COO99454 18% Man 3% Woman 3% Don't Know 76% Both Equally

Choosing Single Parenthood A third of all women say that if they were single and nearing the end of their childbearing years, they would consider bearing a child without getting married. More than half (56%) say they would not consider it, and 12% aren't sure. Most likely to consider this option: women who are single (50%), or separated and divorced (44%), or who already have children (40%). Among the reasons given by those who would not consider having a child on their own: children need both parents (37%); and it would involve too much responsibility and hard work to raise a child alone (24%). Choosing Single Parenthood (Total women) 53 33% Yes, would consider having a - child on my own 56% No, would not consider having a child on my own t1% Don't know

Opinions About Men Women are more critical of men today than they were 20 years ago. Asked to say whether various descriptions of men were mostly accurate or not, more women today than in 1970 choose to portray men in a negative light on almost every item. In particular, women are far more likely now to say that most men look at a woman and immediately think about what it would be like to go to bed with her, or that most men are interested in their work and life outside the home and don't pay much attention to things going on at home. Women are far less likely 'than they were 20 years ago to say that most men are basically kind, gentle, and thoughtful. 54 Women's Opinions About Men Most men think only their own opinions about the world are important. ~~ Most men look at a woman and immediately think how it «rouldlie to go to bed with her 54% 41% te- Most men are interested in their work and life outside the home and don't pay much attention to things going on at home. Most men are basically kind, gentle, and thoughtful. -_ ~ Most men are more interested in their oun, rather than a woman's, sexual satisfaction. 50% 40% Most men are basically selfish and scIf-czntered. 1990

Why are women increasingly critical of men? It is unlikely that men are objectively more selfish and self-centered than they were in 1970; men's actual conduct, if anything, proba- bly has improved. What has changed is women's sense of their proper entitlement. As more men and women have abandoned traditional roles and attempted to negotiate new terms for their relationships, women's expectations have shifted. The more independent women of today expect more from men and want more out of relationships. Not surprisingly, behavior regarded as sexist in 1970 bothers even greater numbers of American women today. More than half of women say they are bothered by every example of sexism we asked about. For example, 8 in 10 women today say it annoys them when "a woman is looked at as a sex symbol instead of as having sense in her head." Three-quarters get annoyed at "women being left home while men go out for a good time." Sixty-one percent are irritated by pictures of nude women in men's magazines, and more than half (53%) are bothered when a man talks about them as a"giri" and not a "woman." An equal number (53%) don't like jokes about women drivers, mothers-in-law, or dumb blondes. Whether Various Items Annoy Women Annoys Women Somewhat/A lot: "A woman being looked on as a sex symbol instead of as having sense in her head" "Women being -left home while men go out for a good time" 76% 0% "Pictures of nude women in men's magazines" "Jokes about women drivers, mothers-in-Iaw, or-dumb blondes" 53 % 55 32% "A man talking about you as a girl and not as a G4 oinari " 3%Q 0 i990 71970 r--- -~ ~'~==~W. I

If women had a magic wand, what would they most like to change about men? And what do men think women would most like to see changed about them? The answers are similar. Men have a good idea of the areas in which women would like to see improvement. . If women could change one thing, most would want men to be better able to express their feelings (27%). . Almost as many women (23%) say the one thing they would like is for men to better understand women's needs. Very similar numbers of men pick each of these items as the things women would most like to see changed about men. What One Thing Would Women Change About Men? More able to express feelings More involved • i;li ,: mily More accepting of women a,~ equak l2%5 15% Less selfish 5% 9010~ M--- Less macho 7010 -, 4% -_ ~- -- ~ ~-_...,.. ~-_-7;7- - - - ==~-=~-~----• _--~------- -~--~ Women would like to see changed in men Men think women would like to see changed in men 56 %flCOQ93458

~:~:r ~ ~: ~~~ ~$a ~ - N f h lf ~ fll ore. . ver a a o ore Amencan women work outsIde the home oday than ever~e ~::v, .r ro~ ~~ . . .. .~ - ~.dult women work uf the paid labor force~ither full tinie or part tune° ~Many of those ' who are riot working today will enter'the work force"in the future -~ - -~~~ down workplace barriers and gain access for women to many jobs that were not open to them. Today, merely getting into the workplace is no longer enough; the terms of employ- ment - salaries, promotions, and benefits - are what matter. How are employers treating women compared with men? The Poll shows that many women believe they are still com- ing up short. Given these facts, it is easy to forget that in 1970 just getting into the workplace was often a major victory for women. An initial concern of the women's movement was to break discriminated against in a variety of job-related situations. nation against women. But like women, more men today than in 1970 say that women are against in obtaining top jobs in business, the professions, and government than 20 years ago.. Higher numbers also say there is discrimination against women in getting skilled labor jobs. But while perceptions of discrimination in most work-related areas have increased in the last 20 years, in other areas-access to education, obtaining loans and mortgages, getting top jobs in the arts, and getting clerical jobs (most of which are held by women anyway)- discrimination is seen to have remained about the same or decreased. Women's and men's attitudes toward discrimination have differed somewhat over the 20- year history of the Virginia Slims Opinion Poll. More women than men perceive discrimi- nation. For example, Americans are more likely to say that women are discriminated In many `work-related areas, more people fhan in 1970 believe there is workplace discrimi- A majority of women and men believe that women still suffer discrimination on the job.-- Discrimination Against Women. in the Workplace 20bO09~)460

1: ~ ~Ftt Axeas Do Women Experience Discrimi~natcon (Wonien s responses i ~Agree that women are discriminated against in: _ 1970 ,1990-- , ® s,t Obtaining top jobs in government ~ -5-.l: Obtaining executive jobs in business 50, Obtaining top jobs in professions 40 Obtaining jobs in the military _ , ~ ~ ~~._ , 42 Getting skilled labor jobs , _,. .~ ;.~. i,li_ _ ._ ,.. 40 Being given leadership responsibility in groups with both men and women *. = 64 58 39 .-s-47 Obtaining loans/mortgages/charge accounts in their own names 55 4 Obtaining top jobs in arts Getting into graduate/professional school _ . 27-** . -L9 Getting white collar/clerical jobs ~~~ -- ,- - - Getting a colIege education 1L. - -10 *1972 Data **1974Data ***19&5 Data

Why, after 20 years of major changes in women's status, is there an increased perception of discrimination in many areas? Most likely it is because perceptions of what constitutes discrimination have changed over the years. Denying a woman a job in a steel mill was not considered discriminatory in 1970. It is today. There is also greater awareness about more subtle forms of discrimination, such as the much-discussed "glass-ceiling," said to block female managers from reaching the top ranks in business. Improvements Made, Yet Changes Needed As reported in Chapter One, most people agree that working women have come a long way since 1970. Overwhelming majorities of women and men say that times have improved for women in all of the work-related areas we surveyed. When we asked what needs to change in the next decade to make women's lives better, respondents said that the same areas that have shown improvement are also in need of major changes. Why tl:is seeming contradiction? One possible answer is that greater job and professional exposure has made women more aware of wage discrimination, limited support for better child-care options, and barriers to attaining leadership positions. While there has been progress, both men and women agree that there is still room for more. The Workplace: Improvements Made, Changes Needed (In percent) Women say things have improved in the workplace... Improved Hasn't changed Gotten worse The kinds of jobs open to women The salaries women are paid compared with what men are paid Women's opportunities for leadership positions in business The day-care options available to working mothers Women's opportunities for leadership positions in government Women's roles as homemakers Women's roles as mothers The kinds of marriages women have 86 8 79 12 6 72 10 14 71 18 37 23 37 36 20 41 34 16 45_ , 60 20f ®(l9g4f2

Yet they say further changes are needed to make their lives better... The salariesuvomen are paid compared with what men are paid The day-care options available to worlQng mothers Women's opportunities for leadership positions ingovernment Women's opportunities for leadership positions in business The kinds of jobs open to women__._ m_ 42 ~= 48 ~~5: - 61 The kinds of marriages women have 35 -- 43 17 Women's roles as mothers Major Some No real changes changes changes are are are needed needed needed 50 47 ~ _ „ 42_-_` `9 . _7 45 , - 45 ;;. 46 T Z 3.0 -- 46 20 Women's roles as homemakers 29 --z 46 21 Women and Their Jobs Beyond these general opinions about women's status in the workplace, how do women actually feel about their own jobs and work experience? To answer this question, it is important to understand who is working-and why. More than half of all adult American women currently are employed either full-time or part-time outside the home. The rates are highest among those in their childbearing years: 69% of women aged 25-34 and 73% of those 35-44 are now working or looking for work. More than two-thirds of all women with children under age 18 work either part- or full- time. Half of new mothers are back at work before their child's first birthday. Why do women work? The vast majority cite economic reasons. Most women are working primarily to support their families (31%) or to support themselves (24%). And another 32% say they work to bring in extra money. Only 8% say they work for something inter- esting to do or for some other reason (3%). For many women, then, work is a necessity. In fact, the number of women working to support their family has increased 12 percentage points since 1980. Married couples in- creasingly need two incomes to support a family. Further, the increase in the number of female-headed hou5eholds--caused in part by later marriages, higher divorce rates, and an increase in single parenting-has made it imperative for many women to bring home a paycheck.

As might be expected, single women are more likely than others to work primarily to support themselves, divorced or separated women are most likely to work to support their family, and married women are most likely to work to bring in extra money. Women who work full-time are far more likely to say they work to support themselves or their family than part-time employees, who work mostly to bring in extra money. Women's Reasons for Working (In percent) 1980 1990 Employed Women Total employed women Total Single Separated! Married Divorced Widowed Full time T-~-~ - To support self 27 24 68 3 47 45 30 To support family 19 31 14 34 45 17 36 To bring in extra money 43 32 11 46 5 16 24 For something interesting to do 14 8 2 12 2 15 6 Other reasons - 3 3 4 - 2 3 Don`t know 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 Part ~ time 18 54 14 : .~ s-~-~.=t 1 For most working women a job means a satisfying, interesting life as well as money. Only 27% see the traditional housewife role-marrying and having children but not a career-as offering the most interesting life. In contrast, more than twice that number (57%) say they would prefer to combine a career with marriage and children. The number saying that they would ideally prefer to combine marriage, children, and a career has dropped 6 points since 1985. However, this does not mean that more women prefer to marry and have children at the expense of a career. Rather, the change suggests that some women prefer other options altogether. Today, slightly more say they would prefer to have a career and marry but not have children (up 2 points), or to have a career but not marry or have children (up 2 points). More women also say they "don't know" which they prefer (up 3 points). 20CO09~KC4 62

Preferences for Marriage, Children and Career (In percent) Combining marriage, career and children Marrying and having children, but not having a career Having a career and marrying, but not having children Satisfaction on the Job 38 26 27 Most Americans-more than 8 in 10-say they like their jobs. Both women and men are more likely to say they are fairly well satisfied rather than extremely satisfied with their jobs. Fifty-eight percent of women are fairly well satisfied; another quarter are extremely satisfied. More executive and professional women (92%) say they are satisfied with their jobs than do white-collar (81%) or blue-collar (79%) women. When asked how much personal satisfaction they get from their job "aside from the money," more women say they derive "moderate" (46%) than "great" personal satisfaction (37%). Women who report the greatest personal satisfaction tend, again, to be executive or: _ professional (59%) rather than white collar (30%) or blue collar (27%). Not surprisingly, college-educated women are most likely to say they derive great personal satisfaction from their jobs (45%), versus 30% of high school graduates and just 25% of women who didn't fmish,high school.

Satisfaction from Working, Aside from Money Great personal satisfaction Moderate personal satisfaction Very little personal satisfaction ® ® P No personal satisfaction at all ® ® Don't know Women El Men cum Ways to Increase Job Satisfaction No matter how much people like their jobs, they can always think of ways to make them better. Male and female respondents provide nearly identical assessments of what could lead to more job satisfaction. Incentive or bonus programs for higher productivity top the list for both women (55%) and men (58%). Equal numbers of both groups (53%) say that better health benefits and medical coverage would lead to more job satisfaction. Other top items for both sexes are: less pressure, more rewarding responsibilities, more flexible work hours, and more feedback from the boss. : Women and men diverge in two respects. Women are twice as likely as men (31% vs. 15%) to think that an on-site day-care center would improve their job satisfaction. And more women than men (28% compared with 20%) say that better parental-leave and mate nity-leave options would make a difference. (The concerns of working__parents will be addressed in greater detail in the next chapter.) Z0C009S11fX; .

What Would Make Your Job More Satisfying? (Inn percent) Would make job much more/somewhat more satis_fying: Women Men Incentive or bonus programs for higher productivity Better health benefits (HMOs, more medical coverage, dental coverage) Being under less pressure at work ----- - - - -- ~°- -_ - More rewarding tasks/responsibilities More flexible work hours (flextime, voluntary part-time, job sharing, leaves) 5~_ Afi - - - - 4-3 42 ,_ .. . „ 40 More feed-back from boss/manager 42 ,42 Having a more understanding boss 3_8_ .39.. . A company-run on-site day-care center 31_ .:_ -15 - Better maternity-leave, parental-leave options 2$ More opportunity to work at home 2_7 Who's the Boss? A woman is five times as likely as a man to have a female boss. Only 8% of men report to a female, while 41% of women do. Or stated another way, 82% of men work for a male, while only 8% work for a female. These data show that to the extent that women have achieved power in the workplace, it is mostly over other women. Given this uneven distri- bution of power, it is not surprising that many women and men agree that women encoun- ter discrimination in getting top jobs in business, government, and the professions. Who's the Boss? (Whether person report to is male or female) Boss is male Boss is female 41% I I 1 8% Women I Men I 20COO:9s4s7 65 _-~--~ " -

Mast mate and female workers say their immediate supervisors support their goals on and off the job. Half of working women rate their boss as "very" supportive, and 33% say "somewhat" supportive; responses are similar for male workers. Women generally do not rate female bosses as being more supportive than male bosses. But concerning the issue of maternity leave, more women with female bosses think their boss would be understanding and supportive than do women with male bosses. Sixty-three percent of women who report to a female say their boss would be totally supportive and understanding, as compared with 49% of those who report to a male. The Ideal Job Although working women and men consider their bosses supportive, many Americans would rather be their own boss. Asked about the ideal job, owning a business of one's own is the top choice for women (23%) and, by an even wider margin, for men (40%). A career in a profession such as law or medicine is the next most popular. More men than women favor a career in a large business organization. And probably due to family responsibili- ties, women are five times as likely as men to think an ideal situation would be a part-time job, or no outside job at all. Even among women who are not employed, 7 in 10 say their ideal job situation would involve some kind of work outside the home. Less than a quarter (23%) ideally choose no outside job at all. Ideal Job or Career (In percent) ~ Not Not Total ET ~gled ~EmpLo~d -~oia~_ Fmployed Emplo,yed 6 A business of one's own A career in a profession (law, medicine, etc.) A job that is interesting, but less demanding than a career A career in a large business organization A career in a small business No outside job at all A part-time job that helps bring in extra money Don't know 23 28 16 19 1 16 r_,_ . _~ 17__ .- 14 14 13 . 10 _ .}0__ - 12 9 13 4 5 7 17 13 7 23 ZGC009n4cs

A Career or Just a Job? Whether someone views employment as a "career" or "just a job" depends heavily on occupation, education, and income level. A majority of employed women (53%) think of their work as just a job and a majority of men - 57% - think of their work as a career. But the attitudes of executive and professional women and men are virtually the same. As edu- cational attainment and income increase for both men and women, so does the proportion of people who think of their jobs as careers. And women who work part-time are much more likely than those employed full-time to think of their work as just a job (51% versus 29%). Somewhat more women today (45%) than in 1985 (41%) think of their work as a career, while fewer today (53%) compared with then (58%) think of it as just a job. Among full- time working women, a majority - for the first time - say they look upon their work as a career. Men's views remained virtually unchanged since 1985, with 57% today versus 56% in 1985 thinking of their work as a career, and 40% today versus 43% then saying their job is just a job. 67 Women's Work: A Career or "Just a Job"? (In percent) Total employed women 18 to 29 - - 30 to 39 40 to 49 50 and over Non-high school graduate High-school graduate College Under $15,000 household income $15,000 to $25,000 ~ Employed full-time Employed part-time Executive/professional White collar Blue collar White Black Total employed men Career Just a job Don't know 45 53 2 --:37 : _•_61 2 .52. . - 46 2 48 51 1 43 54 3 -19 78 ,_ 3 34 -.65 2 59 39 2 26 - 72 - 2 -37 -_-_61_ 2 - 48 -51 1 59 40 1 51 47 2 29 69 2 81 18. 1 37 61 2 24 ?~- 1 46 52 2 an G ~-7 ~-htO 3 20~~~~0 ~ G3

Work or Stay Home? Since 1974, women have been asked, "If you were free to do either, would you prefer to have a job outside the home, or prefer to stay home and take care of a house and family?" About half (51 %) of all women today say that they would prefer to stay home, and 42% of all women would prefer to have a job. The preferences for work over staying home rose steadily from 1979 to 1985, when 51% of women said they would prefer a job and 45% said they would prefer to stay home. Since 1985, preference for a job has declined. The change back to 1980 levels is consistent with offier Poll data showing a slight shift in attitudes relating to the strains, pressures, and demands many working women face. Preference for a Job Compared with Staying at Home ( Total women) E Prefer to stay home ® Prefer to have job Don't know Demographic data suggest that the shift in attitude results less from a new yearning to be home than from a diminished level of enthusiasm for work. Older women, for instance, are much less likely to prefer a job than younger women. And it is precisely among older women that the biggest decline has come in the preference for a job: a 14 percentage point decline among women 50 and older, versus a.4 point decline_ for women 18 to 29. more likely to want to stay home. Less-educated women also derive the least income and personal satisfaction from their jobs-another reason to prefer home to_the workplace. necessity. Another reason why older women may prefer home to job is that older women are less educated than younger women. The Poll shows that women who are less_educated are full-time mothers. More likely, the shift is due to the fact that many older women are not "career" women; when they entered the labor force, many were confined to low-paying, low-potential jobs. Staying at home also may seem more preferable to being employed for many older women who are working more for extra spending money than out of economic That the preference for home over job is more likely to prevail among older women than among women in their childbearing years suggests that the main cause of the shift in preferring home over job is not that women want to give up working in order to become ZOCOW151~ to 68

Preference for a Job Compared to Staying at Home: Breakdown By Demographic Groups (In percent) Prefer to stahome-.-_ sPzefe.r_to ha_ve_- job 69 Total Women S ingle Married Divorced/separated Widowed White B lack 45 51 51 42 21 65 44 27 53 - 49 21 V_ 47 .40 31 77 60 18 to 29 ~58 _.- 54 30 to 39 ~5 1 42 .. 40 to 49 4-l 4S =~ 5_5 48 ~ ~-. 50 and over Non-high school graduate High school graduate College 52 62 50- - 48 39 45 45 31 -_--- _.33 ==50 , _,. - ,. 40 - 56 48 Employed full-time 28 3 9 57 Employed part-time 44 50 51 44 Not employed 59 63 38 29 . 4 2 8 - _ . _ ~a _, 7 - - -- 3 =, -6 4 7 3 7 _ _ - , 8... 5 7 -.=-3 ------7 --5 6 3 7 Other findings of the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll also suggest that dissatisfaction with work, more than a yearning for home, influenced responses to this question; many women say they are not getting a fair shake in the workplace. For example, more than half of employed women feel they deserve greater pay parity with men. Many feel that, while women have made dramatic gains in many occupations previ- ously closed to them, these initial strides have not been followed by a rapid rise of women to the top of American business and government.. The pace of change may have slowed at the same time that women's perceptions of discrimination increased. In fact, these changes may have spurred an even faster rise in women's expectations, resulting in an . "ekpectations gap." In short, the Poll results suggest that the more experience women gain in the workplace, the more problems and limits they see.

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WORKER, MOTHER, WIFE At some point in their lives, most women wear one of three hats-worker, mother, wife. Today, many women wear all three at once. With more women working than ever before, the role of worker, mother, wife has become as familiar as that of worker, father, husband. How do American women feel about this triple role? How do they regard the rewards and responsibilities of their various jobs at home and at work? What practical problems do these women face? And what would they like to see changed to make their lives easier? 72 Conflicts At Home and At Work standing about the demands of their job, and 29% say that their family's needs make it hard for them to devote complete attention to work. Family responsibilities are more likely to affect a woman's job than a man's; husbands and wives do not share such burdens equally. For instance, when asked what happens when their child's day-care arrangements fall through, working mothers are twice as likely as their male counterparts (fathers with working wives) to say that it causes problems for thenr at work. In other words, the worker, mother, wife is more likely to pick up the slack than the worker, father, husband. in order to get ahead in the job, it is important to focus primarily on work-even at a sacrifice of attention to the family. At the same time, family responsibilities often cause women on-the-job problems. Thirty- one percent of women employed full-time "really wish" that their family was more under- Nine out of 10 working women with children feel that, all in all, they do a good job of balancing their job and family. However, this balancing act comes at a price. Two-thirds of women working full-time feel, either strongly or to a certain extent, that the conflicting demands of families and job impose a lot of stress. Majorities feel guilty that they don't spend more time with their families; and feel badly about leaving their kids in the morning. Though 83% of women working full-time say their jobs or careers are going well, many say that at times their jobs conflict with their other roles as wives and mothers. Fifty-five percent say that the nature of their job makes it harder for them to do things for their fam- ily. Overtime or late hours create problems for nearly half. Twenty-nine percent agree that ~ , !

Job-Related Conflicts (Women employed full-time with children ) (in percent) 73 Feel Strongly/To a Certain Extent: The conflicting demands of family and job put me under a lot of stress. 61 I feel guilty that I don't spend more time with my family. Having the type of job I do makes it harder for me to do things for my family. I feel bad about leaving my kids in the morning when I go to work. Working overtime or staying late creates conflicts for me. In order to get along better at work, it's important for me to socialize with the people I work with. 56 55 54 49 41 When my children's day-care arrangements fall through, and I'm late or absent, it causes problems at work. 36 I really wish my family was more understanding about the demands of my job. The demands of my family life make it hard for me to devote complete attention to my job. In order to get ahead at my job it's important that I focus primarily on work, even if it means I pay less attention for a while to my family life. My supervisor doesn't understand that I have family responsibilities, too. My boss doesn't give me as much responsibility as I'd like because he/she is concerned my family responsibilities take up too much time. 31 28 17

Making it All Work: What Gets Slighted? Majorities of both women and men agree that a working wife and mother must make compromises. And both women and men feel that it is the children who lose the most when a working woman is a wife and mother. More women (44%) than men (38%) hold this view. Identical numbers of men and women (29%) say the marriage gets slighted the most. Least likely to suffer, according to both sexes, is the woman's job. These numbers have remained virtually unchanged since 1985. What has changed over the past five years, however, is that fewer women now believe that nothing gets slighted when women with families work. The number of women who say that nothing gets slighted has dropped from 21 % to 14%. And the number of men who think nothing gets slighted has decreased as well, though by a smaller margin. The feeling that nothing gets slighted when a mother works has changed most since 1985 among college-educated women (with 11 percentage points fewer feeling this way), em- ployed women (down 9 points), and women with children (down 7 points). Fewer women of all ages say that nothing gets slighted when a mother works: those 18-29 (down 8 points); 30-39 (down 7 points); 40-49 (down 8 points); and 50 and over (down 6 points). 74 What Gets Slighted Most When Women Work? (Women's opinions) Job Children Nothing gets slighted ® 1990 0 1985 2OC00:95475 Even though many people believe children often get slighted when mothers t~ork, most parents in families where the woman is employed think that, all things considered, their kids are "just as well off ' as they would be if mom stayed home. A full 789c of working women with children say that their children are_"just as well off` as if they did not work. The same number, 78%, of fathers with working wives say the same thing. This, however; could be a rationalization, as few mothers or fathers want to admit they are sacrificing their children's interests for their jobs.

75 What Can Change to Make It Easier? Is it inevitable that something gets slighted when a working woman is also a wife and mother? Or are changes possible to help working women balance job, marriage, and children? Opinions are decidedly mixed. Among the total public, a slight majority thinks that it is inevitable that something must suffer. (52% of women and 53% of men). Among the most affected group, working women with children, the majority (53%) think things could be different. In contrast, their male counterparts - fathers with working wives- think it's inevitable that something must suffer (56%). These differing assessments might help explain some of the tension and discord that has arisen between women and men. Could Things Change or Must Something Get Slighted? Working women with children Men with %\ orkinniwives and children N It's inevitable that something suffers Things could change i~_ M. How would those who think changes are possible improve things? The most frequent suggestion is that men take more responsibility for the household and children. Roughly 7 in 10 women say that most of the solution would come from men helping more with house- hold duties and child care. And nearly the same proportion- 64%- of men agree. At the workplace, more flexible work hours and schedules also-would make a difference, according to 34% of women and 35% of men. It also would help if employers were more understanding of women's dual roles as workers and mothers, say 32% of women and 29% of men. In addition, 32% of women and 27% of men would welcome more and better day- care centers. More personally, some women and men say that changes in women's expectations would help, too. Thirty-four percent of women and 27% of men agree that women should put less pressure on themselves to be "superwomen." Similarly, a quarter of women and 19% of men agree that nzeiz also should ease the pressure on women to be "superwomen." Both of these sentiments run particulariy-high among executive and professional women; 45% say things would be better if women put less pressure on themselves to be superwomen. Thirty percent say things would be better if men put less pressure on women to be superwomen.

Some adults also say children could play a role in making things easier for working women: Equal numbers of men and women (32%) say that it would make a difference if kids helped out more with the household chores. Balancing Work, Marriage, and Children (Base: Those who think things could change to help women better balance work, marriage, and children) Men helping more with household and child-care responsibilities More flexible work hours/schedules ® cY~_MS h _-'.Y .. Women putting less pressure on themseIves to be "super~~omen" More and better day-care centers ~--• - 76 Employers being more understandin= of «oIn~ i 'i ial roles as workers and mothers .~ -; -~ - a -~ _ --.- - - - ~. . p .~_ Children helping more with household responsibilities Men putting less pressure on women to be "superwomen" Don't know 9% Women 71 Men ~Co

The Working Mother's Wish List Working mothers want employee benefits and support that meets the demands of raising children. More than other working women, full-time working mothers feel that their jobs would be more satisfying if they had: • on-site day-care centers; • better maternity and parental leave options; • more flexible work hours, and • more opportunity to work at home. Similarly, men in two-income households with children are more likely than other em- ployed men to say that some of these benefits would make their jobs more satisfying. For instance, the opportunity to work at home would offer more job satisfaction to fathers with working wives (31%) than to other employed men (25%). Not surprisingly, better mater- nity and parental leave is favored more by fathers (28%) than by other men (20%). And on-site day-care would offer men with working wives and children more job satisfaction (21%) than it would others (15%). 77

What Would Increase Job Satisfaction for Working Women? Incentive or bonus programs for higher productivity Better health benefits (HMOs, more medical coverage, dental coverage) More flexible work hours (flextime, voluntary part-time,- job-sharing, leaves) More rewarding tasks/responsibilities Better maternity-leave, parental-leave options - -- -= _ = - ~ Having a more understanding boss 3$°l0 More opportunity to vork at home 36% 78 27% M Women Employed Full-time %\ ith Children All Emplo\ edWomen 20CO0n`3473

The Mommy Track The Virginia Slims Opinion Poll suggests that both men and women want employers to offer more support to working parents. People seem to prefer a variety of famiIy-orientedd benefit options to personnel policies that ask women to choose between alternative career paths. Respondents were asked about the highly publicized plan, the "Mommy track." This proposal calls for businesses to adopt a two-tiered personnel system for female employees. For a woman who chooses to be a "career-primary woman," one who does not wish to have children or who will arrange for others to care ._for her children, businesses would re- move all obstacles to advancement. A woman who chooses the "career and family woman" option would receive less pay and fewer promotions, but would have a more flexible schedule to accommodate children and family responsibilities. The "Mommy track" proposal has generated much media controversy. Some commenta- tors have praised the proposal because it confronts the differences between men and women and encourages employers to deal with maternity and child-care issues by offering women choices. Others say it is damaging to women's advancement and see it as an excuse for locking women with family responsibilities into dead-end, lower paying jobs. Still others have questioned the premise on which the proposal is based: namely, that it costs companies more to employ women than men because women have greater turnover, and because women's careers are often interrupted or ended when they have children. The Poll finds very little support for the "Mommy track" proposal. By a 55% to 23% margin women say that this type of two-tier system is a bad idea; men agree by a margin of 45% to 29%. Women with children, especially, are against it, as are college-educated women, executive and professional women, and women under the age of 40. Many people were relatively ignorant of the "Mommy track" proposal (76% of women and 77% of men were unaware of the proposal before it was explained in the interview). This may help explain the high percentage of women (23%) and men (26%) who say they didn't know whether it is a good idea or not. It is also possible that the high percentages of "don't knows" may reflect uncertainty about this plan.

Favor or Oppose The Mommy Track This type of two track system is a: Women 233'o Good idea 29% Good idea 55% Bad idea 45% Bad idea 23% Don t know 26% Don't know Men By an overwhelming margin, people believe that the "Mommy track" is designed mostly to benefit businesses rather than women. Fully 63% of women and 57% of men say that it benefits businesses. Only 7% of women and 10% of men see it as mostly a benefit for women. The Mommy Track (In perce-nit) Is designed: Women Men Mostly to benefit businesses 63 57 Mostly to benefit women 7 10 Help both equally (volunteered) 11 14 Doesn't really help either (volunteered) 5 2 Don't know 15 17 When presented with arguments on both sides of the "Mommy track" debate, most respon- dents view the proposal as hindering, rather than helping, women's advancement. Seven in 10 women are concerned that the policy is discriminatory; virtually the same number (69%) see the "Mommy track" as an excuse to pay women less than men. Nearly 7 in 10 women also believe that the policy reinforces the idea that as a woman you can have a family or career, but not both. Eighty-three percent agree that women should not be held back just because they have children, and 8 in 10 feel that women should not have to sacrifice moth- erhood to career advancement. Male respondents come down on the same side of this debate, but in some instances by a smaller margin. The biggest difference concerns;the foilowing statement: "If some women cost companies more, it is fair that they get paid less:" Only 29% of women agree, compared with 41 °lo of men. 80 2DCO0''c4~'sl t

Overall, the Poll shows very little support for tlie "Mommy track" idea. Most women (73%) and men (69%) say that no one should have to choose a pre-ordained career path. More than 8 in 10 believe that companies should provide flexible policies for both women and men- suggesting, perhaps, that corporations should look for other ways to accommodate and sup- port both male and female working parents. The Mommy Track Proposal: Women's Opinions Women Saying They Strongly/Generally Agree: Women should not be held back just because they have children Companies should provide flexible policies for both women and men Women should not have to pay the price of not having children just to get a promotion No one should have to choose a set career path This policy discriminates against women This policy is just an excuse for paying women less than men This policy reinforces the idea that as a woman you can have either a family or a career, but not both This policy is not fair to men - they should have the same options This policy is a good idea because it gives women a choice Companies shouldn't invest as much in emp]o}•ees who aren't as profitable ~ 36% .-. ._ ,_. . Managers should be able to establish any personnel policies they want to 32% - ~ ~ x x If some women cost companies more, it is fair that they get paid less 29% ~ -=-~ -r 20C0099q82

Maternity Leave: What's Ideal? What's Practical? Women and men were asked how long a working woman should ideally stay at home with a new baby, and how long it is practical to do so in light of most employee benefits and job situations. The results reveal a mismatch between what women want from the workplace and what they get. The greatest number of both women and men say that, ideally, it is particularly important for a woman to stay home until a child enters school. However, when asked how long it is practical for working mothers to stay home-considering most employee benefits and job situations-the greatest number of people say six weeks. Meanwhile, staying home six weeks with a newborn baby is seen as ideal by only 5% of women and 6% of men. Maternity Leave: The Ideal versus the Practical (Women's opinions) 6 Weeks 3 months 6 months -- - --- ~.~ ~.- Until child is grown 1% El What is Ideal ~ What is Practical za~oa~~~~3

Respect for House-Husbands Twenty years ago, a man who stayed home to take care of the children while his wife worked could expect little understanding or respect. In 1970, two-thirds of women and 58% of men said they would respect a man less if he stayed at home. Today, half of all women (48%) and men (52%) say it makes no difference to them-it would not affect their opinion one way or another. And 1 out of 5 people (up sharply from 1970) say they would respect a man more if he chose to be a house-husband. The Dual-Career Dilemma: Who Should Relocate? How should dual-career couples handle a job -)pportunity in another city? When the choice is between a wife's job and a husband's job, who should move and who should stay? Men's jobs still dominate, but the trend seems'to be shifting. Inn previous Virginia Slims Opinion Polls, majorities of women and men gave precedence to the husband's job, even when the wife is offered a very good opportunity in another city. This year, for the first time, fewer than half of both %yornen (-12~'Ic) and men (47%) say that wives should turn down relocation opportlinities in deferencdto husbands. Moreover, the proportion of women who believe thishas fallen 26 percentage points in the past ten years.Nearly one-quarter of women and one-fifth of men say they don't know, indicating that alot probably depends on an individual situation. $3

What if the husband is offered a very good job in another city? Majorities of both women (62%) and men (55%) say that the wife should quit, relocate with the husband, and seek a new position in the new city, but fewer people think this today than in 1980 or 1985. Relocating for Better Jobs: Who Moves, Who Stays? (In percent) 19r85 -- - -- ,- - 1990 - - If Wife is Offered the Job: Women Men Women -- Mlen -Women Me Wife should turn down job and stay where they are so husband can continue with his job Husband should quit his job, relocate with wife, and try to get another job in new place Wife should take new job and move, husband should keep his job and stay where he is, and they should get together whenever they can If Husband is Offered the Job: Husband should turn down job and stay where they are so wife can continue with her job Wife should quit her job, relocate with husband, and try to get another job in new place 68 62 17 18 4 5. 10 18 Husband should take new job and move, wife should keep her job and stay where she is, and they should get together whenever they can 4 4 55 58 .. ,,. 42:. , . 47 - - ~-- Don't know/no answer 9 11 - 13 13 20CO09~94SS 8 19

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...:r Y V?t I_ _ i' Buinping the Glass Ceil ing _. __ The.tremendous strides by women_in education and.the work,force in the past two decades 86 Few women, and even fewer men, believe that discrimination against women plays a role Washington Post, the top jobs remain overwhelmingly male. ship. Despite the prominence of a few women politicians, like Elizabeth Dole in the Reagan and Bush administrations, or of powerful female executives, like Katherine Graham of the have not been matched by an increased representation in business or government leader__,_T in admission to college (10% of women vs. 7% of men) or graduate professional schools ' armed with these strong credentials jfrom rising to~'the top-and many men agree. (19% vs. 17%). But a majority of women believe that a "glass ceiling" deters a`woman More than 6 in 10 women (and a majority of men) think that women are discriminated also believe discrimination is a factof keeDinE women out of toD TSositioris irl the nrofes= against in obtaining executive jobs in governrrient and in business. Majorities of women sions (580/-) and the milit services (55%) and hel s account fortheir low numbers in- may be denied leadership responsibility in groups with members of both sexes-(47%). ' -skilled labor jobs (52%): And a near-majority feels that b6cause of discrimination, women women feel they are not discriminated against in this area. ' , Only in the arts are women perceived as having access to top positions; by'a 3 to I margiri, education and the workplace, but men perceive somewhat less discrimination (from 3 to 1 I By and large, men's opinions are similar to women's on the question of discrimination in percentage points) in every area of inquiry.

8 7, 4Making It: Is Ttiere A Glass Ceiling?. ' -.Women are-discriminated against in obtaining...'-- ~ Top jobs in the professions Top jobs in the military Skilled labor jobs .~ Leadership responsibility in groups with both men and women Loans, mortgages, charge accounts in their own name Graduate/profesL,ion«i -1--01 ',

li i i cs n Po t omen ~ ° Women oriiennavepade unportant stndes ui electoral polirics ur the past two decades. ;,-~- . ---~ ~ _=_ now;serve; or have served; as mayor of many` of the`nation's iargest cities.` Twenty-eight ~ ----- women now ser've in the House of Representatives; `a'record high number. " The picture is ditferent at higher levels. Only three state governors and two U.S. senators today are women. wny are women so scarce m lugn potuicat otnce-! is tnere a--giass- ' ceiling" in politics as well as business? Are women less interested than men in the competi- tive challenge of running for public office? Or are there other reasons why more political ° leaders are not women today. , By far the biggest obstacle,-according to women and men alike, is the mindset of the American people. Sixty-five percent of womeri;-and almost as many men (61%), believe that many-Atnericans aren't ready to elect a woman to higher office. The next most impor- tant explanations are - that women are held backby-. an"old-boy network" iri party'politics; `"'- and that women have few role models - other women who have achieved-high-political ..__ -.. , office _ - to inspire them. Despite similar views on wny more women aren-t m nign pouticai otnce, men ana women weigh the various factors differently. Women are significantly more likely than men to say _ - that in politics women are mostly given the mundane chores,' while men hold the real power. Women are also more likely than men 1o agree that "Women are discriminated against in all areas of life, and politics is no exception :" Women and men agree in equal numbers that women's responsibilities to family don't - leave time for politics, and that young girls are not encouraged to aspire to careers in politics. 88

to ' 1 taw ant M Ain 'tr d an e s aren ea e ec o y y ncan . m o ~ 89 °Wf~y So FewWomen in Poli ics? ~ .. 4-4 r::,; - (p_ercent saying it is a major reason) ,_ _, higher office. - - 65 - 61 - - Women who are active in party politics get held bac by the "old-boy network." There are very few women in high political office to inspire others. Women are mostly given the detailed dirty-work chores in politics, while men hold the real power. Since fewer women hold leadership positions in business, the professions and the military, few women have the experience required for higher office. Women just aren't as interested in going into politics as men. Women's responsibilities to family don't leave time for politics. Most men are better suited emotionally for politics than are most women. Generally speaking, men are better leaders than women. 38 25 29 23 - - 23 _ 13 16

bout half of the American public says that if two people with egu qualif'ications were ~ T _ -~-~ _ A rmmninL for Uresident of the United Statec anri nnP wPrn a wnman it wniilti nnt affPrt thP;r _ ._ --- to vote for the woman ca_ndidate (26°k:versus 9~7~), tvhile 33% of inen-versus 20% of Y vote: Of the remainder, however~ three times as many women as men would be more likel women-would be less likely to vote for-her. Confidence in a possible female presidential candidate has risen dramaticallv since the earlv win their vote has risen from 54% to 74% among women, and from 46% to 61% among men. half of all men, compared with a third now - said they would be less likely to vote for the woman candidate. The share who say the woman would have an equal or better chance to_ _. 1970s. Twice the proportion of women then as now (40% in 1972 versus 2 1 % today) -- and Presidential Politics: The Gender Factor  More likely to vote for a woman ZI No difference at all ® Less likely to vote for a woman 0 Notsure ~ ~ ~ G ~ ~ 90 ~ i

~ . , 7r r~~K~nder, Gentler" Politics Elect a Woman , _ ~- ~e - ~ ~ - , _ - ---„ -__--~- -- - A strong majority of Americans feel that women officeholders would be just as capable as.__ men in handling affairs of state-from solving then drug crisis to improving American competitiveness. This is an indication of growing confidence across gender_lines in women's leadership abilities. On every issue asked about, both sexes are significantly less apt to believe now than in 1972 that women leaders would do a worse job than men. In dealing with big business, 47% of women and 52% of men in 1972 felt women would be less capable than men; today just 21% of women and 29% of men feel that way. When it comes to foreign diplomacy, 32% of women in 1972-but just half that share (16010) in 1990-said women would do a worse job than men. Men's negative rating of women's capability in diplomatic relations has dropped from 38% to 23% in the same 18-year period. Even in directing the military- the area perceived as women leaders' weakest point-fewer people now believe women ,_ would be less capable than men. Fifty-eight percent of Men (down from 75% in 1972) and 42% of women (versus 69% in 1972) think that women would do a worse job than men. On a related issue-making decisions about whether or not to go to war-37% of men (but only 24% of women) believe women leaders would not do as good a job as men. President Bush's commitment notwithstanding, a"kinder, gentler" approach to politics is one the American public identifies more with femaleapoliticians. Americans think that women in public office would do a better job than men in a variety of areas associated with social needs and human services. A majority of the public believes that women officials could better deal with children and family problems (65% of women and 60% of men agree) and providing day care and other support for working parents (61% and 56%). Education, poverty, health, homelessness, the welfare of senior citizens, and encouraging the arts are other areas in which women politicians are considered better qualified than their male counterparts. A confidence gap in men's view of women politicians is evident in areas other than the "soft" family and social service arena. On "harder" issues, such as prison reform, dealing with big business, and negotiating with overseas trading partners, between 25% and 30% of men feel that a male politician would be better than a£emale.. Women offer a dissenting view: In none of these areas do more than I woman in 5 believe that women leaders would do a worse job than men.

Providing support for working parents (such as daycare) Assisting the poor Improving our educational system Dealing with the concerns of senior citizens (e.g. Social Security, IVledicare, housing etc) 45 Dealing with health problems Dealing with the problem of homelessness Encouraging the arts 65 29 61 34 49 45 50 49 52 48 ~ 46 3 +7 +10 en +6 38 55 4 +11 +10 92 r-- :~.-. ..- , , t,. ... Closing the Confidence Gap ;~ (How good a job wotnen would do ui public office compared`rintti men in gercent} -- ~ :~-.~~_~_~.~~ , = TWomen- Dealing with children and family problems Maintaining honesty and integrity in government Working for peace in the world Improving justice for minority groups (Continued) =`-= Just as Point change for ~ Point change for Better good a~ ~orse ` betierjjust asgood ' b~terjjust asgood job '~ job "~' job' bet~ieen19T1-1990 betweeni971-199~ -' 38 54 5 +11 38 53 5 +8 +12 30 60 6 +18 +19 20160099493 i

Closing the Confidence Gap, continued 93 :- (How good a job women would do in public office compared to men, in percent) - - - = Making decisions on , whether or not to go to war Conducting diplomatic relations with other countries Improving American com- petitiveness in world markets Negotiating with our trading partners, such as Western Europe, Canada and Japan Better. _ job 30 24 22 -_:_ ~ Women ~a -= - =-----.tylen = ~ Just as good a-: job " . . . worse- job fbint change for ; better&st as good between 1972-1990 Riint change for betterfjust asgood I; eiwecen1972-1990 59 -- 7 +15 +17 60 11 +22 +22 61 10 +22 +19 18 50 24 +10 +8 14 62 17 +18 +17 11 69 14 10 68 15

Women and the Death Penalty A two-thirds majority of women favor capital punishment today-far more than the 46% who did so in 1970. Among men, support for capital punishment is also higher today: three-quarters favor it, compared with 56% 20 years ago. In 1970, opposition to the death penalty was strongest among women under 30, urban women, and blacks. Today, the only group that differs significantly from womeri as a whole in opposing capital punishment is black women, with 43% in favor and 42% opposed. Women in Corporate America Women have entered the ranks of business in unprecedented numbers since 1970, but have .-. E not moved up to the top strata of corporate America in similar proportions. Of'the Fortune 500 companies, only two have a female CEO. In the public's view, what accounts for the relative absence of women at high levels of Ariierican business? One major reason, according to both men and women, is that "The doors have not been open long enough to women for many of therri to have made it to the top:' Fully half of women and 46% of men agree with this evaluation. Indeed, the'average age of senior business executives is about 51. And women who were 25 in 1975, when significant num- bers of women began to get MBAs, are just turning 40 today. To the extent that this explains why there are so few women in high corporate positions, it ` is good news for American women in busfness-because it is a factor that will mitigate with time as more women gain experience and seniority in companies across the nation. But women believe that lack of seniority is not all that keeps them from the top. They are more likely than men (by a 5 1 % to 39% margin) to believe, for example, that "Women are mostly given the low or mid-level jobs in business, while men hold the real power." They agree in greater numbers that "Women who try to rise to the top of major corporations get held back by the 'old-boy' network." Forty percent of women (and 31 %o of men) say the fact that "Women are discriminated against in all areas of life, and business is no excep- ' tion" is a major obstacle to their advancement in business. And 4 in 10 women believe that the lack of female role models is a major factor discouraging women's rise to positions of~ business leadership. Men's opinions about the obstacles to women's advancement in business aregeneral'y similar to those of women. Men are, however, somewhat more likely to attribute the relative absence of women among business leaders to lack of interest or temperamental unsuitability. Twenty-seven percent of men (versus 18% of women) agree that men are better suited emotionally for big business than women; 21 % (compared with 15% of women) say that women are more interested in other things. 94

Corporate Leadership: What's Holding Women Back? (Major reasons, according to women) Women are mostly given low or mid-level jobs in business, while men hold the real power 95 The doors have not been open long enough to women for many of theni to have made it to the top Women who try to rise to the top of major corporations get held back by the "old-boy network' There are too few women in high corporate postitions to inspire others Women are discriminated against in all areas oflife, and business is no exception _ - - = -~ __ - Most men are better suited emotionally forbig business than are most women Women are more interested in oi _ii, r things Generally speaking women aren't tough enough for business Generally speaking wom-,_1 Ln't make asgood besses as men

Management Styles 96 Intelligent ... able to delegate responsibility ... loyal to employees.... Do these traits bring to mind a male or female boss? The answer is both. On 11 of 14 dimensions asked about, a majority of Americans say they do not associate these characteristics more with one sex than the other. Intelligence is the trait most apt to be seen as equally distributed between male and female bosses. from being respected by their subordinates to being able to think long-term. Men in particu- lar are far less willing to concede that female bosses might be better than - or even as good as - men when it comes to important qualities liZce decisiveness, hard work, or the ability to delegate responsibility. Of those who say that "hard-working" characterizes one sex more than the other, women are more than twice as likeTy as men to think it applies to a female Women and men have different perceptions of male and female bosses in a number of areas, in general, are associated more often with male bosses. Apparently, gender stereotypes persist of women as caring and empathetic, and men as aggressive and hard-driving. traits, including effectiveness in dealing with labor unions and competitors, and "toughness" Qualities such as sensitivity to employees' personal problems, concern for workers' rights, and honesty tend to be identified with female managers by both women and men. Other rather than a male boss.

Management Styles: Mostly Neither "Female" Nor "Male" (In percent) _ Women savtharacteristic Men Say Characteristic Awx i:iwl~Vith Associated With Female Male Female Male boss boss Neither boss boss Neither 97 Intelligence 18 7 72 11 14 Able to delegate responsibility 15 20 63 7 32 Loyal to their employees 29 9 60 22 17 Take a long-term view of things 19 18 59 12 27 Respected by the people who report to them 12 26 59 8 34 Hard worker 22 18 58 10 33 Decisive 14 58 7- __. 38_-. Well informed on business issues 9 30 57 6 36 Honesty 35 7 56 26 9 Effective in dealing with competitors 10 31 56 40 Concerned about workers' rights 38 50 31 14 Effective in dealing with labor unions 8., 41 46 5 49 Sensitive to employees' personal problems 49 7 41 45 11 Toughness 10 47 41 59 73 58 59 58 55 54 _53 54 62 52 52 40 42 33

-- Shaping Women's Lives: Who's Eeen Most Important`~ enced them the most, or had the biggest effect on tlieir lives. By far the leading answer is important role in their development. Women were asked which one or two people iriflu- _ Most people can look back to a special teacher, friend, relative, or mentor who played an' their mothers (53%). Fathers come in a distant second (27%). Good friends also play a friend as name their husbands (19%). major role in the lives of many women. In fact, as many women name a good female (17%) and good friends (14%) are important_ to men, too. cite mothers (42%) and fathers (41 %) in equal numbers. As is true for women, spouses ` Unlike women, who are almost twice as likely to name their mothers as their fathers, men Mother Father A good friend who is female Spouse Grandmother Sister A good friend who is male Religious leader A female teacher Aunt Brother 5 3 Uncle i ' - - -- _ , Other 2 2 No one (volunteered) ~ S Don't know - '2 2 ZOG00o~4,-93 98

From a hst 01 21 promment women m various fields, women were asked to mdicate those • whom they most admire or respect -.- - __-- . . -= --= When this question was asked in the Virginia Slims Opinion Polls in 1970, '72, and '74, most of the women who received top mentions had risen to prominence as the wives of famous husbands, rather than through their own accomplishments. This year, of the four most respected women, only Barbara Bush, who tops the list, is ' prominent because of her husband. The other three-Oprah Winfrey, Margaret Thatcher, and Barbara Walters-all achieved recognition strictly through their own personal accom- plishments. .. 99 (Women, in percent) Barbara Bush 41 Oprah Winfrey 34 Margaret Thatcher 32 Barbara Walters 29 Nancy Reagan 25 Sandra Day O'Connor 19 Jackie Kennedy Onassis 19 Coretta Scott King 16 Princess Diana 15 Diane Sawyer 13 . Jane Fonda 11 Elizabeth Dole 11 Meryl Streep 9 Florence Griffith Joyner 8 Cher 8 Elizabeth Taylor 8 Barbra Streisand 7 Bette Midler 6 Chris Evert 5 Billie Jean King 4 Benazir Bhutto Respect for Prominent Women 20s0as95o0

Sample Size A nationwide cross section of 3,000 women and a control group of 1,000 men, 18 years and over, were interviewed for the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll. Sampling Method All interviews were conducted in person in the homes of respondents, and the work of all interviewers was validated by telephone. The samples of women and men interviewed in this study are representative of adult female and male populations of the Continental United States, excluding those in institutions like Army camps, hospitals, nursing homes, and prisons. A three-stage, stratified probability sample of interviewing locations was employed. Stage One - After all the counties in the nation had been stratified by population size within each geographic region, 100 counties were selected at random, proportionate to population. Stage Two - Cities and towns within the sample counties were drawn at random, propor- tionate to population. Stage Three - Where block statistics within the cities and towns were available, blocks were selected at random, proportionate to population; where no statistics were available, blocks or rural route segments were drawn at random. At the block or route level, a specified method was prescribed for proceeding from the starting household. To ensure proper represeritation of each group in the sample, quotas were imposed for sex and age levels of respondents, as well as for employed women. To obtain proper representation of male employment, hours for interviewing men were re- stricted to weekends and after 5 p.m. on weekdays. The Questionnaire For the most part, the questionnaires for men and for women were identical. Certain ques- tions, pertinent only to women, were not asked of men. Certain other questions were reworded to take into account the respondent''s sex. A complete copy of the questionnaire is available by writing to: Virginia Slims, P.O. Box 411028, Chicago, lllinois 60641 Demographic Breakdowns For most questions, the responses of various subgroups were broken out. The major demo- graphic variables are shown in the table that follows. Virginia Slims has donated the questionnaire and all data to The Roper Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268. ~,~2

Demographic Breakdown of Sarnple - 1990 Total women Total men Number of respondents 3000 1000 Total, (In percent) 100 100 Single 16 26 Married 62 62 Divorced/separated 11 9 Widowed 11 . _ 4 Black 12 11 White 82 83 18 to 29 25 27 30 to 39 22 21 40 to 49 17 23 50 and over 35 29 Under $15,000 22 16 $15,000 to 24,999 18 18 $25,000 to 34,999 16 19 $35,000 and over 28 34 Refused 16 13 Non-high school graduate 19 7 High school graduate 41 36 College 40 47 East 22 22 Midwest 26 26 South 33 33 West 19 19 Note: Responses were computerized and rounded off to the nearest xhoIe percentage. Thus, percentages appearing here and in other tables of the survey may sometimes be slightly less or more than 100.

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