Tobacco Documents Online

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enclosed preventing free elimination F•~:i+:.~, .. . v~. - ,~rt r',._... i'4 F,~y:',~ rsi• ¢ ..~ ~',d.~p' ~ ,.;~ '+~ 5.~ •; r:. ~ ~i r* -. a '~ ~- t.•a_v.~~~ The carb©xyhemoglobm contamed in the blood of smokers originates, i Qli'i3~' s 5`~i•-i ~ ~ . , ~r~.,~,i? ~~k ~ . Y x41 ~•~~F ~; ~~ part, from the carbon monoxide emitted by vehicular e "h$i nglnes. The proportion • 5 `vs rf {A~FF S°'~ '~`~~.{ 4_. '" T ' ` '~1 !'' y " 5 'r'`~~,~ t• . ,~ t JoA ..yY:' -~e,s}"Su.: .•,',:. r ~ :'-~ 't~"~;'~-NbiY~ Lni¢ ...s,: j~~xC{ - ~~ :ri;.~5~•,;.t .t.- , t._.f . r ' ~~ ~'r,~^.. s ' rys ~itl~°t~ y,~fi i of the total carboxyhernoglobin origina mg from moving sources of carbon. 'r~ r'r'~ 7'S~,•.b ~F ~. { r~~y~f~Y.t£1~.:-.1r N7 ~~S,,' 1~' i~~yq~"r r R ~#' ir!, cN ~ i';" $ yr {,trsN r t,~}~A{~~ -~ ,',f ' x; monoxide varies fromy individual to individual degending on the extent o V~~~~ F ~..,,Y'} L~ ,.,y~i`i yi~,.~A[.t~ `.~~'~1''°"nV i~... i' Q 4`'~ ~11':•'~y~'~~~k iL rssy d~"`~~T a.~ •... r ~~~~ s= "/t` ~....~ hose who are inside the moving vyehicle are likely to be exposed -~,i1,'~~yrc'F ~ ~ faw~i'~j ~~~Y~ yl'F~M?~7 "-S.~ r ~ - '~'J-~ n "K r ~.• s 7,h :: a 1.' .;'"` .'. ) ~}itr` r ynl~;y, s.~ ,,,.,.w"°.j'a,~ :~~,•'y.', i o~. ~ i,~''y :~T~+t. ~+.~K"y~..~~Mi#`E~=15~~~~~,~iR`'T,~`t ~'„r as~ 1. .Y.' , ~yrt%n ~ ... i . :: F 1'•~' ~~ f#jl.~ o the highest,r concentration of vehicular emission, specially if the vehicle f''1 f Y-i .~ , ,~.,+ :?t -,;+~.s,j+ ~'*'Y{'°v~~~'~~i"~~ «~~!J4,,'i~a#~-k'x1 ~''~an~:? s t~."`r t-j~',.-s; .' ,, ~'r.'" "' ~ aT::•yt*. .. . _ is not properly ventilated with ambient air and the inflow into the vehicle con- rn•, ='+e R t , 1 a .:~frv ' " ~ r~ 11 ,aqf i' ~ - ,~ ~Iw C ~ Ya .._{I W T~ . S M.~ t . - l:M.~. .k ~'a•s ~ ~.i , '{, -t~qi: ~;rtains a high concentrationrof the engine exhaust. Workers in garages and L^t ''~ ~-i~h;• .; .~ ..~ although outside the velucle, re in an environment that is partly A,~+ The exposure levels of carbon monoxide of garage men and tunnel ._,._ .. .. . . . :~ . _. ~-:~, . ~~,. .. ~, -:.~:--.... ..,..... ..._.~.., ,.` ~,.,,_.... .,,_ ,.._._ „~.c.. r-" ~...,'..._t'.'. inspectors are higher than those of policemen and pedestrians in open areas .such as street intersections during hours of heavy traffic :J.. . of vehicular emission is even for a specified group of workers is difficult continuously at various locations and in the of the vehlicular emission into the ambient .. - . . . .. - n .. y~' .,t. ' _ F . i. •F ~..Ff ~. t. . ' . :'i3 r• 2' yeysS;~Y'•4•y'. Smokers with carboxyhemoglobin levels originating from exposure to ;~f.:f RriNr ,FI 'iiyA W~'•' g.~.~ rt ~ .. 5 ~'+t` -l~1-'~~V.:.s 1 ., 1 _ x 1 _.r. Y~,~ - • .~'' 4<4r ;~ 3r +• X"t:. . 1. _- . . .. ~• ~ ... .~.Y .I vehicular carbon monoxide hae been eompared with nonsmokers. The differ- ~ ~T"`t:.l I p'u4 ~i.• •uJt. F5 . M•• iej ! . ;' ~ :}•, , ~ ... x, '• a. y^:s f,^. e~r'•va~ T`.° .". . i"' .'j n~"y•-3 _ .1•O.R}~. . _ . • , t7~-+A''.~. ences intheis health status have beeriexplained by cigarette smoking alone •', '.' '? i :rh s.;r - .. ~ a -, «~. •c .... ~ ~ ..r although uther variables have not been controlled. The extent of exposure to so complex that a comparable exposure to attain. The concentration ~ .,., . carbon monoxide and particulate matter vary •~ ~ ~ r f f same location at different times + 4r ~~

Chicago Cincinnati xr: Denver

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.~-.~ . „ ..:.--.. »-..~-.". . .. •~~1 ;•_•• b " `. ri" t ` ?£Y b . •~ •~ as.~v vccu a c L UGU u yvZ1OVln in K The high level of carbon monoxide emitted from vehicles in Paris, reflected b •.l`~is~K4...y. ; r ~ T ., _ s r a 1 •~, ~. . . ~{3-~-'E~f1i~r--• ~p v. . i> i "¢S~ ~ .,a, a• ~it5~ i-3~r~t5 e ti -i f~ `, .; - - R yr}'; ~~a: +•.,qF/ .u '~a.r.-... t. ~ :-£ tt~3`p cli* ~ad~; {+ypr~ .y..T •c~ .,n .. ... k. .. • . .., r.xp• ~'~7]~ _A~ '~.i ._ e l .~ .. 4- .] -L. _t 7 _tL ~`i+f}~~?'+'' 7 `~"•-~~~trra"r .~. /~ . . -',~~t ~ ry~,;.Ii: 1 + . 't .:•-.:1~ i r ~~. F 4 967." The median for drivers was 5 016 carboxyhemoglobin, whereas the ~~.+'h;'.~:r.i...r~-~'ii'L~•w+.~s~~~~3j.c~~«.:' -.-- ~~tj. ~1 ""-~°" - :;~,",s„~,. t~. ~•~ 's ~~ .~t~ . ~ _ i~~ Nc.M. median for policemen was 2 0% Boudene et al. , in 1974, 'compared the carbon ~x `~ ~ X } .•.a-; ., .~.E { .:; a'- ' _::f - - . - ._. ... . _ - ,~:.~~~g,+c.''-~',,.ut'~~t. ~ ~ d t t f P t d . h 7 ~ monoxi o -~ ~•T~`-5~ _ . , . . .. - . . . • - ' . . . . . .. . . .. : .. • ~" ~ ~ •...~. ~ v ,7,~~tr.. ; . y The carbon monoxide content in the blood of drivers was higher than the controls. J7.~~ ~~~y. ~~ YHS Y~-~~~ 1...'~ ..;., .•~' i^~.- a .....:! • ,. . ..•.s , ...... : ~ " :... ~ `~~ -~ ~~ .~. ~ ....~ ... • . :."- ~ .:,.' ..; YJ ^t ~:'~+~.. `~ / r :. . . . ~~~ . . . . ,,~~. . The comparison included the smoking habits of the drivers but there were no ~-~„ •~..; .. . . . _ corresponding smokers among the controls so that it was not possible to i~, " t .,. ~ •r - . contrast cigarette smoking alone with ek-posure to vehicular ernissio a e c n en o arisian axi rivers wit a contro). group of re ~ident - ,<•»~. ~. _ - . . .- ._ ~-: .. . .. :: . : . . ' Y: .._

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:,. ~~ ~~~~o'y': he most complete study of the effects of cigarette smoke on carbon „ 9 :_., ..~.: __' ''•t- ..":.:~, A w~~^C :. '._, : ~. ~: . . _ •.. .,~" .., . ., 'rnonoxi3e level in a assea er r fo p g ca . was per rmed by H'arke and his 13 l~ ' `collaborators in 1975. '•~ `~~~ :rs; tunne i.`,~.iL,;,i ~'.}. ~.~:,~

, ~ . „...:.. . .....~., . .... . . .. . .. . ..... .. _ . `, .Normally, comfort dictates a degree of ventilation which minimizes carbon levels from ~.~_._....._

~:t;~.i~=•;?;:L r - -P t,- 11 ; \, ~ Wy {111{+ tJC.6,;~,1,~Jauvnat .`iS "l, ~ ~ '~•'~.k~~ =a~i "1l4t~~'~ . a~~ y ~. t~= 4~~~5ri Ri ~.-~-•K ~.~~^~~~.yn;`'~~t _ - ~ ~-; til J__!~ t~-t_^~ . .. . . . -.. -.. ~ . . . ..y•:;.-n _.-J 1T-~-7~L A ~5 ;... :. ~~~~~cr; ~ ~ -~ . 41a Ir Train Harmsen and Effenberger monitored the quality of air s.~ -.5~-~..-5 ~ .~4•~...+~.;:~r - . _ _ ~ ~~'Sf'h~iX4r. w~ f~~•-.si~zj^'t~'as..~,~7~{rM~~41.y4r~a7~~?~.~ .- . . - ... _. . . ... {..:...'i~S .:`"~.~t ~ F:~-,-.Inside tra n _ c : ars } that were running in Hamburg in 1953. All window . s and air •'c: ~ ~ • -' . , j~~~ ~.+f•v4'~' ~~R ,'`r.-, ~.i`'"+~..-;^~ { 3'~ ,~ ue.~~~~' ,vn ~r rt+4i,' l' , ;. a . . . ' . .. ~ ... . .,.,e...s ,r. 'vents were cdosed. Although srnoking was permitted there was no increase 7 of carbon~ monoxide level after 30 to 60 min of use. In nne rnr_ mi rt, in ~ "s .s."~ ti ~ +, r.".~?;, ~, • ~;`").~ ~..~ ~ ~.. -t'u ~ ',~Y.. °~a R~. ~i{' r .. . .. - . . ... . . , . , ~ ~ . . . , .. ~ , - , rK.a~•. smokers, -there was a rise of nicotine content to 2. 5 zng/ 1000 liters, the carbon monoxide concentra- ;`;= ~rr _. : ts ~? ~ Sots~, c9 r~fi~`'.~ff

4. - Practical Aspects of Intravehicular-Exposuxes. < .z ~*,xs~ possibility that carbon monoxide contained in cigarette smoke would ~!9~$.~~~~8~ :~ t e rf k. V. , tct J r 1~ ~~r. 1 w? 4A ` t t,aw d~ t.4 6tiv s~tt~ 1 r`4~+} v a. Gw ^. . .-. : ^-.,e the . .~, - , ...~~ . . -.-.-..-. .. Y S.: . . . . nfluen.. .. . ,,, • . . ..;. r r i nonsmoker passenger of a ve ic2e can be dismissed because the evels even in nonventilated vehicles are below the occupational standards for carbon ~ _~ ...: ..~. ' a e I$ nsw ~ red by citing the investigation of Boek on automobile accidents. I ., o ers an non- `+. :: ~ti- here was no difference • in accident involvernent between sm k d correlation between accident rate and exposure to

yz;p•,..::~I.. . t~;lt ~V ''~~ -' tii{~a'4 h TS:.. M •"v dP;g3'.- „Yi ;i-C. t,Y~~•~+:~Y :~+t i.y.

: ...~:. :.,}~4~,; 7~~=;,i~>~ e ~''~;.joThere is averl~.pping in the range of val'ues for nonsmokers and smokers, +~'l~~'4 ~~~ :~. . . . . - . ... . .. .. ... . . ' . . ~ •' ' : . . . .: . . . . .. .~ . ..-. - • . ...:. . ... t. ~ '~.i:, ~}FA"+ _'~' 9~ . ^ K f . ~... . 1 ~ .... . .. . . . . .. .:Z r - .. . . . , . ' jT^ { ~[ although the means and medians are progressively higher with the amount of cigasettes smoked. hc :^f t -•.~.-'.J ~ } n.~ most significant observations relate to the examination of garage .. ., ,~.:.,.~ ..~y r.± .... ... . .... ... . ..-. ... . .. .. . .. . 1 . . ., employees, before and after a work shift. zIrju ~:: ..__.,.. . _ . ... . .-.. Y h-.,. . . _ ` - .,. . -i- w;.: ~.1:'

,....i.i monoxide in tunnels vary according to the 35 ~~, ; density of vehicular traffic and velocity of air flow. ~~.~ ~,. , . __ . .: . -.:.:-. ,. .. _. , an reach as high as 250 ppm, the concentration is usually below 100 ppm, 36 ~:d f .:. .; : •:.:. " .: .~-'. . ; . ..,- _. . , ...-i. . .. . . . .... . . _ . . .. ~. . . . An examination of a group of 156 Holland Tunnel traffic officers exposed ~.. Y .. . . .. ... . ~ . . . ._. . ~ " . . ~~ - .... ... . .. ~ . . .- . . .. ~ .. . ._. ~ averaging 70 ppm . ~:".. . •,•~:~ .-.~i~: ..~ J • ~{ 3? . .N to carbon monoxide.

, .-.:,1r s+Ft:ij.l:~ : • ~ , ~'+~~ v . '.~a•::+ :Lrt i • . , ,-Since carboxyhemoglobin lev~Ts of passengers and vehicular drivers'are deter 6....' " .V-F~j al +~`~-tiir7:.~:~~~ _ . . . .. . . . . . ~ . . ... . • .~ . .. .. . "v ~ " . :'<• s+}~S`d~.'~~.c~•.~: ~~yz'~ , ~~i z""~ ~ y~~~to review the effects"of total vehicular exhaust gas. In 1921, Hendersen et al. .d211+..Y.:1~ (~,~; . yy ~K_ J ~., ~+,~,~'RkY7 .t°r,'~,~7"~ A•:.. ~.~: " S ~:~ ... tr.: ~~T ical effects of automobile exhaust as on human orted the re h siolo ntP ol r ~~~~~ p y g p v u ~s e ~ty~ ,. ;.~_ c_ . ~.~~' S.:~Y`: .'YA~•vr.~~a.'~.e-'~~. ~:$.. . .~ . . ~ . .. -.<a.~"F'~:+•~~ . ._ ... 39 ' : A „ in a charnber. The standards of ventilation for brief exposure to carbon mono Fs~,f t- :_ ' ~•:' r . i'rc ',%~1 } _~ 4 .+e.,...: r :,,,r2. ... . .. . . . . .. _ . .. . . . ~ ~ - ~ c~.;~w?1~y~ ~.'r J "~. L . '.. ~ti. I .~'k, •.".7 ~Ft~,.~..- .._. .._.,_ v.._.. -.• , . ~, . . . ' 'ii.; J~I'[.'q~.t7$. ~.L~'-.. . .. .. , ~ ;L-.~.~.i....~ i.2. . . .. ... ., ~. . -xide were based on the concentrations that did not elicit dizziness, headache and" ,nausea, t e irst percepti e signs o car on monoxi e m oca W.U. xRepeated 4 to 7 hours daily for 68 da osures to 200 300 and 400 ppnz ex s were 'w~~~~k;' dail , , y p y ;~~fs~'Y' - .. . . ..: ..... ... _ :tJr /..G~~1'.... . ~~~ ..r~..~. . . . . . ~~ : ' '~ , . .. :. . . ~ .... . . . . . . . ~ ~ . ~ ItirJ~~..:!Ke !~~~~1~~,~5"•A.~~i

aughan et al. exposed 104 beagles for ~~-f'~}.~ T h .~ 5 : •' ' • - .. ` '_ ~.~ k ~ _ -. -.C . . _ '.. . yhilltdthast ga. 42 k cemcay reace auo exus with 24 to 30 pprn of hydrocarbons, 2- 0 ppm of nitrogen oxide. . There w capacity, pulmonary rompliance, and pulmonary resistance between *;~~~,~ and control dogs. The other investigations used individual constituents of 43 , 44 exhaust gas rather than the total mixture so that there is no information on the threshold concentration of exhaust gas that would influence the canine r... . . . . ~ L ~ _ -4ungs when administered for prolonged periods. Z ~'I~~I"s- ~:x r~'T k`~ ...u . . .e...>i .•.- ~`'' ^f {.::~ -aY. ~. .a~ . "': ~~; r I-r'y ^ ..R. ~y~. :,

Guinea Pias. r A. 5 ~ J;.+4.f~9~ ~ ~ ~ . . . ~. . , , .... . - . ~ he most wi~dely used specres for inhalational toxicity is the guinea pig a, i"-a'z' '£t d~.. ~~•:~ 7 ~~~~' '~`,~`,r"a~.~,~ ~ 's:".i r .. - .. - 7.;4r ' ,:increase in airway resistance when the ambient ai __ _., ~.. . . . . . -. ~ QT a/ ~wt~7f~~,~.',~v ~k ..! . . .. . ...... . . . ' . . . . ,. .~ - .. . ... wan and tsatchum maintained animals for prolonged periods and noted an . - r ' . c . . :~ R ~i'.: ...... ....... ~ . . evels: 40 ppm carbon monoxide, 16 ppm hydrocarbons, 1.2 ppm nitrogen 1~, . - . . _ . . .... . ^ . oxides and 0. 2 ppm'oxidants In anesthetized guinea pigs, each of the pollutants ~ •~ ., :,~-,n. ... ,_.. 5. Rats and Mice. ~~~ Af J:~ . .. • . . - ~ , ~ a, . ~~~~~ ~~'• ~ ~ ,r . ~ -. ; 52-54 55-SS h t d ex aus gas pro uce alveolar lesions, pulrnonary tumors runchial inflammation. +`.The threshold concentrations reported for the various constituents have been variable indicating differences 60 b 61 ~-~ ility of strains and in exposure schedule. ' The results ~:. . . , ,. r N t . , ..,.: . , -.- _ - - . . ,that the components of exhaust gas, when inhaled produce lung lesions which . .. y. . ' . Y {~!tt=~K., .- ..ai~~'2r' xa r. `. . . a,. . _ ' 3. - - ... .. . .~ _- . ~•'' _ . . . . . . ... "'a 'T`' _ , P•e'~r ~~.-...~.,. ~r, .~_.=_ :r,r., r ::..,,. ..._.~ . ~~... . . '~- . .. ~. . :~. - . .. . . oannot be duplicated by administration of carbon monoxide. The experiments on rats and mice indicate that chronic exposure

k ;! k~. : 4?-. .. ~ r•>„ ;:•. ' `~b 3, ~?;YJ+~•+7,ae-; !c~'~..'q`?FG' ~¢y ~~+.r1~z -'7~~~..sy~r;r2`~F-ia~ ~JIN' ,~~1'i?'v~23'k-.~ ,.: ,5r:~~^~,•i~- ~,Cy ,g~ +Y~.' Y _z"'~`,~5•.i 7 L!J~. f dr~.~ ~,, R•~~~.y...y lr+ 7 ~ t~Y~WI*, .C~> „. ,...•., ~~ g„`-~ ~ { a4lthough xesults of animal experiments mdicate that vehtct~l ar emisslons when ,,, R.,~~~ y~ Wti .Y . . ~~ti` {i~h~R.4 ~ZYs'y &'~r t~c] 'V' .. ;ESa a R.3'i •'~~. )ti . . Y ~'~~ t' y'r'C •'. ~ '/ >t. 4 ~ . ~ flh'r~'"'.'' v. a s . ,~5Yy~ a:h -t. inhaled produce ulmonary lesions, it has not been ., poss p ible to ascertain the ~ ~ ~ . . rtx~i'~`{,,'k~, ;~;iT .Y ` • ,+y ~:' . ?f,~ T '• j,a'~.. ~ti. ~17 •j {:i y . J .~ T . - , ~p ,4 . ~ •4 t ~ ~' ~• ~~ Rdr~~~~~~~ `'~" • ''~ -~.•1 ~S&j~ .4 . x~ is tY • 74:.~ - .. ~f.; ,,y.~ ~ r f~a, Kn,s~ Ic ''~ i~r'd tLt~4t';~~~~~ ~!t human th ~e o r levels in man b . The fevel of caroxyhemogl obm in t e h "f~~~~;~~~' 4 4o * r. rrr $ blood has been used as the tracer for the amount A{ :f k f 7~~ v-.~:- r r,~~ h . d~'~`:}a ~l~~ t~ ~ _... ~~ •?i1t !r`S~t?;1~~. {,~y e.- s r;ii f ... , .. ._c la ~t ~ ~i^_:Y,'i~ , - ;. ,• .-. r,, . vehicular emission as well as to cigarette smoke. The interpretation o .. . :': . .1L< . . . f.~.':> ~ e~;', ~!~ :1h1~'t~J~_~.,~iti•''..~~^fti ~2'~LS-i=.~k-f~~:i'r~'l.:r.yctr. :R~n~:-4 z•r;'~ ' ~~'~r/'~Q+tis;^'~ - - ..,.....~ ~~ ,,` :,...- ~;y,~y.~~t~':. epidemiologic data has been difficult because the effects from cigarette smokin x::: _ } i4±~;~ [h v'T.} F~• y , , : { re' `: ~ ~ i ~ ~ . ~ , . ._ _ ~ t„ ~ . r .. .a -i~ .s . t`; ywf _ f,,. t .' a_•~ 4.., . :_t~ r.~.7~ y :., ~ 35+4;._:-` t& 'i3'•r~ ia r.~;~ ~~~ri; .-t~~.~,+ !}.,; a`,.:-'t .~ ;:~:, •_ . tr y^~:rwT4 ,, -are distorted by the exclusion of those arising from vehicular emission Studi,r:eF9es: :', ._.' r . { 4t". }• ~ ;~ lr^' , J 3~ . 1 .: . ~,-i.k f k. ~ . ., .•~~ 1W~~s~' - ,. . ~: , . . ~ *~ -. r.~; that recognize the dual source of carbon monoxide have evaluated the influence ', .t~a ,~~: ~~~tr. a t~f Y3:: ~~•! ~• ~~5r F y-.~ ~`. } r ~7 ~ ..!„ . 1 .af ! . .. .. . ~ . .....+ ._~ ~~+'-;. . ..~5..~.f.., `,. i " . . ,-•` :'': ~ ::! .r -.. ;. C y . ~.1 T M ~, • ~, i .•i, +^f'Y -1 a.. -. . ~ .' i s l inhnh exur essmportat ta tepose to vehicular traffic ... . .. . . ~ .... . . ~ . l~~,.~ t w'n 'tv !.~! ~~i;.? yy ~:.'+~e+a, ;~• .s~n3 ,........~~~~`:i ,. 4

.,,~. ~r.. •r titr,aj•.~. -"7 Srch, M. , On the significance of carbon monoxide in c garette smoking in ta 'ki+y'atfY . an automobile, Dtsch. Z. Gerichtl. Med., 60, 80-89, 1967. (German) k'.~., <~ . . ~-_... ~ _ . _.. . . . - . ~ ~ - .. ..._ . . . .. .. . .. .. ... . .,~ -~„~~ t Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed. , 33, 207-220, ,1974.(German) )togic studie s of air - y Ith, 12, 733-740, 1966. em of passive smoking. cigarette smoking, ~~

,!5 aS' ~ . . H v"~7~. t - . it ~..... '.•,: ,~~_• ~ v. ..., f ~ rri S <~;.:3F fv .~-: '-•.: d.. Fiandaca S and Vercellotti As cts E f the b' dit : . , , • , pe o mor s y and iA ~ ~L ° ~ i accident rates in subj~ects exposed io the risk of chronic carbon monotiide n poiso ing, Rass. Med Ind IQ Lavoro, 33, 360 379, 1964• (Italian} '~}~~'~~rr • _.. , .-.. . . ._~ . . ~ ,~ „ . . __. Y ! . - _ . . . . . y- J R Ur H. K. Perkins N M and Goldsmith ~_~ L . , , , • , , • , o or ve ic e accidents a t t . .. . - . and veuicular pollution in Los Angeles, Arch. Environ• Health 25 314 „ f322 1972. jrua "z'I`~*~ ~t+ .• , `` ~;,; ~ , ._. ~ ir L ~..,~, .~t- ~ ,-_.f ' - . ~~ i ~F.+~';~jcj:~j'. ` .}`Z•~eK~ ~~ : i f 3~ , r 3~ ti '1 ~.. , f : .thr~ ~ ~ .. . . _ . . -. . . . . ' , ._ • ,"x's,~~ei~ " i. i. . 1ld.ViS J. i2. tlarpo:3 nlonoxiQe alconoi ana arl'l s ln Y'at'al1 a f b , , , g ~L1 :.G.~slO li'~e -~~r--- ~~.<.~• ~~,,~: c ac idents• Dade County, Florida-, 1956-1968, Clin. ToxicoL, 7, 59-j_ no .-6 13, 1974• / : . . •-~ ~` .i `T t- . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . - . [ , , ~t ;,~2 Hofreuter, D. H. , Catcott, E. J. and Xintaras, C. Carboxyhemog'lobin . . ".'.. . -in men e:cposed to carbon monoxide, Arch. Environ. Health, 4, 81-$5, 1962, ~ ~ ~.t.. -.., - . . . _ - s~ ' ;. • - ' ;; u.•..~,, 1_~;it`1~;~~Y- j' .~ ' a.>+•' t a : S'+i•I'_:'~ "•.~'.ly,'~,`K' '

~z _ ~~ ~~:. ~ ~ ~.~'t`r3j`'~~,'~ :ii,3K_i.~k; MW :its s chutz reysse, P. A. and Bovee,` H. H. , Jse of expired air-carbon monoxide for vt .~, . n.zj .: ~ ~~" • r .; ,ia ' . .. Sw. .. . : .::::e.. ,-: , . ,~ .:-=•-~....,.: .. _,..- ._~ _ .. , .. _ . . ...- .,..~. , ~iVix•U~'33 Guepin, A case of poisoning by carbon mono:~ide presumably from a ship's jr '~ rs~Szollos E. , Medve, F. ,`;and Jeney,'~E. , Data on the action of the Iavu `carlion .:..: .., ~~, ,~k._•;, ~ y; ,,.~ ys .~.~...+• -. :?- ,.. ~ . . . . .. ~. . - ran,:n~ 44. r ~•yr..w~.~v~.»~enM •.~. ". ..«: 1~.....Y..:~.. -..7if_Y A _L_2t___'_ _ ~A 'hold, Arch. Iyial. Prof. , 30, 355-357, .1969• (French) . . . ~ _ - - , . , ..,; . . . : ; : .. 4. Goret, L., Van de Hoek, C., and Vroebe, D. , Carbon monoxide problerns during the unloading of automobile freighters, Tijdschr. Soc. Geneeskd. , 52, 427-431, 1974. (Dutch) •~~.~ ~ ~.;~~,.;~ ,arboxyhemoglobin determinations in evaLuating carbon monoxide exposures xesulting from the operation of gasoline Irork lift trucks in holds of ships, '`Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 30, 477-483, 1969. M

B"ls R F d E `,~' i M , . an vans, . J. , The effects of ozone nitro en d` g zoxi e and other ~•~ x gaseaus air pollutants on mammalian respirator tissues -- ~ y g a revrew o - ~ . li ht and electr n Air Pollut. Control Assoc., St. Pau1, Minn. , June 23-27, 1968, 20n. 1968 • o ~~.~~.. ,.~

" .>._.i'r*' i Y_°.i:~ •~k:>°+a ~~~ ~. . .~ ~ ... `Stupfel, M. Mordelet-Dambrine, M. , asi Parrot, J. L. , The acute , i lif i f:l Ai U B k i I C P' Air d I i ;Mueller, P.K., Toxicological aspects of atmospheric nitrogen oxides v e ~r~, ry, ~~~C"~~p'$~ ;;~ a ie~=ra s; Tl'; ~• :!'"s, . , , . >.. ~ .. - ~ .. • ~ .'Sk +l c~y~: . . . . ~~~ Q4~ •~ t ~~ r , , , , ~Toxicol- *ppl. `Pharmacol. racheal pressure 33 401-413 1975. actions of automotive exhaust gas and its components on guinea pig 01~ orn n ean r, a a v- , n er e ro_ ect ey, an . ndustrial Hvz. ,_....;.L sw K1-1S15 t G b l Y C - '~.t...- 1 ~ h:.[~ P ~ .:k _ - ' . ..' .. ~ ":~•'~ • . . , p. , a . vo f _ r_ . ~. .: ~...'. ;' . . ~.. ~y.:~. ~~h ._. ' -..1-iT3 ) r ~.f ... .. . ~ . . . . . . . . ., . .. . _~f.. .h:.~. `iArch. Environ. Health, 15, 36-38, 1967. ? ancemen a st n ca y en rnor y o a rom streptococcal pneumonia, 4* Coffin; D. L. and Blommer, E. J., Acute toxicity of irradiated auto ex- _ •,.., ~ . .h h di ted b t f t lit h u i f }"~ • .~ h R ~~is ~-.. ~ ~' •.r . ` " ~ _ 54. ,Bils Ultrastructural effects of air R. F. ollution , , p P'ollut. Control Assoc. , 18, 313-3 14, 1968. t~~r i~~ ~.',a, _'_.-r .:,..~; ' _' <.. .• , . . ~ ,..... :..•. ~ '.~~: ., . -•', . .~~.. - -•. ~~ , . .• ~•:. ki`~` i~}~y-~: 55. Carnpbell, J. A. , The effects of exhaust gases from internal combustion a i d f t h k i l i h i n nes g o acco smo o e upon m ce, w t spec a reference to incidence of tumours of the lung, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. , 17, 146 158, 1936. _ . . . - . 1 . . . . ... ~ .. . . _ ~ . - -- ~ ._. -" ... .~~

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