Tobacco Documents Online

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enclosed preventing free elimination F•~:i+:.~, .. . v~. - ,~rt r',._... i'4 F,~y:',~ rsi• ¢ ..~ ~',d.~p' ~ ,.;~ '+~ 5.~ •; r:. ~ ~i r* -. a '~ ~- t.•a_v.~~~ The carb©xyhemoglobm contamed in the blood of smokers originates, i Qli'i3~' s 5`~i•-i ~ ~ . , ~r~.,~,i? ~~k ~ . Y x41 ~•~~F ~; ~~ part, from the carbon monoxide emitted by vehicular e "h$i nglnes. The proportion • 5 `vs rf {A~FF S°'~ '~`~~.{ 4_. '" T ' ` '~1 !'' y " 5 'r'`~~,~ t• . ,~ t JoA ..yY:' -~e,s}"Su.: .•,',:. r ~ :'-~ 't~"~;'~-NbiY~ Lni¢ ...s,: j~~xC{ - ~~ :ri;.~5~•,;.t .t.- , t._.f . r ' ~~ ~'r,~^.. s ' rys ~itl~°t~ y,~fi i of the total carboxyhernoglobin origina mg from moving sources of carbon. 'r~ r'r'~ 7'S~,•.b ~F ~. { r~~y~f~Y.t£1~.:-.1r N7 ~~S,,' 1~' i~~yq~"r r R ~#' ir!, cN ~ i';" $ yr {,trsN r t,~}~A{~~ -~ ,',f ' x; monoxide varies fromy individual to individual degending on the extent o V~~~~ F ~..,,Y'} L~ ,.,y~i`i yi~,.~A[.t~ `.~~'~1''°"nV i~... i' Q 4`'~ ~11':•'~y~'~~~k iL rssy d~"`~~T a.~ •... r ~~~~ s= "/t` ~....~ hose who are inside the moving vyehicle are likely to be exposed -~,i1,'~~yrc'F ~ ~ faw~i'~j ~~~Y~ yl'F~M?~7 "-S.~ r ~ - '~'J-~ n "K r ~.• s 7,h :: a 1.' .;'"` .'. ) ~}itr` r ynl~;y, s.~ ,,,.,.w"°.j'a,~ :~~,•'y.', i o~. ~ i,~''y :~T~+t. ~+.~K"y~..~~Mi#`E~=15~~~~~,~iR`'T,~`t ~'„r as~ 1. .Y.' , ~yrt%n ~ ... i . :: F 1'•~' ~~ f#jl.~ o the highest,r concentration of vehicular emission, specially if the vehicle f''1 f Y-i .~ , ,~.,+ :?t -,;+~.s,j+ ~'*'Y{'°v~~~'~~i"~~ «~~!J4,,'i~a#~-k'x1 ~''~an~:? s t~."`r t-j~',.-s; .' ,, ~'r.'" "' ~ aT::•yt*. .. . _ is not properly ventilated with ambient air and the inflow into the vehicle con- rn•, ='+e R t , 1 a .:~frv ' " ~ r~ 11 ,aqf i' ~ - ,~ ~Iw C ~ Ya .._{I W T~ . S M.~ t . - l:M.~. .k ~'a•s ~ ~.i , '{, -t~qi: ~;rtains a high concentrationrof the engine exhaust. Workers in garages and L^t ''~ ~-i~h;• .; .~ ..~ although outside the velucle, re in an environment that is partly A,~+ The exposure levels of carbon monoxide of garage men and tunnel ._,._ .. .. . . . :~ . _. ~-:~, . ~~,. .. ~, -:.~:--.... ..,..... ..._.~.., ,.` ~,.,,_.... .,,_ ,.._._ „~.c.. r-" ~...,'..._t'.'. inspectors are higher than those of policemen and pedestrians in open areas .such as street intersections during hours of heavy traffic :J.. . of vehicular emission is even for a specified group of workers is difficult continuously at various locations and in the of the vehlicular emission into the ambient .. - . . . .. - n .. y~' .,t. ' _ F . i. •F ~..Ff ~. t. . ' . :'i3 r• 2' yeysS;~Y'•4•y'. Smokers with carboxyhemoglobin levels originating from exposure to ;~f.:f RriNr ,FI 'iiyA W~'•' g.~.~ rt ~ .. 5 ~'+t` -l~1-'~~V.:.s 1 ., 1 _ x 1 _.r. Y~,~ - • .~'' 4<4r ;~ 3r +• X"t:. . 1. _- . . .. ~• ~ ... .~.Y .I vehicular carbon monoxide hae been eompared with nonsmokers. The differ- ~ ~T"`t:.l I p'u4 ~i.• •uJt. F5 . M•• iej ! . ;' ~ :}•, , ~ ... x, '• a. y^:s f,^. e~r'•va~ T`.° .". . i"' .'j n~"y•-3 _ .1•O.R}~. . _ . • , t7~-+A''.~. ences intheis health status have beeriexplained by cigarette smoking alone •', '.' '? i :rh s.;r - .. ~ a -, «~. •c .... ~ ~ ..r although uther variables have not been controlled. The extent of exposure to so complex that a comparable exposure to attain. The concentration ~ .,., . carbon monoxide and particulate matter vary •~ ~ ~ r f f same location at different times + 4r ~~

Chicago Cincinnati xr: Denver

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.~-.~ . „ ..:.--.. »-..~-.". . .. •~~1 ;•_•• b " `. ri" t ` ?£Y b . •~ •~ as.~v vccu a c L UGU u yvZ1OVln in K The high level of carbon monoxide emitted from vehicles in Paris, reflected b •.l`~is~K4...y. ; r ~ T ., _ s r a 1 •~, ~. . . ~{3-~-'E~f1i~r--• ~p v. . i> i "¢S~ ~ .,a, a• ~it5~ i-3~r~t5 e ti -i f~ `, .; - - R yr}'; ~~a: +•.,qF/ .u '~a.r.-... t. ~ :-£ tt~3`p cli* ~ad~; {+ypr~ .y..T •c~ .,n .. ... k. .. • . .., r.xp• ~'~7]~ _A~ '~.i ._ e l .~ .. 4- .] -L. _t 7 _tL ~`i+f}~~?'+'' 7 `~"•-~~~trra"r .~. /~ . . -',~~t ~ ry~,;.Ii: 1 + . 't .:•-.:1~ i r ~~. F 4 967." The median for drivers was 5 016 carboxyhemoglobin, whereas the ~~.+'h;'.~:r.i...r~-~'ii'L~•w+.~s~~~~3j.c~~«.:' -.-- ~~tj. ~1 ""-~°" - :;~,",s„~,. t~. ~•~ 's ~~ .~t~ . ~ _ i~~ Nc.M. median for policemen was 2 0% Boudene et al. , in 1974, 'compared the carbon ~x `~ ~ X } .•.a-; ., .~.E { .:; a'- ' _::f - - . - ._. ... . _ - ,~:.~~~g,+c.''-~',,.ut'~~t. ~ ~ d t t f P t d . h 7 ~ monoxi o -~ ~•T~`-5~ _ . , . . .. - . . . • - ' . . . . . .. . . .. : .. • ~" ~ ~ •...~. ~ v ,7,~~tr.. ; . y The carbon monoxide content in the blood of drivers was higher than the controls. J7.~~ ~~~y. ~~ YHS Y~-~~~ 1...'~ ..;., .•~' i^~.- a .....:! • ,. . ..•.s , ...... : ~ " :... ~ `~~ -~ ~~ .~. ~ ....~ ... • . :."- ~ .:,.' ..; YJ ^t ~:'~+~.. `~ / r :. . . . ~~~ . . . . ,,~~. . The comparison included the smoking habits of the drivers but there were no ~-~„ •~..; .. . . . _ corresponding smokers among the controls so that it was not possible to i~, " t .,. ~ •r - . contrast cigarette smoking alone with ek-posure to vehicular ernissio a e c n en o arisian axi rivers wit a contro). group of re ~ident - ,<•»~. ~. _ - . . .- ._ ~-: .. . .. :: . : . . ' Y: .._

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:,. ~~ ~~~~o'y': he most complete study of the effects of cigarette smoke on carbon „ 9 :_., ..~.: __' ''•t- ..":.:~, A w~~^C :. '._, : ~. ~: . . _ •.. .,~" .., . ., 'rnonoxi3e level in a assea er r fo p g ca . was per rmed by H'arke and his 13 l~ ' `collaborators in 1975. '•~ `~~~ :rs; tunne i.`,~.iL,;,i ~'.}. ~.~:,~

, ~ . „...:.. . .....~., . .... . . .. . .. . ..... .. _ . `, .Normally, comfort dictates a degree of ventilation which minimizes carbon levels from ~.~_._....._

~:t;~.i~=•;?;:L r - -P t,- 11 ; \, ~ Wy {111{+ tJC.6,;~,1,~Jauvnat .`iS "l, ~ ~ '~•'~.k~~ =a~i "1l4t~~'~ . a~~ y ~. t~= 4~~~5ri Ri ~.-~-•K ~.~~^~~~.yn;`'~~t _ - ~ ~-; til J__!~ t~-t_^~ . .. . . . -.. -.. ~ . . . ..y•:;.-n _.-J 1T-~-7~L A ~5 ;... :. ~~~~~cr; ~ ~ -~ . 41a Ir Train Harmsen and Effenberger monitored the quality of air s.~ -.5~-~..-5 ~ .~4•~...+~.;:~r - . _ _ ~ ~~'Sf'h~iX4r. w~ f~~•-.si~zj^'t~'as..~,~7~{rM~~41.y4r~a7~~?~.~ .- . . - ... _. . . ... {..:...'i~S .:`"~.~t ~ F:~-,-.Inside tra n _ c : ars } that were running in Hamburg in 1953. All window . s and air •'c: ~ ~ • -' . , j~~~ ~.+f•v4'~' ~~R ,'`r.-, ~.i`'"+~..-;^~ { 3'~ ,~ ue.~~~~' ,vn ~r rt+4i,' l' , ;. a . . . ' . .. ~ ... . .,.,e...s ,r. 'vents were cdosed. Although srnoking was permitted there was no increase 7 of carbon~ monoxide level after 30 to 60 min of use. In nne rnr_ mi rt, in ~ "s .s."~ ti ~ +, r.".~?;, ~, • ~;`").~ ~..~ ~ ~.. -t'u ~ ',~Y.. °~a R~. ~i{' r .. . .. - . . ... . . , . , ~ ~ . . . , .. ~ , - , rK.a~•. smokers, -there was a rise of nicotine content to 2. 5 zng/ 1000 liters, the carbon monoxide concentra- ;`;= ~rr _. : ts ~? ~ Sots~, c9 r~fi~`'.~ff

4. - Practical Aspects of Intravehicular-Exposuxes. < .z ~*,xs~ possibility that carbon monoxide contained in cigarette smoke would ~!9~$.~~~~8~ :~ t e rf k. V. , tct J r 1~ ~~r. 1 w? 4A ` t t,aw d~ t.4 6tiv s~tt~ 1 r`4~+} v a. Gw ^. . .-. : ^-.,e the . .~, - , ...~~ . . -.-.-..-. .. Y S.: . . . . nfluen.. .. . ,,, • . . ..;. r r i nonsmoker passenger of a ve ic2e can be dismissed because the evels even in nonventilated vehicles are below the occupational standards for carbon ~ _~ ...: ..~. ' a e I$ nsw ~ red by citing the investigation of Boek on automobile accidents. I ., o ers an non- `+. :: ~ti- here was no difference • in accident involvernent between sm k d correlation between accident rate and exposure to