Tobacco Products Liability Project
Topic: Anomalies, Questions
Abstract
Compiles several press releases on the topic of smoking and health. Focuses on the question of the causal relationship between lung cancer and cigarettes. Argues that there is no scientific evidence to show that smoking causes lung cancer (or heart disease). Points out many specific anomalies in the body of research.
Fields
- Named Organization
- AB
- Industrial Medicine and Surgery
- New York University
- The American Tobacco Company
- American Cancer Society
- The Lancet
- British Empire Cancer Campaign
- Cambridge University
- University of Southern California
- Census Bureau
- Southern Medical Association
- Medical College of Virginia
- U.S. Public Health Service
- Tobacco Industry Research Commmittee (TIRC)
- Virginia Academy of Science
- The Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A. (C.T.R.)
- Scientific Advisory Board
- Yale Medical School
- Leeds University
- Mayo Clinic
- Yale University School of Medicine
- New Zealand National Health Institute
- Environmental Cancer Section, National Cancer Institute
- Time
- New York Veterans Administration
- Mercy Hospital
- Surgeon General
- National Interagency Council on Smoking and Health
- U.S. Congress
- Surgeon General's Advisory Committee
- Legal Medical Institute
- New York Times
- Philadlephia Inquirer
- Washington Star
- Cleveland Plain Dealer
- Baltimore Sun
- Good Housekeeping
- The Saturday Evening Post
- Playboy
- NY Herald Tribune
- Senate
- Johns Hopkins University
- Named Person
- Cohen, Jacob
- Heimann, Robert K.
- Hammond, E.C.
- Horn, Daniel
- Levitt
- Haag, H.B.
- Hanmer, H.R.
- Dorn, H.F.
- Baum, W.S.
- Little, Clarence Cook
- Hahn, Paul M.
- Walker, R.B.
- Jones, John Wayne
- Laric, Paul H.
- Walker, Robert B.
- King James I
- Marbecke, Roger
- Fisher, Ronald
- Nash, Ogden
- Josiah
- Green
- Gray, Bowman
- Cullman, Joseph P., III
- Warren, Shields
- Rosenblatt
- Feinstein
- Sommers, Sheldon
- Pearl, Raymond
- Stocks
- Campbell
- Type
- outline
- press release
- compilation
- Date Loaded
- 08 Jan 2003
Document Images
Subject to Claims of Privilege and Confidentiality:
Produced Pursuant to Cour~ Orde~ |n State of l~Iinne$ota, et al. v. Philip l~Iorris, et al.
~qC~4ALZ~$ ~ ~UESTIONS
~e ~ec appears in ~.~e current issue of Indus-
trial Medicine and Surfer7. me authors ace
C:hen, ~.O., o~ New YOC~ OnivecsiCy, and ~ber~
~u~ ~8c ~ese ~o ~cial ~ien~is~s :e~c~ed on
a 14-ye8c s~u~y ~ ~,000 ¢~pan~ ~loyees
s~ke ~ce, ~ive lonqe:, and bare ~eve= ~ea~s
:ante: ~ ~ea:: ~isease ~ ~e general ~ublic.
~a~e ~an a lighte~ sm=~ing ~pulation.
This, ~ey l~:int out, is not so. They cite:
Pou: !a~;e, well-~e~tne~ populations showln~ heavy
s=o~inq with lower =oc~ality [South African =ales,
~e~ Zea!ande:s, Australians, Ame:ican Tobacco
employees).
¢hological ~iffe:ences an~ urSan residence which
associate with lun~ cance: =oc:ality.
The ve~, studies offert~ in support of the cigarette
causation ~heOcy, showin~ :egular ci~amette users
with ~ctalit? tames roughly si=ilac to ~he ~eneca~
pcl:u!ation ~:~ which u~ey ace drawn.
2~2004S42
Subject to Claims of Privilege and Confidentiality:
Produced Pursuant to Court Orders In State of Minnesota, et al. v. Philip Morris, et a[.
Is 29q ~wec ~ a~caqe.
E~ve~, each ~ ~e~ ~pula~io~ shows
~c k~Ealla," ~e au~ocs note, "is u bi~bly
~loyees live ~ ~=k ~ ~i~-Siz~ ~ ~all
The au~o:s note ~ecevec ~nvesc!gac~on
the lung cancec ~ctalit~ is hi~hec ~ ucban aceas
~ to ~£n~ (2): lung cancec ~c~allcy associ-
atlo~ have been :e~c~d foc ~i~cce, dcinking, pove:~,
psycholog~c~ diffecences and urban ces~dence as well
as ~oc s~king. T~ese suggest ~e ~a~a~ of using
any one association ~o es:ablisb "cause." They also
suggest ~ac ~e "uc=an ~ac:~c" =igh~ ~ a
~e~ ~oc ~endencies :elaCed ~ ~he ucban ~ay o~ 1A~e.
Desc:ipmio~ o~ uc~n-cela~ed ~end~ncies ~ scl-
enCi~ic liCecacu~e ~clude: "ne:vous mension,"
s~d:o~ o~ social st=ess," "heig~Cen~ =ecaho!ic ac-
~ivi~," "~e :es~less ~:s~na!i~y," and "ac=ele:a~e~
"~ h~ ~en ~ons~:a~ed," Cohe~ and ~eimann
say, "~ha~ lun~ cance~ ~cma!i~ is ~ighe: ~n U.S.
ci=ies ~han ~o: ~e qenecal ~c~u!amion, and
hig~e: £n ~he la:qes~ ci~ies. Po: =ales in ~he
la~es~ ci~!es, -hicR ac=oun~ ~oc ~a!~ =~e u~ban
lation, lun~ cance: ~::a!i~y is on ~he ocde: o~
2~2004~)43
Subjectto Courtt° Claims of Privilege and Confidentiality:
Produced
Pursuant
Orders
in
State of Minnesota, et al. v. Philip Morris, et al.
~cee-flf~ ~ ~e ~-E~, ~-Hocn and
dea~ ~a~es a~u~ ~e s~ ~ ~e genecal ~pula-
~ion' s.
b. Ta~Inq non-s~kecs ~ ~e no~ or csi~ericn agains~
vhAcM o~er ~r~all~ rages are ~ctd has
~esaloned on ~e basis ~a~ su~ ~=scns oc
of ~ ~y ~ "biologically di~sed ~o sel!-
p=o~e~ive habits" ~d ~ere~o:e IAve lonqer.
Non-~oke:s ccnsmi~ume less ~an a ~i~h ~ ~e"
Doll-EA~ s~le, ~he S~nd-Eo~ s~le, and
~he Dcrn s~ple. ~or~ali~y ca~es sh~n by ~ese
~sc~ ~ nc~ consmi~s~e a cci~ecion of vha~
Is "nodal." ~eA: ~ali~ ~a~es ame so ~a~
~I~ ~e ~ene~al po~ulamion ave:age u :~
~esm ~a~ ~hAs =/no=i~y class or ~:~ of £: ~y
~ a~no~l ~a~e: ~an no~=al.
C. W£~ :e~e~ ~o ~ea~ ~ v£olence and suicide:
smoke~s; smoke:s of i-I0 cigarettes daily a ~me
14t ~we~; pi~ ~okems a :a~e ~Tt love:; and
ci~a: s~oke~s a came 27t lo~e:. Down fou~ su-
icide-acclden~ ~eamhs St less pr:~bly
=o~acco use:s ~an ~ a~s~aAne~s.
Cohen an~ ~ei=ann ~asi=e ~ha~ ~ese an~
dlabe~es, o~ ~hue~amlc hea~ disease, bum =o
In~Acame ~he a~su:~ conse~ences ~ ac~s~in;
sin~!e-va:la~le ;:a~£en~s ~sucR ~ s~o~1~;) ~ase~
on nonos~o~e: ~::~li~y as ~he 'nodal ex~cmanc~.
Mortality an~ ~he U~San Pac:o~ in ~ance:
is aC~acne~.
2S2GG4~44
Subject to Claims of Privilege and Confidentiality:
Produced Pursuant lo Cour~ Order~ ia Slale of Minaeso~ el al. v. Philip Morris, el al.
1~cess Re~.ease, Robe~ g. Seimann (6/4/63)
Clqa~e~u ~se An ~ecen~ ye~s ~easu~ b~ ~ax-
~i~ :~ava!s hu ~nc=e~ed consistency and ~n !962
ciga~e~:e c=usade" ~an, ~be=~ X. Hei~nn, ~ssis~an~
said ¢~ay In a ¢~k ¢o ~e~ Yo:~ secu=i~ analys~s.
~en 1954 ~d 1~2. "~ is es~cia~y
and X ~£nk siqnA~ican~," he saAd,
on ~e ~ople bu= on ~e
H=. 5eArn added ~ha~ ~ ~e
WesCscn ~ucope "~he s~o~ ~s very much ~e S~e."
Discussin~ ~e ~£~i~ace~¢e cha:~es
~ea:s, ~. ~eA~ann sa£d ~es~nsible sca~is~Icians
kn~ ~ham ovems£~li~i~ s~a~is~£cs =alse
~ions ~an ~ey an~e:.
~oc ex~Fle," he said, "h~ does one e~lain
~he ~on~-Hocn ~indlnq ~. E.C. ~ond, o~ ~e
~emlca Cance: Society, ~d OanAel Eocn) cha: non-
s~ke:s have hAghe= dea~ ca~es ~:~ violence and
suicide ~h~ s~ke:s? ~a~ abou= ~e ~a~ ~ha~
~:allans, ~bo ~oke ~¢e ci~a~e~mes
~an ~he Znqllsh, sb~ a lunQ cance: dea~ ca~e one-
chi:d o~ ¢~a: in ~!and and ~ales? ~y is £¢ cha~
~e :aCio oE ~emale lu~ cancec, cases
hu d~o~d ~:~ i ou~ o~ 3 ~o I oum o~ ~ In ~he las¢
30 ~ea:s -- ~hAle che :a~io o~" ~ale ~o =ale ci~a-
~e~¢e ~oke:s has ~en sceadLl~ cisin~? ~ does che
~:i-ci;a:e~:e ~eo~ s~a~e ~i~ ~e :eco:d o~ ~I,000
~:ic~ ~bac¢o C:pa~ ~ployees ~hose n~: includes
neacly ~h~ee ~i=es ~ aa~ pack-a-day ci~acemme ~okecs
pe~ cenmu= as ~e ~ene~al ~pulamion -- an~
c~bined have ~en 29t ~low :he U.S. ave:a~e ore:
a 14-Mea~ pe:iod?
~o~ all ~e ~es~ions a:s sc!en:i~ic ones. You
mi~hm well ask whemhe~ ~he ~ecican Cance=
would ~ spending so much time and
anm~-tobacco statlsmics i~ ~e =i~llc~s
252(]04945
Subject to Claims of Privilege and Confidentiality:
Produced Pursuant to Court Orders in State of Minnesota, et al. v. Philip Morris, et al.
Z m~q~C ~ve co suc~ a ~esC~n ~ou~d ~e speculative, .
and ~ unde:scan~ speculation is not a nic~ ~cd in
aIonq rich mocca12Cy races. ~ and behold, you
cousins. Translating into pec=encaqe-ese, you
~en ~efine 50% of all ~unq cancer dea~s as 'excess
~ea=hs' caus~ by city living.
"~nci~entally, this ~oesn'~ mean mece!y
urban people smoke more c~ace~:es. T~ urban
~ali~y ~ra~i~= holds good even for non-smokers
where ~okinq hab£~s ace held constant. S~ocks and
~ keep i~ ou~ of ~he headlines.
a lun~ cancer care ~wice as high as married men.
A~ain applying ~he s~e simple-coc:e!a~ion
used by the ~i~o~acco g:ou~, this says ~ha~ abou~
33% of lung cancer ~ea~hs a=e 'excess deaths' causea
by ~i-occe. Poor people show a lun~ =ancec ca~e
greater ~%an ~e more affluenz classes, so ~e ~uld
likewise ~ef~ne a~ou~ 17% of lung can=co deaths as
'excess deaths' cause~ by ~vec~y.
"Using simple coo:elations, we have now acc~un:ed
-- if ~a~'s the word -- foc appcoximaCe!y 187~ of all
lun~ cancer deaths as 'excessive' foc ~hese fou: cea-
s~ns c~ine~, l.~us~ a~i~ I am unable ~o ~n~e:pce~
this marvelous stalls:it, which we have reached
s~m Eeasonin@ used to c:ea:e anti-c!gare:te-headlines
in the daily
Subject to Claims of Privilege and Confidentiality:
Produced Pursuant to Court Orders in State of l~innesota, et al. v. Philip lVgorris, et al.
°~ e~ this is proper~ describable as ~ucious,
¢htn It is not so curious CbaC ¢linical and expert-
mental animal using cigarette smoke. ~oc has any
~ndusc=~ ve~med ~e s~ac~en~ made ~as~
an~ health gield ~uld be '~hocouqh ~d objective.'
Tha~ ~S a~ ~ hope ~or -- ~hocou~h ~d objec~iv~
evaLha~¢on, as d~s~nc~ ~:~ head~n~hun~¢ng."
~. ~e~=~n noted ~hat a ¢on~inuaZ pc~ess o~
~d he observed ~ha~ "in a de~occa~ ~he s~e process,
Z ~h~nk, ~s characteristic o~ pubZi¢ opinion ~d even
an~-~obacco organ ~h~ch ~ocused on ~ha¢ ~as
'The Gcea~ Tobacco 0ues~ton' in ~he ~eacs lS5~ and
-135~:
"'. . . the use o~ ~obacco,' vro~e The
edi¢ocs mote ~han a ¢en~ur~ a~o~ '£s vLdeZF spread,
mote v~de~y ~an any one custom, ~ o~
"o~ rel~g*ous belie~, and ~e:e~o~e i= =use have some
good o: at Zeas= pZeasurable eg~ec¢s~ . . .
ev£l e~ec¢s we:e so d~ead~Z as s~a¢ed ~he
~ace ~ouZd have ceased ~o excel.''
Al~hough the publication of anti-cigarette
ports con~in~ed, o~e: statemenus ~ssued by scientists •
smoking w~th lung cancer are s~eculative. Some of
~hese s~a~ements pointed ou~ ~he w~de varia~io~ of
l~ng cancer dea¢h ca¢es be~veen g:ou~s havin~ s~mila~
ra~es of ~obac¢o cons=mpuion. O~hecs called
to environmental far:ors o~her than cigarette smoking
which appear likely ~o accoun: for ~ncreased incidence.
2S2(](]4947
Subject to Claims of Privilege and Confidentiality:
Produced Pu~uant to Cour~ Orders in State of l~Iinnesota, et al. v. Ph|lip l~orris, et at
(Levitt draft composite at 25):
Since ~ylast repogt, anti-~iqarette
and pu~lioit7 attendinq ~hem have continued,
undeT the same kinds o~ auspices and ~argel7 gepetitive.
~owever, durin~ the past year the views of re~utable
scientists who hold t~at these charges ace unsubs:an-
tiate~ have attained wldec public notice.
The s~a~s~cS on whic~ curren~
char~es a~e ~ase~ ~ave ~een ~allen~ed ~n many
~ indeDen~en~ sc~enuis~s. Suc3 ~ssi~le factors
lun~ ca~ce~ as constitutional predisposition, previous
=e~ical history an~ various influences
of today's urban envi:o~ent se~ to have been i~noce~.
Foc ~x~ple, a 3~is~ s~a~Is~ica1 s~:dy showed
a lung cancer ~a~e nine times as great In ci~ies as
in rural areas ~on~ men who did not smoke. An in:e:-
nationally known C~bcidqe Oniver~y scien~Is~ ~ec~n~!y
s~ate~ t~aC the evidence agains~ s=o~ing is inconclusive,
and ~ha~ association is no~ causa~ion. A U~ive:si~y
o~ Southern ~li~ocnia p:o~essoc o~ su:~c~, w~o
also a member of the ~ecican Canc~ Socie:y's
~oa=~ of Directors, testi~ie~ at a Congressional
mi~tee heacinq Char a review of ~he total evi4ence
~ails Co esmablish a cause and e~ecc celamions~ip,
Cha~ the u~an-cural difference in lunq cancer inci-
dence is nom consistent wi~5 ~he cigarette
and cha~ mher~ is consi~ecable ~oubc ~e~her ~he in-
cidence o~ fun9 cancer is ac~ual~ increasing.
Iu seems si~ni~ican~ cham in 1955 (la~es~
available) lun~ ca~c~c ac~oun~e~ ~oc less ~han ~hcee
percent o~ all ~ea~hs amon~ U.~. aduL~ males, a~hou~h
the Census ~uceau estimates ~ha~ ha!~ ~ all
a~ul~ ma~es a~e cigarette
ZSZO04%4~
Subject to Claims of Privilege and Confidentiality:
Produced Pursuant to eour~ Ovder~ in State of l~Ilnne~o~, et al. v. Phlllp l~Iorr|s, et al.
~epor~ed las~ Norther ~o c~e Southern Hedges1 Asso-
Di:~o~ o~ ?he ~ecican ~obacco Co~anM. ~hei~ ~ind-
Anss ~ece ~ased on ~ndependenc scien~c smudges
_~nenC ~loyees In n~n~ o~ The ~ecican Tobacco
C~any's pl~s. ~e ~r=~i~ ~lgu=es =epresen~
1/4 ~ears.
" These e~loyees ~oke ~a: more c~gaceC~es c~an
avecaqe oc l~ec-~n-~vecaqe ~ea~ races Coo cancer
o: lung cancer, ~or =ac~iovssc~lac an~ cocona:~ ~isesse.
e~plo~ees ~oc 194~-1952 vece made by Des. K.P. Oocn
and ~.S. Ba~ o~ the U.S. Public Health Secvice, whack,
C~cou~h the ~a~AonaA Cancer XnsciCuce, ba~ asked ~e
C~pany's c~peca~ion An pec=A~ing CA~ ~o ~o ~e
research. T~e ~cn-Ba~ ~c~ali~M ~AndAngs vece su~
ple~enced an~ con~i~ed ~y Saag an~ Ha~ec ~oc IS53-
oC S~acAs~£cs o~ the OnAve:sAc~ o~ Noc~ Carolina.
~s Baaq and 5a~e~ ~AnCed oum, C~ese s:u~Aes Anvolve~
no es:inaces oc s~pllnq eccocs and cesuA: An a ~An~An;
a: variance ,iCh p~evious s~a:As~Ical s~u~ies sucR
as ~hose o~ H~n~ an~ Hoc~ use~ in ~he cuc:en= an~A-
cl;a:e:~e ca~aA~n.
The authors conclude: "~he exAs:ence o~ such
a population ~kes ~ eviden~ ~ha~ cigace~:e smoking
~oe:hse is ~ aecessa~Al~ o~ Anva~Aa~iM assocla:ed
h~e: mAs~ o~ l~n~ cance: oc cardiovascular
~Aseases or vitb die,hAshed longev~M."
195~ Ann~al ~epoc: a~ S-!0
~heor~s~s continued, the theory ~sel~ has no~ ~een
su~s:an:iaCed. On the c=nc:a:F, :ecen: :esea:c~ has
252004~4S
o
Subject to Claims of Privilege and Confidentiality:
Produced Pursuant to Court Orders In State of Minnesota, et al. v. Philip Morris, et al.
In h~s L~$8 Report, Dr. Clarence Cook L£t~le,
1. All animal experiments £nvolvins direct, inhala~ion
toc~ sys~e~ have ~ied to do
causal!on o~ constitutional disease has
Inc:ease~.
3. ~ ex~Ana~ion o~ ~he =e~e~ s=amAs=ic~ associ-
ation be~een cigarette saokin~ an8 lun~ cance=
cereals ~ ~ac~s clea:l~. Pi:s~:
8evelo~ ~e ailment. Secon~: ~he ove=~e~An~
=ajo~i=y o~ s=oke~s ~o not.
~out C~any, alon~ vi~ othe~
leaf g~ow~s, ~ea!e:s, warehousemen an~ c~pe~ativ~s,
TObacco Indus~:y Research C~i~tee, now In i~s sixth
year. ~I grants a~ ~e upon Eeco~en~a~ion of an
Advisory ~oar~ of Indepen~en~ sclen~is~s, d~ots and
educators: recipients ~f g~an~s.aEe assu~e~ complete
~cien~ifi: f:ee~om ~n conducting their
and repo::in~ ~hei: cesul~s.
The C~pany's own research on the composition
of tobacco and tobacco smoke, now in its
yea~, continues in ou= Richmond Laboratory. In 1958
our Research Laboratory bec~me the first indusu:ial
cesea:ch la~oca=ory to receive the Distinguished
vice Awa:~ of ~he Virginia Academy of Science, an~
was cited as "trite=national Leader in Tobacco Research,
~efmien~er of Science in Co=muni~y Af~ai:s, and Oum-
s:anding Contributor to the Advancement of Science
in America."
2920049S0
Subject to Claims of Privilege and Confidentiality:
Produced Pursuant to Court Orders in State of Minnesota~ et al. v. Philip Morris, et al.
