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relevance is the fact that a number of patients who are candidates for initial or further chemotherapy are often malnourished. The physician must give serious consider- ation to the further adverse impact of treatment on such patients. Maintenance of good nutritional status or rehabilitation of the depleted patient offers the on- cologist the opportunity of more successfully executing the chemotherapeutic program. The deterioration of physical and subjective status ex- perienced by the patient as malnutrition develops is ac- companied by a variety of cellular and physiologic changes.',°,z3,2e,29 These changes result in increased mor- bidity and mortality and interference with the therapeutic program. The anorexia, nausea, mucositis and vomiting which often occur in patients given high-dose abdominal radiation and chemotherapy often prevent adequate food intake. Our lack of success in ensuring adequate feeding in such patients emphasizes the need for early initiation of parenteral nutrition by either supplementary, peri- pheral, or total central infusion. The latter is particularly useful if the chemotherapy protocol is likely to be pro- longed or where there is prolonged intestinal dysfunc- tion. Insertion of the central venous catheter is less hazardous if it is done prior to the onset of serious bone marrow depression. However, our experience with many thrombocytopenic and leukopenic patients indicates catheter insertion can be done safely immediately follow- ing or during platelet infusion. Furthermore, experience with many bone-marrow-depressed patients indicates that long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is safe when there is close monitoring of the patient to detect early infection and adequate antibiotic therapy when in- fection occurs. Such experience challenges the dog- matic statements that catheters must be immediately withdrawn for a period once infection occurs. Our data indicate that the central feeding can be continued in the face of infection with the original catheters being re- placed over a sterile flexible guidewire by another catheter. This approach holds for both bacterial and fungal infections. Infection is never to be taken lightly, but with close supervision of patients the central feeding technique is safe and may be continuous with antibiotic therapy. For the patient with a severe bowel dysfunction as a result of radiation and/or resection who cannot otherwise be maintained in good nutritional condition, home total parenteral nutrition (HTPN) is now a well-established and feasible procedure.z,'2,z° Various centers around the country now train patients on a fairly routine basis." The question continues to be raised as to whether im- proved nutritional status may lead to increased tumor growth. It is well established that forced feeding with tube or parenteral feeding of experimental animals with transplanted tumors results in improved weight of the host. Repletion by a complete diet of previously protein- depleted tumor-bearing rats appreciably increased the ratio of tumor weight to host tissue weight.19 Recent observations of the effects of parenteral nutrition in tumor-bearing animals indicate some variability in results: in two of three reports, total parenteral nutrition did not increase the relative tumor weight or size;',z' in one report the tumor growth was stimulated.3 Clinical ex- perience indicates that it is a very rare patient who has obvious explosive tumor growth during a period of im- proved nutrition. It would be expected, however, that there should be some increased growth of residual tumor in patients as the result of improved nutrition since tumor cells, like host cells, have a dependency on good nutri- tion. Improved nutrition may be a therapeutically useful occurrence since actively dividing tumor cells are more likely to be sensitive to radiation therapy and to chemotherapy than are slowly dividing cells. Preliminary studies in tumor-bearing experimental animals suggests that maintenance of better nutrition by intravenous^ or oral19 means improves the sensitivity of the tumor to chemotherapeutic agents. On the basis of such data and my personal observations, it is my opinion that nutri- tional therapy must be accompanied by adequate anti- tumor treatment. The role of nutrition therapy as an adjunct to chemo- therapy and radiation needs further exploration and research to assess its clinical significance. There is no question concerning the value of nutrition therapy in rehabilitation of the malnourished and in the parenteral support of individuals unable to eat for significant periods prior to other treatment, such as surgery. Nutri- tion therapy may be the definitive treatment in the patient with serious malabsorption secondary to surgery or radiation. It is also of value in maintaining or achieving good nutritional status during prolonged courses of chemotherapy and/or radiation. However, objective data are needed to ascertain whether improved nutritional status is also associated with decreased radiation or chemotherapy toxicity and/or improved clinical response and survival. Such prospective data will, hopefully, emerge as a result of the NCI Diet, Nutrition and Cancer Program. MAURICE E. SHILS Director of Nutrition Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Avenue New York, NY 10021 Ouplication of Nutrition and Cancer, in whole or In part, by any means for any purpose is illegal. Vol. I, No.1 11 TIMN 222768

References and Notes 'li~rennan, MF: "Uncomplicated Starvation versus Cancer Cachexia." Cancer Res 37, 2359, 1977. 2Broviac, JW and Scribner, BH: "Prolonged Parenteral Nutrition in the Home." Surg Gynecol Obstet 130, 24, 1974. 'Cameron, JL and Pavlat, WA: "Stimulation of Growth of a Transplantable Hepatoma in Rats by Parenteral Nutrition." J Natl Cancer Inst 56, 597, 1976. 'Cameron, JL and Rogers, W: "Total Intravenous Hyperalimenta- tion and Hydroxyurea Chemotherapy in Hepatoma-Bearing." J Surg Res 23, 279, 1977. SCopeland, EM, MacFayden, BV Jr, and Dudrick, SJ: "Effect of Intravenous Hyperalimentation on Established Delayed Hypersensi- tivity in the Cancer Patient." Ann Surg 186, 241, 1977. 6Costa, G: "Cachexia, the Metabolic Component of Neoplastic Diseases." Cancer Res 37, 2327, 1977. 7 Daly, JM, Copeland, EM, Quinn, E, and Dudrick, SJ: "Relationship of Protein Nutrition to Tumor Growth and Host Immunocompetence." Surg Forum 27, 113, 1976. 8DeWys, W: "Anorexia in Cancer Patients." Cancer Res 37, 2354, 1977. 9DeWys, W: "Working Conference on Anorexia and Cachexia of Neoplastic Disease." Cancer Res 30, 2816, 1970. 70Donaldson, S: "Nutritional Consequences of Radiotherapy." Cancer Res 37, 2407, 1977. "Gardner, LI and Amacher, P (eds): Endocrine Aspects of Malnutri- tion. Kroc Foundation Series, Vol 1, New York: Raven Press, 1973. t2Langer, B, Michattie, JD, Zohrab, J, and Jeejeebhoy, KN: "Pro- longed Survival after Complete Small Bowel Resection using Intra- venous Alimentation at Home." J Surg Res 15, 226, 1973. "Law, DK, Dudrick, SJ, and Abdou, NI: "The Effect of Dietary Pro- tein Depletion on Immunocompetence. The Importance of Nutrition Repletion Prior to Immunologic Induction." Ann Surg 179, 168, 1974. "Lawrence, W Jr: "Nutritional Consequences of Surgical Resection of the Gastrointestinal Tract for Cancer." ` Cancer Res 37, 2379, 1977. 15Marsh, JC and Mitchell, MS: "Chemotherapy of Cancer." Drug Therapy 1, 43, Oct 1976, and 26, Nov 1976- 16Meakins, JL, Pietsch, JB, Bubenick, 0, Kelly, R, Rode, H, Gordon, 12 J, and MacLean, LD: "Delayed Hypersensitivity: Indicator of Acquired Failure of Host Defenses in Sepsis and Trauma." Ann Surg 186, 241, 1977. "Morrison, SD: "Origins of Anorexia in Neoplastic Disease." Am J Clin Nutr 31, 1104, 1978. tBRambaud, JC, Modigliani, R, Matuchansky, C, Bloom, S, Said, S, Passayre, D, and Bernier, JJ: "Pancreatic Cholera: Studies in Tumoral Secretions and Pathophysiology of Diarrhea." Gastroenterology 69, 110, 1975. 19Reynolds, HM Jr, Daly, JM, Copeland, EM, and Dudrick, SJ: "Ef- fects of Nutritional Repletion on Host and Tumor Response to Chemo- therapy." Fed Proc 37, 261, 1978. 20Shils, ME: "A Program for Total Parenteral Nutrition at Home" Am J Clin Nutr 28, 1429, 1975. 2tShils, ME: "Effects on Nutrition of Surgery of the Liver, Pancreas and Genitourinary Tract." Cancer Res 37, 2387, 1977. 2ZShils, ME: "Nutritional Problems Associated with Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Cancer." Cancer Res 37, 2366, 1977. Z3Shils, ME: "Principles of Nutritional Therapy." Cancer (in press). 24Steiger, E, Oram-Smith, J, Miller, E, et al: "Effects of Nutrition on Tumor Growth and Tolerance to Chemotherapy." J Surg Res 18, 455, 1975. Z5Suskind, RM (ed): Malnutrition and the Immune Response. New York: Raven Press, 1977. 26Theologides, A: "General Perturbations in Host Physiology Caused by Localized Tumors. The Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome." Ann NY Acad Sci 230, 14, 1974. 27Thompson, JC (ed): "Gastrointestinal Hormones." (symposium), Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1975. 28Wilmore, DW: The Metabolic Mangement of the Criticall lll. New York: Plenum Press, 1977, pp 140-143, 173-174. 29Young, VR: "Energy Metabolism and Requirements in the Cancer Patient." Cancer Res 37, 2336, 1977. 30The Verner-Morrison syndrome is also termed pancreatic cholera or the WDHA syndrome. 31Physicians with patients who are potential candidates for HTPN and who are unaware of these centers may obtain information from the National Registry of Patients on Home Total Parenteral Nutrition. The New York Academy of Medicine, 2 East 103 Street, New York City, New York 10029. Attention: the author. Duplication of Nutrition and Cancer, in whole or In part, by any means for any purpose Is illegal. Nutrition and Cancer TIMN 222769

Table 2. Data Availability on Fiber Types PARAMETERS tn O U) w Z 0 Z ~ ~ Z Z Z Q U FIBER zO 0 g N m m U ~O ~ < oW _ ~ 0i= ~ J p J 0 W JZ Uw p t-w ~ zo ~ Q U ~ 0 tZ U z 0 W Z Q w~ z Q 00 O W2 Z ~ O fl J ~ ~ W J Q m ~ J Z tL W J cr ~? ~ - 2 m a > LL m U ~ ~ ? - ~ a ~ Celluloses Solkafloc x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Avicel x x x x x x o x o o x o o x Hemicelluloses Wheat brans x x x x x o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Corn bran x o x x x o x o 0 o x o Brewers grains x x x x x o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Soy fibers, cotyledons x x x x x x o 0 0 0 0 0 0 - o hulls x 0 x 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lignins Alfalfa stems x x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pectins Citrus pulp x x x x x o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Apple pulp x 0 x X X 0 X 0 0 0 0 0 X 0 Cutins Peanut skins Gums Guar x x x o x x x o 0 0 o x o 0 Oat x o x o x x x x o x o x x o Key: x = data: o = no data descriptive knowledge. Some of the gaps exist because the required tech- niques are still lacking or are faulty. Until recently, there were few incentives to develop the techniques relevant to human or monogastric nutrition. Efforts are now under way in the US and in Europe to standardize the parameters and delineate the analyses still lacking. A series of uniform fiber sources for nutrition research is also needed. When different investigators report on a product simultaneously, an evaluator must know that the reports refer to the same product. A supply of batches of appropriate size can ensure this. Batches need not be identical as long as they are well enough described. It is only for basic research on the mechanisms of nutrition that identical experimental substances are required, and for this the researcher seeks chemical and physical puri- ty of components. If research batches of fiber other than the AACC wheat bran are prepared, analyses should be coordinated so as to be comparable among batches. This means that one central laboratory should perform reference analyses on every batch, whether or not the producers have already done their own. A complete set of findings would then be available under conditions that are as nearly alike as possible. For analytical results that are known to vary among laboratories, the central laboratory findings will not be presumed to be more valid than those from other laboratories except for purposes of comparison and standardization. Standardization would involve multiple analyses such as that conducted by AACC and should include as a minimum the determination of (1) fiber composition (crude fiber, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and analyses for each constituent), (2) carbohydrates; (3) lipids; (4) protein; (5) energy; (6) minerals (all nutritional- ly or toxicologically relevant); (7) vitamins; (8) steroids; (9) contaminants; (10) water (hydration capacity, solubil- ity, viscosity in solution/suspension); (11) bulk volume; (12) particle size; (13) pH; (14) digestibility (peptic fermen- tability, persorption); (15) microbiology; (16) phar- macology (bile acid binding, cation exchange, organic chemical binding). Based on the information acquired and on the discus- sion in the two workshops, the following seem to be logical research priorities at the present time: develop- ment of adequate, reproducible assay techniques, par- Duplication of Nutrition and Cancer, in whole or in part, by any means for any purpose is illegal. Vol. I, No. 1 17 TIMN 222770

Table 3. Product Descriptions and Derivatives Cellulose: polysaccharide polymer, (C,H,o05)n, in a linear 3 1-4 configuration; degree of polymerization :5 1000 for wood pulp and 3000 for cotton; molecular weight < 160.000 to 480,000. Solkafloc Delignified wood pulp is made from debarked, chipped logs by chemical digestion to a slurry, which is washed, bleached, and sheeted. The sheets of virtually pure cellulose fibers are shredded and then processed to separate and shorten the individual fibers. The duration of processing governs the degree of fineness. Birch, maple, and beech are the chief woods used, together with poplar, elm, and oak. The end-products are designated as Powdered Cellulose. Research batches available. Avicel Dissolving pulp is treated with dilute mineral acids to disrupt the fibers by hydrolysis. Particles (fibril bundles in the colloidal range) are like those obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis, e.g., by cellulases. After spray-drying, they are porous, plastic, and compressible. Grades of these particles are designated Avicel PH, and they are used as dry powders. When the particles of washed, acid-hydrolyzed cellulose are further processed mechanically before dry- ing, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is added to assist dispersion, the products are graded as Avicel RC, and they are used in aqueous dispersions. - These end-products are designated as Microcrystalline Cellulose. Research batches available. Hemicellulose: cellulose with a degree of polymerization <_ 150; corn hulls are source of pure hemicelluloses. Wheat brans The outer coats of wheat seeds are removed by milling. Wheat bran AACC A blend of mainly Soft White wheats prepared under defined conditions and stored at 0°F for future reference. Research batches available. Corn bran The pericarp portion of the corn kernel, after wet milling, classification by air (the light fraction is selected), washing, pasteurizing, dewatering, drying, and grinding to desired size-range. Brewers' grains Barley malt admixed with rice is dried- milled. and sieved; the end-product is granular and may contain up to 3% hops. Soy fiber: cells A by-product of protein-isolate production: cleaned to extract cell walls (checked by SEM), dried by alternative methods according to the desired end-product. which is fine but may be ground further. The end-products are cur- rently experimental, and data are being developed, hulls A by-product of soybean oil production. Lignin: polymer of incompletely known structure, thought to be noncarbohydrate. found in many plants; wood is 25-30% lignin. Alfalfa stems A by-product of alfalfa protein production; the fraction remaining after removal of leaves from plant. Pectin: a mixture of partly esterified galacturonan, galactan, and araban as polysaccharide polymers of molecular weight 20,000-400,000; 20-60% of the carboxyl groups esterified with methyl groups in natural pectins. Citrus pulp Orange peel and some pulp minus water-solubles, dried and ground by proprietary processes. Product is low in orange-oil, represents 15% of the wet peel or 7.5% of the orange; contains about 60% of the dry matter of the peel. Apple pulp Fresh Mcintosh apples are milled, pressed (dejuiced), water added 1:1, pomace passed through paddle finisher (0.40" screen), sterilized, dried on hot drum (120 °) to < 2% moisture; flakes bladed off, can be ground. Yield ca.8%, 32% insoluble solids, 50% soluble solids. Cutin: a mixture of polysaccharides and waxes that comprises cuticles of plants. Apple skins Skins are separated in wet slurry, dried and ground. Pilot-experiment scale. Peeler removes 1/16", skin is 1t64"; no purification yet. Peanut skins A by-product of peanut processing. Gum: a complex polysaccharide polymer, insoluble in alcohol and other organic solvents, or dispersible in water; hydrates rapidly to give viscous, colloidal solutions or dispersions. Guar gum Guar beans (Cyamopsis tetragonalobus, L) are mechanically dehulled and the endosperm is recovered after dif- ferential grinding and sifting; it is either dry-ground to desired mesh sizes or hydrated and flash-ground to desired particle sizes. The pure gum is a galactomannan. Oat gum The water soluble polymer with alternating cycles of twol3 1-3 and two-to-four /3 1-4 linkages is prepared from mineral-purified oat flour, cut and rolled; the process was patented on June 7, 1977 (Quaker Oats Co.). 18 Duplication of Nutrition and Cancer, in whole or in part, by any means for any purpose is illegal. Nutrition and Cancer - TIMN 222771

Table 4. Product Composition Data COMPOSITION FIBER CONTENT D mU ~ FIBERS m > ~ a n~~ 3 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ D 0 ~ O ~ D N ~ ~ m m N Z~ rn m ? n Z n ~ n m ~ ~ ~ -n 0- c C r ~ m 0 n C) C) 62 - ~ 5~ ~ 7 w O O ~ tD. ~ 10 (D (D 7 N ~ Celluloses Solkafloc - -- - - - - - 0.2-0.4% zero 100 zero zero zero Avicel PH101 zero zero 100 zero 81 97 99,7 zero 4oppm zero 100 zero zero zero PH105 zero zero 100 zero 71 95 98.9 zero 70ppm zero 100 zero zero zero RC501 zero zero 100 zero 64 - 94.1 zero 2.34% zero 100 zero zero zero RC581 zero zero 100 zero 60 - 93.5 zero 2.67% zero 100 zero ' zero zero RC591 zero zero 100 zero 63 - 94.3 zero 2.50% zero 100 zero zero zero Hemicelluloses Wheat brans - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wheat bran AACC 14.3 5.22 - starch 17.40 8.91 40.2 11.9 - 5.12% - - - 3.2% 3.0% zero sugars 7.04 cutins Corn bran 5-7.5 1-2 80 6-9 starch 18-20 90 3 - 0.1 acid-insoluble. ° 20 8 / ° 68 9 / o 0 6 / . zero . 0 . 0 . o Brewers grains 30 2 9 8.2 44.6 - 10 40 . (Nx5.9) (biol. available) 3.5% Soy fiber Cells Hulls 10 1 76 - 38 - - 0.5 4% 73% 39% 8% 7% 19% Lignins Alfalfa stems 12-13 2-3 - 12.6-16.6 17-51 - - - 3.8-5,2 - 50-59°/ 12-16% 14-17% 9-11 °Ao pecti Pectins Citrus pulp 5.92 2.15 - starch 2.1 18.2 27.7 26.62 - 3.48 - - - 0.26 32.0 pectin (orange flour) sugars 7.0 Apple pulp 1.1 0.3 9.1 7.5 - - - 3.8 1.5 - - - - 5-8% pectin Cutins Peanut skins GumsI Guar gum 5-6 0.5-0.8 - - 1.5-5 - - - 0.5-0.9 - - - - 78-82°i° gum (Jaquar A-40-F) Oat gum "as defined by the manufacturer

Table 5. Physical Characteristics PHYSICAL DATA lL ~ N W ~ Z 0 ~ (J) < } ~ FIBERS O U Q ~ ~ J cc ¢ O 0 ~ ~ < ~ cn x m a (n > "Dry" Max kg/liter Mesh =#/#m ?/g-' Cps Celluloses Solkafloc SW40 7 glg 0.15-0.17 16 x 100-140 (av.) itm - 18-30 (1 %, 25 °C) BW40 5 g/g 0.3-0.4 16 x 50-60 (av.) pm 0.061 18-30 (1 %, 25 °C) BW 100 3.6 g/g 0.45-0.55 16 x 35-45 (av.) pm 0.055 18-30 (1 %, 25 °C) (see data sheets) Avicel PH101 <5% - 0.27-0.32 50 (av.) ym 11-24 - PH102 <5% - 0.27-0.32 100 (av.) µm 10-14 - PH103 <3% - 0.27-0.32 50 (av.) µm 11-42 - PH105 <5% - 0.27-0.32 20 (av.) pm 20-42 - RC501 <6% - 0.59 30-35°% < 0.2 um - - RC581 < 6% 0.59 60-70% < 0.2 µm - - RC591 <6% - 0.59 60-70% < 0.2 pm - - Nemicelluloses Wheat brans - 65-67 0.15 1590 (av.) pm - - Wheat bran AACC 10.4% 9.5 g/g - 1°/o on #10. 33°ro on #30 - - trace thru #70 Corn bran 6-9% s3.8g/g - - - - Brewers grains 3.7% 3-7 gig 0.46 ad libitum - 20-40 (3%, 25 °C) 120-220 (5 %, 25 °C) Soy fiber cells - = 0.16-0.48 - - - hulls 9% 3.2 g/g - all thru #40. 95°~o thru #60, 75°!o thru #100 - - Lign,ins Alfalfa stems - - - - - Pectins Citrus pulp 48 10.6g/g ca 0.47 2.6°fo on #10. 52°% on #230. 75% on #400 - - Apple pulp <2.5 5gtg 0.17 powder: all thru #100 - - flakes: all thru #8. 10-25% thru #30 Cutins Peanut skins Gums Guar gum 10-15% 90% sol. - - - 3800 (1 %, 25 °C) Oat gum all soluble range 20-600 ad libitum 100-200 (1%, 25°C) Duplication of Nutrition and Cancer, in whole or in part, by any means tor any purpose is illegal. 20 Nutrition and Cancer TIMN 222773

Table 6. Elemental Data MINERALS D ~ N oo 00 tA a w 0 o c m Q ~ ~ a:1 FIBERS D c D ~ D W n w w s w ~ ~ ~ ~ m w ' y 3 pW a 3 c ~ 0 ~ o ~o r ~ ai c B 0 ~ > ~ c 3 c ~ o ~ _ c B _ c 3 _ c B w ~ ~ _ o ~ w a c. 3 ~. 3 parts per million (ppm) Celluloses Soikafioc 4 <0.1 <0.12 3 <0.1 0.5 <0.02 200 0.2 - 1 100 0.6 0.5 50 Avicel PH101 - <0.5 <0.45 - - - <0.03 1.3 - - <0.1 1.6 <0.5 - 0.7 Avicel PH105 - <0.5 <0.45 - - - <0.03 2.4 - - <0.1 2.7 <0.5 - 1.1 Avicel RC501 - <0.5 <0.45 - - - <0.03 43.8 - - <0.1 4.5 <0.5 - 3.7 Avicet RC581 - <0.5 <0.45 - - - <0.03 28.3 - - <0.1 7.7 <0.5 - 3.3 Avicel RC591 - <0.5 <0.45 - - - <0.03 39.3 - - <0.1 7.9 <0.5 - 2.9 Hemicelluloses ~ 8 Wheat brans - - - - - - - 12 - - 8-19 23 0 - - 1 1K Wheat bran, AACC 5 - <0.1 45.07 - 4.5 2.8 1200 - 39.2 15.6 122 2.3 - 4300 Corn bran - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Brewers grains - - - - - - - 3100 - - 28 160 - - 2700 Soy fiber, cells - - 1.2 - - - 0.23 - - - 4.3 - 0.37 - - Soy fiber, hulls - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lignins 8K- Alfalfa stems 16-73 - - 15-72 - - - - - 5-18 30-85 - - ~ Pectins Citrus pulp <6 - <0.1 9.2 - 32.6 <0.2 7660 - 2.4 9.9 91.6 <1.2 - 1060 Apple puip - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cutins Peanut skins - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gums Guar gum - - - - - - - - - - - trace < 10 - - Oat gum - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

N Table 6. Elemental Data (continued) MINERALS ~ 2: o Z v ~ ~ cn z c~ cn ~ ~ ? w FI BERS m w ~ ~ o o m ~ m c° ~ ~ Q a Z r n 'o w ~ (1) m v? ~ o 0 m D m ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ o ~ 3 9 ° o, 3 C 3 ~ ~ C N .n. parts per million (ppm) Celluloses Solkafloc 2 <0.1 0.3 0.2 30 - - 10 0.05 500 10.5 2 0.2 0.3 - Avicel PH101 - <0.04 - - <1.0 3.7 - - - 5.9 - - - <0.02 - Avicel PH105 - <0.04 - - <1.0 2.5 - - - 24.9 - - - <0.02 - Avicel RC501 - <0.04 - - <1.0 26.5 - - - 70K - - - <0.02 - Avicel RC581 - <0.04 - - <1.0 10.2 - - - 81K - - - <0.02 - Avicel RC591 - <0.04 - - <1.0 10.7 - - - 80K - - - <0.13 - Hemicelluloses ~ Wheat brans 2 - - - 1&47 - - 4 ,5 16K 105 Wheat bran, AACC 80 0.002 - - 10400 13800 0.1 35 - 1000 - - - 54.5 - Corn bran - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Brewers grains 60 - - - 6300 400 - - - 150 - - - - - Soy fiber, cells - <0.5 - - - - - - - - - - - 43 - Soy fiber, hulls - - - - 890 - - - - - - - _ - 53 - Lignins 1600- 3900- Alfalfa stems 1036 - - - 5100 20000 - - - 11b4 - - - 26-69 - Pectins Citrus pulp 6 <0.5 - - 1130 11570 0.04 220 386 - - - - 19.3 - Apple pulp - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cutins Peanut skins - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gums Guar gum - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 Oat gum - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Table 7. Pharmacological Data PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA c7 z w Z N } ~ Z W Z m F- Z 0 U F- _J Z = W Z FIBERS m m U 2 0 O Z ° X w W Z ~ ~ W 0 v J ~ ~ W Q u' _ Q O W u- °0 0 cc t- ? ~ a mEq/ mEq/g Celluloses Cu4-+ 0.054, pH 5.0 < 0.003% N Solkafloc - - 0.04 0.013, pH 3.0 - Cu number 1-2 - Fe++0.018, pH 3.0 Avicel PH101 - 1.7±0.2 - - - - zero PH102 - 1.2±0.8 - - - - zero PH105 - 2.3±0.7 - - - - - zero RC501 - 1.1 ± 0.7 - - - - zero RC581 - 1.7 ± 1.0 - - - - zero RC591 - 0.5 ± 0.3 - - - - zero Hemicelluloses Wheat brans - - - - - - - Wheat bran AACC - - - - - - - - Corn bran - - - - - - - - Brewers grains - - - - - - - Soy fiber Cells - - - - - - - - Hulls - - - - - - - - Lignins Alfalfa stems - -- 22.9±0.7 - - - - - Pectins Citrus pulp - - - - - - - Apple pulp at >26% - - - - generally, - moisture zero Cutins Apple skins Peanut skins Gums Guar gum 100% - insolubilized by - biodegradable - - polyvalent cations Oat gum 100% - - - - zero - Duplication of Nutrition and Cancer, in whole or in part, by any means for any purpose Is illegal. Vol. I, No. 1 23 TIMN 222776

Table.8. Contributors to this Study SUBSTANCES SUPPLIERS CORPORATE OFFICERS SCIENTISTS Celluloses Solkafloc. e.g., Brown Company Mr. Anthony Santucci Emerson E. Morse, Ph.D. SW40 Berlm-Gorham Division Vice-President. Marketing Director, Technical Services BW40 650 Main Street Brown Company (Berlin. NH) BW100 Berlin. NH 03570 Berlin Gorham Division 603/752-4600 555 5th Avenue New York, NY 10017 212/986-8590 Avicel, e.g., Food Machinery & Chemical Corp. Mr. V. Gordon Clemens Robert O. Barfoot PH101, PH102, PH103, Chemical Group Headquarters General Manager Business Development Analyst PH105 2000 Market Street FMC Food & Pharmaceutical (Philadelphia, PA) RC501, RC581, RC591 Philadelphia. PA 19103 Products Group 215/299fi458 IPhiladelphia. PA) Corn bran A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co. Mr. Nathan Kessler Robert V. Shanefelt. Ph.D. (high xylan) 2200 Eldorado Street Group Vice President. Technicat Director. Food & Agricultural Prod. Decatur, IL 62525 (Decatur. IL) Research & Development (Decatur. IL) 217/423-0411 Hemicelluloses Wheat brans North Dakota State University Mr. T.W. Edminster William Shuey. Ph.D. Hard red spring Soring Wheat Quality Laboratory Administrator (Fargo. ND) Hard red winter Cereal Chemistry & Tech. Dept. USDA. ARC. OA 7011237-7 7 1 1 Soft red spring Fargo, ND 58102 Administration Building. Room 302A Soft red winter Washington. D.C. 20026 Soft white AACC 2021447-3656 (FTS) Durum AACC Soft White American Association of -Cereal Mr. Raymond J. Tarleton Joseph D. Mullen. Ph.D. Chemists Executive Vice President Dept. Head. Applied Research 3340 Pilot Knob Road AACC General Mills. Inc. St. Paul. MN 55121 tSt. Paul. MN) James Ford Bell Technical Center 612i454-7250 9000 Plymouth Avenue, N. Minneapolis, MN 55427 John V. Luck. Ph.D. Vice President & Technical Director General Mills. Inc. (Minneapolis. MN) 612/540-4417 Joseph D. Mullen, Ph.D. (same address) 612/5404417 Brewers grains Anheuser-Busch. Inc. Ernest A. Robbins. Ph.D. Ernest A. Robbins. Ph.D. 721 Pestalozzi Street Associate Director. Yeast (same address) St. Louis, MO 63118 Products Research (St. Louis, MO) 314/577-3321 Soy fiber concentrates Cotyledons Ralston Purina Company Mr. J.J. Anton Wayne R. Moore, Ph.D. 900 Checkerboard Square Divisional Vice President, Protein (St. Louis. MO) St. Louis, MO 63118 & Dairy Foods Systems Marketing 314/982-3477 (St. Louis, MO) Hulls Archer Daniels Midland. Inc. Mr. James R. Randall Frank Horan, Ph.D. P.O. Box 1470 President (Decatur, IL) Decatur, IL 62525 (Decatur, IL) 217/424-5200 Lignins Alfalfa stems USDA Regional Research Center Mr. T. W. Edminster George O. Kohler, Ph.D. 800 Buchanan Street Administrator (Albany, GA) Albany, GA 94710 USDA, ARC, OA 415/486-3753 Administration Building, Room 302A Washington, D.C. 20026 202/4463658 (FTS) 24 Duplication of Nutrition and Cancer, in whole or in part, by any means for any purpose Is illegal. Nutrition and Cancer TIMN 222777