Evaluation of the Potential Carcinogenicity of Electromagnetic Fields. Workshop Review Draft.

RJ Reynolds

Evaluation of the Potential Carcinogenicity of Electromagnetic Fields. Workshop Review Draft.

Date: 09 Jun 1990
Length: 437 pages
509737432-509737868
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Request: 4rfp9; Minnesota; 1rfp93; Burton; 2rfp4
Referenced Document: Carcinogen Risk Assessment Guidelines, by Epa, 860000. Environmental Epidemiology Program, State of Hawaii, 860000. International Classification of Disease. U.S. Department of Labor's Dictionary of Occupational Titles, by US Dept of Labor, 770000. Standar
Box: Rjr2311
Site: R&D; Biochem Biobehavioral-Sci Affairs; Secretary; Dobbins Db
Date Loaded: 27 Feb 1998
Type: REPORT; DRAFT
Author: Epa; Mcgaughy, R.E.; Gailey, P.C.; Easterly, C.E.; Ornl; Hill, D.; Bayliss, D.; Whitfield, B.L.; Daugherty, M.L.
Named Person: Epa; Hertz; Univ, O.F. Wa; Prausnitz; Susskind; Spalding; Szmigielski; Baum; Ontario Hydroelectric Power; Us Air Force; Univ, O.F. Rochester; Us Embassy; Fcc; Portsmouth Naval Shipyard; Mcgaughy, R.E.; Us Dept, O.F. Energy; Centers For Disease Control; Nci; List, O.F. Reviewers; Maxwell; Gandhi; Polk; Postow; Ansi; Ncrp; Barber; Chen; G, U.Y.; Barnes; Seyedmodani; Weaver; Astumian; Who; Ostp; Florig; Kaune; Blank; Findl; Liboff; Blackman; Thomas; Ny Power Lines Project; Smith; Bawin; Adey; Halle; Durney; Lorentz; Frohlich; Davie, S.; Lawrence; Grundler; Kaiser; Elder; List, O.F. Referenced Authors; Ri Hospital; Swedish Cancer Registry; Co Central Cancer Registry; Thames Cancer Registry; Wertheimer; Leeper; Savitz; Fulton; Tomenius; Hellstorom; Enander; Myers; Health Service; Electricity Boards; Public Service, C.O. Of, C.O.; Aldrich; Glorieux; Castro; Spitz; Johnson; Tx, S.T. Dept, O.F. Health; Hsieh; Wilkins; Koutras; Hoar; Prestonmartin; Henderson; Pe Ters; Lin; Mattsson; Wallgren; Lu; Meyer; Lilienfeld; Pollack; Us Senate; Robinette; Silverman; Jablon; Navy; Veterans Administration; Milham; American Radio Relay League; Mantiply, E.; Hi Dept, O.F. Health; Hill; Ma Institute, O.F. Technology; Radiation Laboratory; Social Security Administration; Natl Center For Health Statistics; Intl Classification, O.F. Diseases; Cox; Szmielgelski; Coleman; Mcdowall; Natl Health Service; Severson; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Sys; Univ, O.F. Southern, C.A.; Wiklund; Einhorn; Eklund; Swedish Telecommunications Administ; Natl Cancer Registry; Howe; Lindsay; Beral; Olin; Vagero; Ahlbom; Swedens Royal Institute, O.F. Technolo; Barregard; Jarvholm; Ungethum; Tornqvist; Obrams; Gubera, N.; General Cancer Registry; Matanoski; Elliott; Breysse; Ny Telephone; Matanoski, G.; Stevens; Wright; Mack; Bell; Skeet; Pearce; Calle; Gilman; Ames; Mc Cawley; Natl Institute For Occupational Saf; Flodin; Stern; Linet; Natl Swedish Cancer Registry; Swedish Cancer Environment Registry; United Nations Intl Labor Off; Juutilainen; Pukkala; Laara; Finnish Cancer Registry; Central Statistical Off, O.F. Finland; Reif; Fraser; Registrar General; Speers; Dobbins; Miller; Us Bureau, O.F. Census; Loomis; Swerdlow; Deguire; Quebec Tumor Registry; Portland Vancouver Standard Metropo; List, O.F. Occupational Study Institut; List, O.F. Principal Investigators; List, O.F. Sponsors; Cancer Control, A.G. Of British Columb; Childrens Cancer Study Group; Canadian Electrical Assn; Central Electricity Generating Boar; Electric Power Research Institute; Brazilian Research Funding Council; Health & Welfare Council; Intl, A.G. For Research, O.N. Cancer; Johns Hopkins Univ; Sweden Natl Board, O.F. Energy; Sweden Natl Energy Administration; Natl Institute, O.F. Environmental Hea; Natl Institute, O.F. Occupational Heal; Natl School, O.F. Public Health; Osvido Cruz Foundation; Univ, O.F. Nc; Microwave News; Chou; Kunz; Kunz, L.; Oboyle, S.; Computer Sciences; American Natl Standards Institute; Camm Research Institute; Yale Univ; Wilson; Gart; Snedecor; Cochran; Nih; Harlan Laboratories; Charles River Breeding Laboratories; Mackenzie; Garner; Altman; Natl Library, O.F. Medicine; Anver; Bravo; Bosland; Bar; Gopinath; Roe; Tischler; Delil Lis; Hollander; Snell; Szudzinski; Skidmore; Bassen, H.; Merritt, J.H.; Lu, S.T.; Green; Strekova; Spitkovskii; Whitson; Panchuk; Takahashi; Swic Ord; Davis; Chang; Averbec; Dardalhon; Portnov; Lee; List, O.F. Reference Authors; Danilenko; Harte; Steiner; Blevins; Dubrov; Goswami; Dave; Nauman; Strzhizhovskii; Mastryukova; Rudneva; Eberle; May; Elnahas; Oraby
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United States Office of Health and EPA/600i6-90i005A Environmental Protection Environmental Assessment June 1990 Agency Washington DC 20460 Workshop Review Draft Research and Development vwEPA Evaluation of the Workshop Y Potential Review `_ Carcinogenicity of Draft Electroma netic (Do Not g Fields Cite or Quote) Notice This document is a preliminary draft. It has not been formally released by EPA and should not at this stage be construed to represent Agency policy. It is being circulated for comment on its technical accuracy and policy implications. 0

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DRAFT DO NOT OUOTE OR CITE EPA/600/6-90/005A June 1990 Workshop Draft EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL CARCINOGENICITY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS NOTICE ,. THIS DOCUMENT IS A PRELIMINARY DRAFT. It has not been formally released by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and should not at this stage be construed to represent Agency policy. It is being circulated for comment on its technical accuracy and policy implications. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C.

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DRAFT - DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE DISCLAIMER This document is for review purposes only. It has not been subjected to peer and administrative review and does not constitute Agency policy. Mention of trade names or commercial products does ~ not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. -0 06/09/90 u

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! DRAFT - DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................... 1-1 2. MECHANISMS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC TISSUE INTERACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2.1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2.2. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD COUPLING WITH THE BODY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9 2.3. AMBIENT EXPOSURE ................................................ 2-19 2.4. PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF INTERACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23 2.4.1. Surface Compartment Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23 2.4.2. Ion Cyclotron Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-26 2.4.3. Cooperative Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 2 .............................................. 2-37 3. EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (EMFs) AND CANCER ........ 3-1 3.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 3-1 3.2. STUDIES OF CHILDREN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 3.2.1. 50 or 60 Hertz Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 3.2.2. EMF Exposure at Unspecffied Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-37 3.2.3. Summary .................................................... 3-42 a 0 !~w 3.3. STUDIES OF ADULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-50 3.3.1. Radiofrequency Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-50 3.3.2. 50/60 Hertz Exposures or EMF Exposure to Unspecified Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - . . 3.73 3.3.2.1. Residential (50/60 Hz) . . . . ..... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-73 3.3.2.2. Occupational . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-94 3.3.2.2.1. Multiple Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-94 3.3.2.2.2. Cancer of the Hematopoietic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-110 3.3.2.2.3. Cancer of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-126 3.3.2.2.4. Malignant Melanoma of the Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-135 3.3.3. Summary ................................................... 3-138 3.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-144 3.4.1. Summary .................................................... 3-144 06/09/90 iii

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0 DRAFT - DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 3.4.1.1. Childhood Cancer ...................................... 3-144 3.4.1.2. Radiofrequency Radiation ................................ 3-147 3.4.1.3. Adults Residentially Exposed to Electromagnetic Fields .......... 3-148 3.4.1.4. Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Radiation ............ 3-149 3.4.2. Conclusions ................................................. 3-154 ~ 3.5. OTHER END POINTS ................................................ 3-156 3.6. ONGOING RESEARCH ............................................... 3-156 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3 ............................................ 3-161 . 4. ANIMAL STUDIES ......................................................... 4-1 4.1. UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON LONG-TERM RAT STUDY ...................... 4-1 4.1.1. Description of Study ............................................ 4-2 0 4.1.1.1. Animal Facility ......................................... 4-2 4.1.1.2. Animals .............................................. 4-3 4.1.1.3. Microwave Exposure ..................................... 4-3 4.1.1.4. Protocol of the Experiment ................................ 4-6 4.1.2. Results of Study ............................................... 4-6 4.1.2.1. Behavior and Corticosterone ............................... 4-6 4.1.2.2. I mmune Competence .................................... 4-7 4.1.2.3. Blood Chemistry and Hematologic Measurements .............. . 4-7 4.1.2.4. Metabolism ..................... F ....................... 4-8 4.1.2.5. Survival ............................................. 4-10 4.1.2.6. Histopathologic Findings ................................. 4-12 4.1.2.6.1. Tumor incidence ............................... 4-12 4.1.2.6.1.1. Adrenal medulla tumors ................ 4-14 4.1.2.6.1.2. Glandular tumors ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18 ' 4.1.2.6.1.3. Exposure-induced changes in progression of tumors .......................... 4-20 4.1.2.6.1.4. Malignant tumors of all sites .............. 4-21 4.1.2.6.2. Historical Controls .............................. 4-23 / 4.1.2.7. Summary of Results ..................................... 4-25 4.1.2.8. Discussion ............................................ 4-27 4 2 PRAUSNITZ AND SUSSKIND (1962) STUDY 4-31 v, . . ................................. m ~ 4 3 4-33 ~ SPALDING ET AL (1971) STUDY . . . ......................................... W . ~ 06/09/90 iv ~ w Ln

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DRAFT - DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 4.4. SZMIGIELSKI ET AL. (1982) REPORT ...................................... 4-33 4.5. BAUM ET AL. (1976) STUDY ........................................... ~. 4-35 4.6. STUDIES IN PROGRESS OR PLANNED STUDIES ............................. 4-37 4.6.1. Ontario Hydroelectric Power Company ............................... 4-37 4.6.2. U.S. Air Force ................................................ 4-37 4.6.3. The University of Rochester ...................................... 4-37 4.7. SUMMARY OF LONG-TERM ANIMAL STUDIES ............................... 4-38 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4 .............................................. 4-43 5. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE OF CARCINOGENICITY ................................. 5-1 5.1. EVIDENCE FOR GENOTOXICITY OR NON-GENOTOXICITY ..................... 5-1 5.1.1. Introduction ................................................... 5-1 5.1.2. Effects on Nucleic Acids ......................................... 5-2 5.1.2.1. Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields ............... 5-2 5.1.2.2. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields ....................... 5-5 5.1.3. Gene Mutations ................................................ 5-7 5.1.3.1. Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields ............... 5-7 5.1.3.2. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields ....................... 5-10 5.1.4. Chromosome Effects ............................................. 5-12 5.1.4.1. Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields ............... 5-12 5.1.4.2. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields ....................... .5-17 5.1.4.3. Summary ............................................. 5-21 5.1.5. Summary of Genetic Effects ....................................... 5-22 5.2. EFFECTS ON MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS ..................................... 5-28 5.2.1. Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields ....................... 5-29 5.2.2. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields ............................... 5-35 5.2.3. Summary .................................................... _ 5-36 5.3. EFFECTS ON TRANSCRIPTION, TRANSLATION, AND CELL TRANSFORMATION ...... 5-37 5.3.1. Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields ....................... 5-37 5.3.2. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields ............................... 5-43 5.3.3. Summary .................................................... 5-45 06/09/90 v

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DRAFT - DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 5.4. CALCIUM EFFLUX FROM BRAIN TISSUE ................................... 5-46 5.4.1. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ................................... 5-46 5.4.2. Modulated RF Fields ............................................ 5-50 5.4.3. Unmodulated RF Fields .......................................... 5-54 5.4.4. Summary .................................................... 5-54 5.5. PARATHYROID HORMONE AND THE PLASMA MEMBRANE ..................... 5-55 5.5.1. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ................................... 5-56 5.5.2. Modulated RF Fields ............................................ 5-60 5.5.3. Unmodulated RF Fields .......................................... 5-60 5.5.4. Summary .................................................... 5-61 5.6. INTRACELLULAR ENZYME RESPONSES ................................... 5-61 5.6.1. Protein Kinases ................................................ 5-61 5.6.1.1. Modulated RF Fields ..................................... 5-61 5.6.2. Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity .................................... 5-63 5.6.2.1. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ............................ 5-63 5.6.2.2. Modulated RF Fields ..................................... 5-65 5.6.2.3. Summary ............................................. 5-67 5.7. HORMONE EFFECTS ................................................. 5-68 5.7.1. Background: Melatonin and Cancer ................................. 5-68 5.7.2. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ................................... 5-70 5.7.3. Modulated RF Fields ............................................ 5-73 5.7.4. Unmodulated RF Fields .......................................... 5-73 5.7.5. Summary .................................................... 5-73 5.8. GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION ........................................ 5-74 5.8.1. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ................................... 5-74 .5.8.2. Modulated RF Fields ............................................ 5-79 1.8.3. RF Fields ..................................................... 5-79 5.8.4. Static Electric Field ............................................. 5-79 5.8.5. Summary .................................................... 5-80 5.9. IMMUNOLOGIC/HEMATOLOGIC EFFECTS ................................. 5-80 5.9.1. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ................................... 5-81 5.9.2. Modulated RF Fields ............................................ 5-85 5.9.3. Unmodulated RF Fields ........................................... 5-87 5.9.4. Summary .................................................... 5-91 06/09/90 vi

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DRAFT - DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 5.9.4.1. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ............................ 5-91 5.9.4.2. Modulated and Unmodulated RF Fields ....................... 5-94 5.10. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS ................................... 5-95 5.10.1. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ................................... 5-95 0 5.10.2. Modulated RF Fields ............................................ 5-97 ,K- 5.10.3. Unmodulated RF Fields .......................................... 5-97 5.10.4. Summary .................................................... 5-99 5.11. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS FOR SUPPORTING EVIDENCE OF CARCINOGENICITY ................................................... 5-100 ~ 5.11.1. Summary ................................................... 5-100 5.11.2. Conclusions ................................................. 5-105 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 5 ............................................. 5-107 6. RESEARCH NEEDS ....................................................... 6-1 6.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 6-1 6.2. INFORMATION NEEDS ARISING FROM THE EVALUATION OF THIS DOCUMENT .................................................... 6-2 6.2.1. Epidemiology Research Needs ............. . .................... . . . . 6-2 6.2.2. Laboratory Research Needs ....................................... 6-3 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .............................................. 7-1 7.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 7-1 7.2. MECHANISMS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN TISSUE AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS 7-1 7.3. HUMAN EVIDENCE .................................................... 7-2 7.3.1. Studies of children .............................................. 7-3 7.3.2 Studies of adults ................. .. . ... ... ... ... ... 7-4 ~ . .... .. . . . . . . 7.3.2.1. Residential Exposure to Power Frequency Fields ................ 7-4 7.3.2.2. Occupational Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency and Mixed Frequency Fields ....................... 7-5 7.3.2.3. Radiofrequency Exposure ................................. 7-6 7.3.3. Summary of Human Evidence ..................................... 7-6 7.4. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY EVIDENCE ................................... 7-8 7.4.1. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ................................... 7-8 i 06/09/90 vii 9

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DRAFT - DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE 7.4.2. Radiofrequency Radiation ........................................ 7-8 7.4.2.1. Unmodulated Radiofrequency Radiation ....................... 7-8 7.4.2.2. Modulated Radiofrequency Radiation ......................... 7.9 7.5. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE OF CARCINOGENICITY ........................... 7.10 7.6. INTEGRATED DISCUSSION OF SEPARATE CHAPTERS ....................... 7-11 06/09/90 viii

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0 DRAFT - DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE TABLES Table 2-1. Factors affecting Internal exposure conditions .......................... 2-10 Table 3-1. Summary of studies of childhood cancer ............................... 3-2 Table 3-2. Distribution of cases and controls according to various residences coded as high current configuration (HCC) or low current configuration (LCC) for total cancers ............................................ 3-6 Table 3-3. Distribution of cases and controls according to various residences coded as HCC or LCC for specific cancer sites .......................... 3-8 Table 3-4. Odds ratios for the distribution of the 2,098 dwellings of cancer cases and controls by type of electrical structure visible within 150 meters ........... 3-15 Table 3-5. Magnetic field measurements for case and control dwellings and odds ratios by magnetic field level and type of electrical construction .............. 3-18 Table 3-6. Risk ratios for specific cancer sites and magnetic field level ................. 3-20 Table 3-7. Distribution of cases and controls by distance from overhead power lines and by cancer type ........................................... 3-23 Table 3-8. Distribution of cases and controls by estimated magnetic field level in ~ milligauss (mG) and by cancer type .................................. 3-24 Table 3-9. Eligibility, response, and losses for cancer cases, case subgroups, and controls: Denver standard metropolitan area statistical area ................. 3-25 Table 3-10. Distribution of electric and magnetic field measurements and wire codes for cancer cases, case subgroups, and controls: Denver standard metropolitan statistical area ......................................... 3-27 Table 3-11. Cancer risk in relation to measured magnetic fields and electric fields, under low or high power use conditions, in residences occupied at diagnosis: Denver standard metropolitan statistical area ................... 3-29 Table 3-12. Cancer risk (odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses) in relation to magnetic fields and electric fields, categorized into two exposure groups' and measured under low or high power use conditions, in residences occupied at diagnosis: Denver standard metropolitan statistical area ......................................... 3-30 06/09/90 ~ m ~ J W ix ~, ~ ~ m

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RJ Reynolds