RJ Reynolds
Evaluation of the Potential Carcinogenicity of Electromagnetic Fields. Workshop Review Draft.
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- Carcinogen Risk Assessment Guidelines, by Epa, 860000. Environmental Epidemiology Program, State of Hawaii, 860000. International Classification of Disease. U.S. Department of Labor's Dictionary of Occupational Titles, by US Dept of Labor, 770000. Standar
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- Natl Institute, O.F. Environmental Hea
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- Osvido Cruz Foundation
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- Microwave News
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United States Office of Health and EPA/600i6-90i005A
Environmental Protection Environmental Assessment June 1990
Agency Washington DC 20460 Workshop Review Draft
Research and Development
vwEPA Evaluation of the Workshop
Y Potential Review
`_ Carcinogenicity of Draft
Electroma netic (Do Not
g
Fields Cite or Quote)
Notice
This document is a preliminary draft. It has not been formally
released by EPA and should not at this stage be construed to
represent Agency policy. It is being circulated for comment on its
technical accuracy and policy implications.
0
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EPA/600/6-90/005A
June 1990
Workshop Draft
EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL CARCINOGENICITY OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
NOTICE
,.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A PRELIMINARY DRAFT. It has not been formally released by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency and should not at this stage be construed to represent Agency
policy.
It is being circulated for comment on its technical accuracy and policy implications.
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C.
DRAFT - DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE
DISCLAIMER
This document is for review purposes only. It has not been subjected to peer and administrative
review and does not constitute Agency policy. Mention of trade names or commercial products does
~
not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................... 1-1
2. MECHANISMS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC TISSUE INTERACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-1
2.1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD COUPLING WITH THE BODY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.3. AMBIENT EXPOSURE ................................................ 2-19
2.4. PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF INTERACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 2-23
2.4.1. Surface Compartment Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 2-23
2.4.2. Ion Cyclotron Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 2-26
2.4.3. Cooperative Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 2-32
REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 2 .............................................. 2-37
3. EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (EMFs) AND CANCER ........ 3-1
3.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 3-1
3.2. STUDIES OF CHILDREN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 3-4
3.2.1. 50 or 60 Hertz Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 3-4
3.2.2. EMF Exposure at Unspecffied Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 3-37
3.2.3. Summary .................................................... 3-42
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3.3. STUDIES OF ADULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 3-50
3.3.1. Radiofrequency Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 3-50
3.3.2. 50/60 Hertz Exposures or EMF Exposure to Unspecified
Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. - - - . . 3.73
3.3.2.1. Residential (50/60 Hz) . . . . ..... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 3-73
3.3.2.2. Occupational . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 3-94
3.3.2.2.1. Multiple Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-94
3.3.2.2.2. Cancer of the Hematopoietic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-110
3.3.2.2.3. Cancer of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-126
3.3.2.2.4. Malignant Melanoma of the Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-135
3.3.3. Summary ................................................... 3-138
3.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 3-144
3.4.1. Summary .................................................... 3-144
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3.4.1.1. Childhood Cancer ...................................... 3-144
3.4.1.2. Radiofrequency Radiation ................................ 3-147
3.4.1.3. Adults Residentially Exposed to Electromagnetic Fields .......... 3-148
3.4.1.4. Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Radiation ............ 3-149
3.4.2. Conclusions ................................................. 3-154 ~
3.5. OTHER END POINTS ................................................ 3-156
3.6. ONGOING RESEARCH ............................................... 3-156
REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3 ............................................ 3-161
.
4. ANIMAL STUDIES ......................................................... 4-1
4.1. UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON LONG-TERM RAT STUDY ...................... 4-1
4.1.1. Description of Study ............................................ 4-2
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4.1.1.1. Animal Facility ......................................... 4-2
4.1.1.2. Animals .............................................. 4-3
4.1.1.3. Microwave Exposure ..................................... 4-3
4.1.1.4. Protocol of the Experiment ................................ 4-6
4.1.2. Results of Study ............................................... 4-6
4.1.2.1. Behavior and Corticosterone ............................... 4-6
4.1.2.2. I mmune Competence .................................... 4-7
4.1.2.3. Blood Chemistry and Hematologic Measurements .............. . 4-7
4.1.2.4. Metabolism ..................... F ....................... 4-8
4.1.2.5. Survival ............................................. 4-10
4.1.2.6. Histopathologic Findings ................................. 4-12
4.1.2.6.1. Tumor incidence ............................... 4-12
4.1.2.6.1.1. Adrenal medulla tumors ................ 4-14
4.1.2.6.1.2. Glandular tumors ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18 '
4.1.2.6.1.3. Exposure-induced changes in progression of
tumors ..........................
4-20
4.1.2.6.1.4. Malignant tumors of all sites .............. 4-21
4.1.2.6.2. Historical Controls .............................. 4-23
/
4.1.2.7. Summary of Results ..................................... 4-25
4.1.2.8. Discussion ............................................ 4-27
4
2 PRAUSNITZ AND SUSSKIND (1962) STUDY 4-31 v,
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SPALDING ET AL
(1971) STUDY
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4.4. SZMIGIELSKI ET AL. (1982) REPORT ...................................... 4-33
4.5. BAUM ET AL. (1976) STUDY ........................................... ~. 4-35
4.6. STUDIES IN PROGRESS OR PLANNED STUDIES ............................. 4-37
4.6.1. Ontario Hydroelectric Power Company ............................... 4-37
4.6.2. U.S. Air Force ................................................ 4-37
4.6.3. The University of Rochester ...................................... 4-37
4.7. SUMMARY OF LONG-TERM ANIMAL STUDIES ............................... 4-38
REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4 .............................................. 4-43
5. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE OF CARCINOGENICITY ................................. 5-1
5.1. EVIDENCE FOR GENOTOXICITY OR NON-GENOTOXICITY ..................... 5-1
5.1.1. Introduction ................................................... 5-1
5.1.2. Effects on Nucleic Acids ......................................... 5-2
5.1.2.1. Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields ............... 5-2
5.1.2.2. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields ....................... 5-5
5.1.3. Gene Mutations ................................................ 5-7
5.1.3.1. Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields ............... 5-7
5.1.3.2. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields ....................... 5-10
5.1.4. Chromosome Effects ............................................. 5-12
5.1.4.1. Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields ............... 5-12
5.1.4.2. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields ....................... .5-17
5.1.4.3. Summary ............................................. 5-21
5.1.5. Summary of Genetic Effects ....................................... 5-22
5.2. EFFECTS ON MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS ..................................... 5-28
5.2.1. Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields ....................... 5-29
5.2.2. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields ............................... 5-35
5.2.3. Summary .................................................... _ 5-36
5.3. EFFECTS ON TRANSCRIPTION, TRANSLATION, AND CELL TRANSFORMATION ...... 5-37
5.3.1. Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields ....................... 5-37
5.3.2. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields ............................... 5-43
5.3.3. Summary .................................................... 5-45
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5.4. CALCIUM EFFLUX FROM BRAIN TISSUE ................................... 5-46
5.4.1. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ................................... 5-46
5.4.2. Modulated RF Fields ............................................ 5-50
5.4.3. Unmodulated RF Fields .......................................... 5-54
5.4.4. Summary .................................................... 5-54
5.5. PARATHYROID HORMONE AND THE PLASMA MEMBRANE ..................... 5-55
5.5.1. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ................................... 5-56
5.5.2. Modulated RF Fields ............................................ 5-60
5.5.3. Unmodulated RF Fields .......................................... 5-60
5.5.4. Summary .................................................... 5-61
5.6. INTRACELLULAR ENZYME RESPONSES ................................... 5-61
5.6.1. Protein Kinases ................................................ 5-61
5.6.1.1. Modulated RF Fields ..................................... 5-61
5.6.2. Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity .................................... 5-63
5.6.2.1. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ............................ 5-63
5.6.2.2. Modulated RF Fields ..................................... 5-65
5.6.2.3. Summary ............................................. 5-67
5.7. HORMONE EFFECTS ................................................. 5-68
5.7.1. Background: Melatonin and Cancer ................................. 5-68
5.7.2. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ................................... 5-70
5.7.3. Modulated RF Fields ............................................ 5-73
5.7.4. Unmodulated RF Fields .......................................... 5-73
5.7.5. Summary .................................................... 5-73
5.8. GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION ........................................ 5-74
5.8.1. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ................................... 5-74
.5.8.2. Modulated RF Fields ............................................ 5-79
1.8.3. RF Fields ..................................................... 5-79
5.8.4. Static Electric Field ............................................. 5-79
5.8.5. Summary .................................................... 5-80
5.9. IMMUNOLOGIC/HEMATOLOGIC EFFECTS ................................. 5-80
5.9.1. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ................................... 5-81
5.9.2. Modulated RF Fields ............................................ 5-85
5.9.3. Unmodulated RF Fields ........................................... 5-87
5.9.4. Summary .................................................... 5-91
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5.9.4.1. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ............................ 5-91
5.9.4.2. Modulated and Unmodulated RF Fields ....................... 5-94
5.10. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS ................................... 5-95
5.10.1. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ................................... 5-95
0 5.10.2. Modulated RF Fields ............................................ 5-97
,K- 5.10.3. Unmodulated RF Fields .......................................... 5-97
5.10.4. Summary .................................................... 5-99
5.11. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS FOR SUPPORTING EVIDENCE OF
CARCINOGENICITY ...................................................
5-100
~ 5.11.1. Summary ................................................... 5-100
5.11.2. Conclusions ................................................. 5-105
REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 5 ............................................. 5-107
6. RESEARCH NEEDS ....................................................... 6-1
6.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 6-1
6.2. INFORMATION NEEDS ARISING FROM THE EVALUATION OF
THIS DOCUMENT ....................................................
6-2
6.2.1. Epidemiology Research Needs ............. . .................... . . . . 6-2
6.2.2. Laboratory Research Needs ....................................... 6-3
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .............................................. 7-1
7.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 7-1
7.2. MECHANISMS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN TISSUE AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS 7-1
7.3. HUMAN EVIDENCE .................................................... 7-2
7.3.1. Studies of children .............................................. 7-3
7.3.2
Studies of adults
.................
..
.
...
...
...
...
... 7-4
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7.3.2.1. Residential Exposure to Power Frequency Fields ................ 7-4
7.3.2.2. Occupational Exposure to Extremely Low
Frequency and Mixed Frequency Fields .......................
7-5
7.3.2.3. Radiofrequency Exposure ................................. 7-6
7.3.3. Summary of Human Evidence ..................................... 7-6
7.4. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY EVIDENCE ................................... 7-8
7.4.1. Extremely Low Frequency Fields ................................... 7-8
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7.4.2. Radiofrequency Radiation ........................................ 7-8
7.4.2.1. Unmodulated Radiofrequency Radiation ....................... 7-8
7.4.2.2. Modulated Radiofrequency Radiation ......................... 7.9
7.5. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE OF CARCINOGENICITY ........................... 7.10
7.6. INTEGRATED DISCUSSION OF SEPARATE CHAPTERS ....................... 7-11
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TABLES
Table 2-1. Factors affecting Internal exposure conditions .......................... 2-10
Table 3-1. Summary of studies of childhood cancer ............................... 3-2
Table 3-2. Distribution of cases and controls according to various residences
coded as high current configuration (HCC) or low current configuration
(LCC) for total cancers ............................................ 3-6
Table 3-3. Distribution of cases and controls according to various residences
coded as HCC or LCC for specific cancer sites .......................... 3-8
Table 3-4. Odds ratios for the distribution of the 2,098 dwellings of cancer cases
and controls by type of electrical structure visible within 150 meters ........... 3-15
Table 3-5. Magnetic field measurements for case and control dwellings and odds
ratios by magnetic field level and type of electrical construction .............. 3-18
Table 3-6. Risk ratios for specific cancer sites and magnetic field level ................. 3-20
Table 3-7. Distribution of cases and controls by distance from overhead power
lines and by cancer type ........................................... 3-23
Table 3-8. Distribution of cases and controls by estimated magnetic field level in
~ milligauss (mG) and by cancer type .................................. 3-24
Table 3-9. Eligibility, response, and losses for cancer cases, case subgroups, and
controls: Denver standard metropolitan area statistical area ................. 3-25
Table 3-10. Distribution of electric and magnetic field measurements and wire codes
for cancer cases, case subgroups, and controls: Denver standard
metropolitan statistical area ......................................... 3-27
Table 3-11. Cancer risk in relation to measured magnetic fields and electric fields,
under low or high power use conditions, in residences occupied at
diagnosis: Denver standard metropolitan statistical area ................... 3-29
Table 3-12. Cancer risk (odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses)
in relation to magnetic fields and electric fields, categorized into two
exposure groups' and measured under low or high power use
conditions, in residences occupied at diagnosis: Denver standard
metropolitan statistical area ......................................... 3-30
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