RJ Reynolds
Journal of the American Medical Association Carried Paper by Dr. Ernest Wynder and Dr. Evarts Graham, Which Concluded, on the Basis of Statistics on the Smoking Habits of 605 Lung Cancer Patients, That "Excessive and Prolonged Use of Tobacco, Especially Cigarettes, Seems to Be An Important Factor in the Induction of Bronchogenic Carcinoma."
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- Referenced Document
- Cancer by the Carton, by Norr R, Reader's Digest, 521200.
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- Wynder, E.
- Graham, E.
- Ochsner, A.
- Wynder
- Graham
- Doll, R.
- Hill, A.B.
- Hammond, C.E.
- Horn, D.
- Ama
- Dixon, P.R.
- Kintner, E.W.
- Burney, L.E.
- Phs
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- Little, C.C.
- Hartnett, T.V.
- Blatnik
- British Medical Assn
- Auerbach, O.
- United Press
- Friedman
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- British Empire
- Eysenck, M.J.
- American Heart Assn
- Natl Tuberculosis Assn
- American Public Health Assn
- Univ, O.F. Southern, C.A.
- Wisely
- Intl Statistical Institute
- Royal College, O.F. Physcians
- American Assn For Cancer Research
- Trentin
- Baylor Univ
- Usphs
- Kissen
- Kennedy
- Terry
- Hueper, W.C.
- Us Public Health Service
- Wilens
- Plair
- Ny Veterans Administration Hospital
- Lombard, H.L.
- Natl Academy, O.F. Science
- Passey, R.D.
- Royal Marsden Hospital
- Seltzer, C.
- Harvard Univ
- Herrold
- Dunham
- House, O.F. Delegates
- Allen, G.V.
- Surgeon General
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- Perrone, J.A.
- Mercy Hospital
- Russek, H.
- Meyner, R.B.
- Poche
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- Terry, L.
- Us Congress
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- List, O.F. Health & Education Organ
- Nic
- Univ, O.F. Md
- Foote, E.
- Diehl, H.S.
- Guthrie, E.H.
- President'S Comm, O.N. Heart Disease
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Document Images
F'nY 27, 1950
Journal of the Anerican ?'edicnl P.s^ocintion carried paper by
Dr. Ernest Vlynder and hr. Evarts Graham, which concluded, on
the basis of statistics on the smokinF habits of 605 lunC
cancer patients, that "excessive and prolonj;ed use of tobacco,
especially cigarettes, seems to be an important factor in the
induction of bronchogenic carcinoma."
The paper Was C.iven little attention in the press.
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nFCEML1t, 1952
Render', T)i(-e^t published article condensed fror.: Christinn
Herald, entitled "Cancer by the Carton." Author Ftoy Norr
quoted Dr. Alton Ochsner extensively, cited the finding of
an English Medical research group that "above the aCe of 45
the risk of developing the disease increases in simple
proportion with the ar.:ount srsoked."
Also cited: Wynder-Graham stud;, of 1950, quoting conclusion
that cigarettes seeM to be important factor in lung cancer.
Wynder was quoted as saying: "The more a person sr..okes the
Creater is the risk of developing cancer of the lung..."
riovEAMrF 30, 1953
Tir.:e reported on experiment with cirarette tar painted on
backs of nice. P,esearch was done by Wynder and Graharn. Time
quoted Dr. GrahaM: "This shows conclusively that there is
something in cirarette smoke which can produce cancer. This
is no longer merely a possibility. Our experiments have proved
it beyond any doubt."
Balance of article reviewed charges by Dr. Alton Ochsner,
carried comment by other doctors, all unfavorable to cigarettes.
Time played up that both Ochsner and Graham have excellent
reputations as surgeons.
JA1tUl1RY 14 6 1951i
14 tobacco companies and associations of tobacco producers and
handlers established the Tobacco Industry P,esearch Committee.
The stated purpose of the group: "to conduct research into all
phases of tobacco use and its effect on health."
Display ads, inserted in major newspapers across the country,
told smokers:
"Many people have asked us what we are doing to neet the public's
concern aroused by the recent reports. Here is the answer:
"We are pledging aid and assistance to the research effort into
all phases of tobacco use and health. This joint financial
venture will of course be in addition to what is already being
contributed by individual companies.
"In charge of the research activities of the committee will be
a scientist of unimpeachable integrity and national repute. In
addition there will be an Advisory Board of scientists disinterested
in the cigarette industry. A group of distinpuished men from
medicine, science and education will be invited to serve on this
Board. These scientists will advise the Committee on its research
activities."
The ads also pointed out that "...eminent doctors and research
scientists have publicly questioned the claimed significance of
these experinents" and that "...there is no proof that cigarette
smoking is one of the causes" of cancer.
Plow renamed "Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A.", the resenrch
council is "dedicated to the support of the investigation of
fundrunental matters relating to a connection between tobacco use
and hurian health."
An advisory board of scientists directs research policy and pro-
grar.ir.aing, with conplete freedon of action. The Board is made up
of scientists and physicians who serve in the public interest
while retaining their independent affiliations.
The research plan is in the forr.i of a grant-in-aid program through
which pertinent studies have been financed under independent, es-
tablished investigators in medical schools,hospitals, universities
and institutes in many sections of the country, Grantees have full
freedom of publication, and have produced more than 495 papers in
various journals in the past 12 years.
More than 230 investigators in over 100 different laboratories
have received grants totalinG $9 million. (June, 1966 fiCures)
Jlrnr: 25, 1951,
IBritish t'edi.czl ,Tournnl carried article by Dr. Richard Doll
and Prof. A. Bradford 1[i11, chareing that "a significant and
steadily risine" lung cancer death rate has been demonstrated
among doctors who smoke. Doll and }Ii11 had released preliminary
figures in 1952 on their study of 40,£362 physiciars and their
smoking habits.
The report said lung cancer mortality rate rises as tobacco
consumption rises, and reported an increase in deaths attributed
to coronary thrombosis "as the amount smoked increases."
i .TUIIE 21, 19514
Dr. F. Cuyler }[nm-ond and Dr. Daniel Horn, of American Cancer
Society, released prelininary firures on two-and-n-half-year-
long study of snoking habits of 187,766 rien between 50 and 70
years old. The doctors told the P.merican !'edical Association
meeting that "ciCarette sr:okers among men, between 50 and 70,
have a death rate higher than non-smokers of the same aCe by as
much as 75 percent."
"Coronary heart disee.ses and cancer were the diseases primarily
responsible for this effect," the At',A news release said.
Another reported findine: Heavy cigarette smokers died sooner
than light snokers.
JUNF: 6, 1955
Second, more detailed report on HamMond-Horn Study for American
Cancer Society (see June 21, 19511) given at American P'edfcal
Association Ileetind. Principal finding reported: Those who
stopped sMoking cigarettes have a much lower lung cancer death
rate than those who continue to smoke. The study covered 8,105
deaths in the oriCinal study group of 188,000 men aged 50 to 70.
SFPTEMBEF 22, 1955
The Federal Trade Commission made public its "guides for staff
use in evaluating cigarette advertising." The rules, in the
words of Paul Rand Dixon (who became chairman of FTC later):
"...prohibited representations in cigarette advertisinF
or labeling which refer to either xhp presence or absence
of any physical effects from cigarette smoking, or which
make unsubstatiated claims respecting nicotine, tars, or
other components of cigarette smoke, or which in any other
respects contain implications concerning the health con-
sequences of smoking cigarettes or any advertised brand."
(from Senate hearings)
The guide lines grew out of conferences with cigarette manufactures
which lasted more than a year. In announcing the guidelines, FTC
noted that "substantial conformity with the guides took place
during the past year while the conferences were in progress."
The Commission "expressed hope the industry would continue this
voluntary compliance and directed its own Bureau of Consultation
to continue consultinF with industry members to assist then in
complying."
(The FTC's high regard for the cooperative attitude of the industry
in this matter was expressed later by FTC Chairman Earl W. Kintner,
in announcing the end of the "tar derby" in 1960. He referred to
"a relationship of mutual cooperation with the industry," and said
"the success of these guides did much to convince the Commission of
the value of this program.")
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JUI1~ 1~ , 1957
Final figures and findings of the Hawond-Horn study of 188,000
men 50 to 70 years old released. (see June, 1954 and June 1955).
ACS scientists claimed the study showed "a spectacular relationship
between the habit (of smoking cigarettes) and lung cancer." Also
claimed were findings that ciCarette smoking raised death rates
for all causes combined; quitting smoking lowers death risk; and
that smoking raises incidence of death from coronary heart disease.
Study also implied that snoking was linked with other diseases
such as other types of cancer, pneumonia and influenza, and stomach
ulcer.
This report got extremely heavy press coverage.
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JULY 12, 1957
U.S. Surgeon General Leroy E. Burney issued stater.!ent saying
that "the Public Health Service feels the weifht of the
evidence is increasingly pointing in one direction: that
excessive snoking is one of the causative factors in lung
cancer."
Burney reported that a study Eroup-r:ade up of PHS units and
two voluntary health orgenizations, after appraisin£ 18
independent studies reported "that lunr, cancer occurs nuch
more frequentl;;, among ciEarette smokers than among non-srr.okers
and there is a direct relationship between the incidence of
lung cancer and the amount sr:oked." IIe added that the
Harmond-I[orn study, reported earlier (June 5, 1957) to the
American 1?edical Association, "reinforced" the study group's
finding.
"In the light of these studies, it is clear that there is an
increasing and consistent body of evidence that excessive
cigarette snoking is one of the causative factors in lung
cancer," Burney said.
The statement also sr.id that the study group felt "there is
no convincing biological or clinical evidence to date to indicate
that smoking per se is one of the causative factors in heart
disease." PHS took the position that more research is needed
before it could take a position on the matter.
v~no r~.
TIRC officials were quick in answering. Dr. Clarence C. Little,
then chairnan of the TIP.C's Scientific Advisory Cormittee, pointed
out that three years of research by his corunittee "has produced
no evidence that cigarette snoking or other tobacco use contributes
to the oriein of lung cancer." Dr. Timothy V. Hartnett, chairman
of TIPC, cited five independent research studies that tended to
refute the cigarette-causation theory. Wide press coverage was
given to the TIRC comments.
JULY 1 8-22 , 1957
Subcommittee on Legal and i:onetary Affairs of the House Comnittee
on Government (the "Blatnik Committee") held hearinSs on filter-tip
cigarette advertising.
(The report of the Blatnik Committee was issued by the parent
committee on February 19, 1958. It charged that cigarette
manufacturers had deceived the public with false and deceptive
advertising of filter-tips, and that the Federal Trade Commission
had "failed in its statutory duty to prevent deceptive acts or
practices" in filter-ciearette advertising. Anong the scathing
charges: "The Federal Trade Commission has failed to approach
the problems of false and misleading advertising with vigor and
diligence.")
JANUARY 27, 1958
The British I+edical Association, in a pamphlet issued with its
publication, Far.,ilti Doctor, said "Cirarette smoking is indeed
a major cause of lung cancer." The pamphlet Cave figures that
one in eight life-long heavy cigarette smokers will die of lung
cancer, but only about one in 300 non-smokers will.
The panphlet cited a study b;,r Dr. Oscar Auerbach which concluded
that "the degree of damaEe to the lungs (examined by autopsy)
...corresponded closel;,~ the number of ciearettes smoked daily."
United Press carried coverage which began: "The British Medical
Association said today cigarettes are a major cause of lung
cancer."
!'J1RClI 21, 1959
Friedman and Rosenman study suggests that "excessive smoking
may be a characteristic" of a behavior pattern but not a causal
agent in heart disease. Findings published in Journal of the
Ar:ericnr. !'edicnl A=sociation.
1959
The British rnpire Cancer CrunpeiCn Report says that five years
of snoke inhalation by anir.:als failed to produce lunC cancer.
FEBRU/1RY 5, 1960
Federal Trade Conxiission announced that the tobacco industrY
has agreed to end advertising claims thnt certain cigarettes
effectivel;~ filter tars and nicotine.
FTC chairnan Earl W. Kintner praised the industry, sayine the
agreement is a"landMark example of industry-Covernment co-
operation in solvinE a pressing problem."
Part of the agreement signed by each company stated that the
companies vill "avoid using cigarette advertising containing
references, direct or implied, to health benefits to be
derived from the use of cigarettes..."
tdAY 111, 1960
In article in British 1'edicnl Journal, noted psycholocist
H.J. Eysenck Pnd his associates reported that snokers and
non-smokers differ in nany ways, and the kinds of people who
sinoke nay be more susceptible to sone diseases.
OCTOBER 1960
At annual r.~,eeting, Arerican Cancer Society approved resolution
(fron its Tobacco-Cancer Corunittee) calling for a Presidential
Cor.unission to study tobacco and health question. Resolution
called for request to reach the White House by April 1, 1961.
ACS to seek cooperation of other agencics in this move.
(ACS was successful in getting cooperation: ACS was joined
in letter to President by American Heart Association, National
Tuberculosis Association, and American Public Health Association.)
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MARCH, 19G1
Proceedinrs of Arerican /lssocintion for Cancer Research carries
paper by University of Southern California scientists, who report
they have induced hur.!an-type lung cancer in anirjals by using viruses
and artificial sr.iog. (Wisely, et al)
APRIL 21, 1961
President's Conference on lleart Disease and Cancer issued report
saying in part that "tobacco smoke is an individual form of such
(air) pollution, and a particular cancer hazard."
The report also said (in the sa:ce section):
"The most pronising research lead in cancer causA.tion is that
cancer may be the result of the invasion of cells by specific
viruses. PSore than a dozen cancer viruses in anir:als have been
identified. The question is no longer whether this is also true
for Man, but rather how far and for how many cancers of man this
applies..."
SEPTEMBER 7, 1961
Dr. E. Cuyler }iamond reported to International Statistical
Institute lteeting in Paris, France, that preliMinary analysis
of an American Cancer Society study showed that the amount and
depth of inhalation may be the major health risk from smoking.
The figures covered 1,085,000 people in the U.S. Hammond said
the death rate for those did not inhale was 33 percent higher
than non-snokers; for those who inhale sliehtly, 53 percent;
for those who inhale moderately, 81 percent; and for deep
inhalers, 121 percent.
Hammond concluded: "The over-all death rate appears to increase
with degree of pulmonary exposure to tobacco smoke; and this is
dependent upon the depth of inhalation as well as upon the amount
of smoking."
1'J1RC1[ 7 , 1962
The Royal College of Physicians (Great Ilritian) issued 70-paee
report entitled "Smoking and tlealth", which concluded that:
"The evidence that cigarette smoking often has harmful
and dangerous consequences is now so convincing that
preventive measures are undoubtedly needed."
The findings of the report, as summarized by a London newspaper,
included these:
o"Cigarette smoking is the most likely cause of the
recent worldwide increase in deaths from lunE cancer..."
o"It is an important predisposing cause in the development
of chronic bronchitis."
o"It may be partly responsible for the persistence of TB
among elderly men.
o"It probably incr-ease the risk of dying from coronary
heart disease, particularly in early middle age.
o"It has an adverse effect on the healing of stomach
ulcers, though it does not cause them.
o"It may be a contributory factor in cancers of the mouth,
throat, gullet and bladder."
The report urged the government to take action in these ways:
o Intensified education, directed at both young people
and the public at large.
o Higher taxes on cigarettes
o Government-sponsored anti-smoking clinics
o Restrictions on advertising by cigarette companies
o Restrictions on smoking in public places
o 1ltore effective restrictions on the sale of cigarettes
to children.
The report was essentially a review and evaluation by nine physicians
of smokinC and health research done to date. Critics charged the
report showed many discrepancies, including the iEnoring of other
research that tended to dispute the findinGs.
APRIL, 1962
Proceedi.nf;s of ,~rerican Association for Cancer Research reported
that Trentin and his associates at Baylor University had produced
lung cancer in hamsters by using virus injections.
APRIL, 1962
Public Health Peports reports a USPHS study of 163 metropolitan
areas found Major differences in lung cancer rates between
cities of coMparable size in the same geographic areas.
APRIL-JUP:E, 1962
Kissen and Eysenck paper in Journr.l of Ps,chosomatic Re:earch
says that psychological factors may be important in lung cancer
developnent.
MAY 239 1962
At Washington press conference, President Kennedy was
asked whether he and his advisors agree or disagree with
reported findings about tobacco and health, and what, if
anything, the govern..^~ent should do about then. He replied:
"The matter is sensitive enough and the stock market is in
sufficient difficulty to prevent tr.y giving you an answer
which is not based on complete information -- which I
don't have and, therefore, perhaps I would be glad to
respond to that question in more detail next week."
JUttE 7 , 1962
Surgeon General Terry announced he would appoint an expert
advisory committee "to study the evidence, evaluate it and
make whatever recommendations may be appropriate."
Later that day, at his press conference, President Kennedy
was asked about Terry's announcenent. He said the announcement
gave Terry's position and that the President supported it. 'rie
said the "survey will take some months, maybe going into '63."
AUGUST, 1962
Dr. W. C. I[ueper (Chief of the National Cancer Institute's
Environnental Cancer Section) and his associates auestion
overer.,phasis on the cigarette theory of lung cancer causation
and cite various possible factors. Article appeared in
Archives of °atholof7.%. (Three of Dr. Hueper's five associates
are fror Itational Cancer Institute or US Public Health Service).
NOVEITER 30, 1c)62
Science reports paper by Wilens and Plair of *Iew York Veterans
Adninistration Hospital. FindinSs of autopsy studio, of 1,000
cases fails to support causal link between smokine and coronary
heart disease.
DECEGBEP., 1962
Herbert L. Lombard and associates report in Proceedinfs of
the 1letionQl AcFder^yof Science that their study of 13,307
?-iassachusetts death records finds 1unC cancer deaths more
than 20 percent overstated.
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JULY 21, 1962
Dr. H. D. Passey of Royal Marsden Hospital in London says in
Lancet article that neither the mount smoked nor the age when
smoking beean deterMines the aCe when lune cancer develops.
"If this is true," Dr. Passey says, "tobacco snoke did not
act as a carcinoeen."
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FEBFUARY 23, 1963
Dr. Carl Seltzer, Harvard anthropologist, reported in Journal
of the Ariericnn t"edical Association that smokers tend to be
larger and heavier than non-smokers, suggesting a constitutional
factor in disease.
Juim, 1963
Herrold and Ihanhar.i of Ilational Cancer Institute report in
Cancer Pesearch that they have induced lunQ cancer in animals
by feeding chemicals. This suggested that carcinogenic
substances nay reach the lung by pathways other than the
respiratory tract.
OCTOF3FR 25, 1963
Rosenman and Fried.^±nn report to Anerican Heart Association
that their continuine five-year study covering three cities
(in association with five other scientists) indicates that
behavior personality patterns can often identify in advance
the rian who is likely to suffer a heart attack before the
age of 50.
DECEI-BER !t, 1963
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}Iouse of Delegates, Arerican P"edical Association, adopted
~ rccn.~~'<<.a.~
report frora At'A Board of Trustees ' 9qr"fo-bacco-health research
progran to be conducted by AJ'.A's Education and P.esearch
Foundation. A Crar.t of $500,000 authorized by AVA to get
study under way.
JUllE 19, 1963
George V. Allen, President of the Tobacco Institute, told newsmen
that most major ciGarette manufacturers had decided to stop all
advertising and pronotion on collefe car.:puses.
Mr. Allen's full statement:
"The industry's position has alWays been that smoking is an
adult custom. To avoid any confusion or misconception in the
public mind as to this position, a number of member companies
of the Tobacco Institute, I understand, have each decided to
discontinue college advertising and promotional activities."
JANUARY 11, 1964
"ScaokinG and Health", the report of the Surgeon Ceneral's
Advisor.- Corunittee on Smoking and Health, was released.
Its principal finding:
"Cigarette smoking is a health hazard of sufficient importance
in the United States to warrant appropriate remedial action."
Specifically, the report said:
o"Cigarette smoking is causally related to lung cancer in man."
o"Cigarette smoking is the most important of the causes of
chronic bronchitis..."
o Cigarettes are related to emphysema, but "it has not been
established that the relationship is causal."
o"AlthouCh the causative role of cigarette smoking in deaths
from coronary disease is not proven, the Committee considers
it more prudent from the public health viewpoint to assume
that the established association has causative meaning the.n
to suspend judp,r:ent until no uncertRint;~ remains."
o Pipe smoking "appears" to be causally related to lip cancer.
o"CiEarette smoking is a significant factor in the causation
of cancer of the larynx."
o There is "association", but inadequate data for 8a findinE of
causation, between cigarette smokinS and cancer of the esophagus
and cancer of the urinary bladder. As for cancer of the stomach,
not even association had been shoNn.
The report nade no judrnent on the beneficial aspects of
sMokinF, saying:
"The siCr.ificant beneficial effects of sr,.okir.C occur
prinarily in the area of r:entn.l health, and the hebit
oriEine.tes in a search for contentr..ent. Since no
rienas of rensuring the quantity of these benefits
is epparent, the Cor..mittee finds no basis for a
Judement which would weiCh benefits against hazards
of snoking as it r..ay apply to the general population."
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JANUARY 18, 1904
Just one week after SGAC report, the Federal Trade Commission
announced it was setting up "proceedings for trade regulation
rules" on what the cor.imission called "unfair and deceptive
practices in the advertising or labeling of cigarettes."
FTC's proposed rules would have required that all cigarette
packages and all cigarette advertising have a warning
statement to the effect that cigarettes are dangerous
to smokers' health. The rules proposed specific language
for the warnings.
At the hearings, the tobacco industry was joined by the
Association of aational Advertisers, Radio Advertising
Bureau, American Plewspaper Publishers' Association, The
Chamber of Comr~,erce of the U.S., National Association of
Broadcasters, Advertising Federation of America, Grocery
Manufacturers of America, ilational Association of Food
Chains, and the Television Bureau of Advertising in
challenging the FTC's authority to issue mandatory rules.
FEBRUARY 7, 1961;
American t4edical Association's Education and Research
Foundation accepted $10 million from tobacco industry
to help "finance basic research on the relationship of
smoking to disease."
The money was offered with the understanding that it
was being given without restrictions. According to
AA:A press release, "the only condition is that the
money be used for research on tobacco and health."
{A1dA-ERF had previously announced a"long-ranSe program
of basic research to determine if possible how tobacco
smoke affects health." The AMA House of Delegates had
authorized the project in December, 1963, and had
appropriated $500,000 to get the program started.
A1iA had appointed five scientists to direct the program,
including three who had been members of SGAC.)
APRIL, 1964
Dr. Joseph A. Perrone of 1'.ercy Hospital in Pittsburgh says
in a paper published in Pennsylvania ''edicRl .Tournol that
in his study of 1,000 proven cases of lung cancer, nearly
half -- 474 -- were found to be non-sr.iokers.
APRIL 27, 1964
tMajor cigarette Manufacturers announced agreement on
CiCarette AdvertisinC Code, applyinr to all advertising
of cigarettes. The Code is enforced by an independent
administrator, who is inpowered to make violators of the
rules pay up to $100.000.
Under the Code, advertising nay not make any statement
concerning health unless the Adninistrator determines
that the statement is "siEnificant in terns of health
and is based on adequate, relevant and valid scientific
data."
In addition, advertising may not "represent that cigarette
smokinC is essential to social prominence, distinction,
success or sexual attraction," The Code prohibits
testinonials fron athletes or celebrities who Might
special appeal to persons under 21, as well as ciCarette
advertising or promotion irn school, college or university
publications or on canpus, The Code also specifies that
cigarette advertising r:ay not appear on television or
radio progrars, or in publications, directed primarily
to persons under 21.
JurIE, 196h
Geriatrics has paper by Dr. Henry Russek. Findinrs included
a higher incidence of heart disease among persons who have
never sMoked than among those who had stopped smoking.
Dr. Russek says snokinG May be only a symptom of occupational
stress.
JUPlE 8, 196b
Former N.J. Governor Pobert B. ?teyner was named Administrator
of the CiGarette Advertisine Code, with a five-year term.
Gov. ldeyner was Civen "complete and final authority to
determine whether ciCarette advertising complies with the
standards of this Code and to enforce this Code in all other
respects," the cigarette nanufactureres said in announcing
Meyner's appointment. The Code says no advertising can be
used unless submitted to the Adrainistrator and he has found
it to be in compliance.
MARCH, 1964 ;
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German scientist Dr. Poche reports his massive study ties
lung cancer to occupations exposed to air pollution.
JUNr^. 22, 1964
FTC promulgates "Trade Regulation Rule" for which hearings
were held in 2'.arch, 1964, "Trade Regulation Rule for the
Prevention of Unfair or Deceptive Advertising and Labeling
of Cigarettes in Relation to the Health Hazards of SMokinf."
According to Chairman Dixon, testifying later at Senate
Comerce Cor.umittee hearings,
"This rule expressed the Commission's determination, for the
purpose of preventing future violations of the la1i, of the
requirements of the Federal Trade Corrnission Act as applied
to marketing of cigarettes in the light of the hee.lth hazards
of smoking."
Dixon described the rule as providing "that it is an unfair
or decentive act or practice...to fail to disclose clearly
and prominently in cigarette advertising and labeling that
cigarette smoking is dangerous to health and aay cause death
from cancer and other diseases." The rule was originally
set to go into effect on Jan. 1, 1965 for labels; and July 1,
1965 for advertising. (At the request of the House Commerce
Committee, FTC later changed both dates to July, 1965. The
rule was, of course, preempted by the Federal labeling act.)
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JUPlE 23-JULY 2, 1964
House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce held
hearings on 10 bills related to advertising and labeling
of cigarettes.
On first day, Surgeon General Luther Terry told the committee
"we are establishing" a National Clearinghouse on Smoking and
Health. (This was intended to be a focal point of USPiiS'
program of information and education on smoking.) The
request for a$1,9 million budget was subsequently rejected
by Congress.
The second day, FTC chairman Dixon disclosed that his agency
has ruled that cigarettes Lsust have a warning label, effective
Jan. 1, 1965. A corollary order which required similar warnings
in cigarette advertising would go into effect July 1, 1965, he
said. (see June 22, 1964)
The hearings lasted only four days, and no action was taken.
"Due to the imminent adjournment of the Congress, it was
apparent that tire would not permit adequate consideration
of this problem," the committee's report said (89th Congress
report on bill, June 8, 1965). The committee agreed to
consider bills next session. The Chairman was directed to
request FTC to postpone the effective date of its labeling
requirement from Jan. 1, 1965 to July 1, 1965.
JUNE 2a a , 1964
Formation of the Ilational Interagency Council on Sr.okine
and Health was announced. 1'embers include some 16 national
agencies and organizations in the fields of health and
education.
Included as members are such aSencies as:
American Association of School Administrators
American Cancer Society
American Heart Association
American Dental Association
American Public Health Association
Department of Classroom Teachers of the :7EA
National Congress of Parents and Teachers
National Tuberculosis Association
Also included are three governrent agencies:
U.S. Children's Bureau
U.S. Office of Education
U.S. Public Health Service
Officers are:
Chairman: Fmnerson Foote, former advertising c:an
Vice Chairman: Harold S. Diehl, Senior Vice President
for Research and 1'edical Affairs, American
Cancer Society
Secretcry: EuEene It. Cuthrie, Assistant Sureeon General
for Operations, U.S. Public Health Service
MoRE
The NIC gets support from the U.S. Government for r.uch of its
activities. Conference held t'ay 1-3, 1966, at U. of P+aryland,
for example, was "supported by Contract I1o. PH 108-66-131 from
the Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education and
Welfare." (from folder entitled "Conference Information")
NIH receives support in other ways as well. They maintain a
mailing address at the National Library of ?Redicine, a PiiS
agency. PHS also provides the services of two full-time
secretaries. (TestiMony of Emerson Foote, House Committee
Hearings, 1965) The services of Dr. Diehl and Dr. Guthrie
are donated, too.
JULY, 1964
Dr. W. C. Ilueper (retired chief of Environmental Cancer Section
of National Cancer Institute) says that chemicals introduced
into the hurtan environment during the past 30 years should
be subjected to systematic bioassay for possible cancer-causinC
effects on the respiratory organs. tie argues against "blind
acceptance" of the cigarette theory. (article appeared in
foreign journal)
AUGUST 20, 1964
FPC agreed to postpone the effective date of its cigarette
package labeling requirement until July 1, 1965, to coincide
with its advertising requirement.
DE CF.N'BER 9, 1964
President's Corur,ission on Heart Disease, Cancer and Stroke
issued report stronCly endorsing findings of the SGAC. The
Cor.imission reconnended that PIIS be given $10 nillion over a
three-year period to undertake a national program of education
on the hazards of ciCarette smoking, and the establishment of
a network of smoking control clinics.
,,n
c
~
~
DECEMBER 16, 1964
Gov. 1'eyner announced that the Cigarette Advertising Code
Would becone effective January 1, 1965.
196h
In a book on Chronic tlon-Specific Lune Diseases, Dr. Van der Wall
of Holland says that such diseases are "an almost obligatory
condition" in the production of epidermoid lung cancer. The
relationship, sometimes observed in childhood, is "independent
of smoking", Dr. Van der Wall says.
