RJ Reynolds
Journal of the American Medical Association Carried Paper by Dr. Ernest Wynder and Dr. Evarts Graham, Which Concluded, on the Basis of Statistics on the Smoking Habits of 605 Lung Cancer Patients, That "Excessive and Prolonged Use of Tobacco, Especially Cigarettes, Seems to Be An Important Factor in the Induction of Bronchogenic Carcinoma."
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- Biochem Biobehavioral-Sci Issues
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- Biochem Biobehavioral-Sci Issues
- Referenced Document
- Cancer by the Carton, by Norr R, Reader's Digest, 521200.
- Date Loaded
- 27 Feb 1998
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- Texas
- Initial
- Rogers
- Named Person
- Wynder, E.
- Graham, E.
- Ochsner, A.
- Wynder
- Graham
- Doll, R.
- Hill, A.B.
- Hammond, C.E.
- Horn, D.
- Ama
- Dixon, P.R.
- Kintner, E.W.
- Burney, L.E.
- Phs
- Tirc
- Little, C.C.
- Hartnett, T.V.
- Blatnik
- British Medical Assn
- Auerbach, O.
- United Press
- Friedman
- Roseman
- British Empire
- Eysenck, M.J.
- American Heart Assn
- Natl Tuberculosis Assn
- American Public Health Assn
- Univ, O.F. Southern, C.A.
- Wisely
- Intl Statistical Institute
- Royal College, O.F. Physcians
- American Assn For Cancer Research
- Trentin
- Baylor Univ
- Usphs
- Kissen
- Kennedy
- Terry
- Hueper, W.C.
- Us Public Health Service
- Wilens
- Plair
- Ny Veterans Administration Hospital
- Lombard, H.L.
- Natl Academy, O.F. Science
- Passey, R.D.
- Royal Marsden Hospital
- Seltzer, C.
- Harvard Univ
- Herrold
- Dunham
- House, O.F. Delegates
- Allen, G.V.
- Surgeon General
- Sgac
- List, O.F. Organizations
- Perrone, J.A.
- Mercy Hospital
- Russek, H.
- Meyner, R.B.
- Poche
- Dixon
- Terry, L.
- Us Congress
- Natl Interagency Council
- List, O.F. Health & Education Organ
- Nic
- Univ, O.F. Md
- Foote, E.
- Diehl, H.S.
- Guthrie, E.H.
- President'S Comm, O.N. Heart Disease
- Vanderwall
- Acs
- Ctr
- Ftc
- Hew
- Nci
- Ti
- Graham, E.
- Box
- Rjr2416
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- UCSF Legacy ID
- ple75d00
Document Images
F'nY 27, 1950
Journal of the Anerican ?'edicnl P.s^ocintion carried paper by
Dr. Ernest Vlynder and hr. Evarts Graham, which concluded, on
the basis of statistics on the smokinF habits of 605 lunC
cancer patients, that "excessive and prolonj;ed use of tobacco,
especially cigarettes, seems to be an important factor in the
induction of bronchogenic carcinoma."
The paper Was C.iven little attention in the press.
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nFCEML1t, 1952
Render', T)i(-e^t published article condensed fror.: Christinn
Herald, entitled "Cancer by the Carton." Author Ftoy Norr
quoted Dr. Alton Ochsner extensively, cited the finding of
an English Medical research group that "above the aCe of 45
the risk of developing the disease increases in simple
proportion with the ar.:ount srsoked."
Also cited: Wynder-Graham stud;, of 1950, quoting conclusion
that cigarettes seeM to be important factor in lung cancer.
Wynder was quoted as saying: "The more a person sr..okes the
Creater is the risk of developing cancer of the lung..."
riovEAMrF 30, 1953
Tir.:e reported on experiment with cirarette tar painted on
backs of nice. P,esearch was done by Wynder and Graharn. Time
quoted Dr. GrahaM: "This shows conclusively that there is
something in cirarette smoke which can produce cancer. This
is no longer merely a possibility. Our experiments have proved
it beyond any doubt."
Balance of article reviewed charges by Dr. Alton Ochsner,
carried comment by other doctors, all unfavorable to cigarettes.
Time played up that both Ochsner and Graham have excellent
reputations as surgeons.
JA1tUl1RY 14 6 1951i
14 tobacco companies and associations of tobacco producers and
handlers established the Tobacco Industry P,esearch Committee.
The stated purpose of the group: "to conduct research into all
phases of tobacco use and its effect on health."
Display ads, inserted in major newspapers across the country,
told smokers:
"Many people have asked us what we are doing to neet the public's
concern aroused by the recent reports. Here is the answer:
"We are pledging aid and assistance to the research effort into
all phases of tobacco use and health. This joint financial
venture will of course be in addition to what is already being
contributed by individual companies.
"In charge of the research activities of the committee will be
a scientist of unimpeachable integrity and national repute. In
addition there will be an Advisory Board of scientists disinterested
in the cigarette industry. A group of distinpuished men from
medicine, science and education will be invited to serve on this
Board. These scientists will advise the Committee on its research
activities."
The ads also pointed out that "...eminent doctors and research
scientists have publicly questioned the claimed significance of
these experinents" and that "...there is no proof that cigarette
smoking is one of the causes" of cancer.
Plow renamed "Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A.", the resenrch
council is "dedicated to the support of the investigation of
fundrunental matters relating to a connection between tobacco use
and hurian health."
An advisory board of scientists directs research policy and pro-
grar.ir.aing, with conplete freedon of action. The Board is made up
of scientists and physicians who serve in the public interest
while retaining their independent affiliations.
The research plan is in the forr.i of a grant-in-aid program through
which pertinent studies have been financed under independent, es-
tablished investigators in medical schools,hospitals, universities
and institutes in many sections of the country, Grantees have full
freedom of publication, and have produced more than 495 papers in
various journals in the past 12 years.
More than 230 investigators in over 100 different laboratories
have received grants totalinG $9 million. (June, 1966 fiCures)
Jlrnr: 25, 1951,
IBritish t'edi.czl ,Tournnl carried article by Dr. Richard Doll
and Prof. A. Bradford 1[i11, chareing that "a significant and
steadily risine" lung cancer death rate has been demonstrated
among doctors who smoke. Doll and }Ii11 had released preliminary
figures in 1952 on their study of 40,£362 physiciars and their
smoking habits.
The report said lung cancer mortality rate rises as tobacco
consumption rises, and reported an increase in deaths attributed
to coronary thrombosis "as the amount smoked increases."
i .TUIIE 21, 19514
Dr. F. Cuyler }[nm-ond and Dr. Daniel Horn, of American Cancer
Society, released prelininary firures on two-and-n-half-year-
long study of snoking habits of 187,766 rien between 50 and 70
years old. The doctors told the P.merican !'edical Association
meeting that "ciCarette sr:okers among men, between 50 and 70,
have a death rate higher than non-smokers of the same aCe by as
much as 75 percent."
"Coronary heart disee.ses and cancer were the diseases primarily
responsible for this effect," the At',A news release said.
Another reported findine: Heavy cigarette smokers died sooner
than light snokers.
JUNF: 6, 1955
Second, more detailed report on HamMond-Horn Study for American
Cancer Society (see June 21, 19511) given at American P'edfcal
Association Ileetind. Principal finding reported: Those who
stopped sMoking cigarettes have a much lower lung cancer death
rate than those who continue to smoke. The study covered 8,105
deaths in the oriCinal study group of 188,000 men aged 50 to 70.
SFPTEMBEF 22, 1955
The Federal Trade Commission made public its "guides for staff
use in evaluating cigarette advertising." The rules, in the
words of Paul Rand Dixon (who became chairman of FTC later):
"...prohibited representations in cigarette advertisinF
or labeling which refer to either xhp presence or absence
of any physical effects from cigarette smoking, or which
make unsubstatiated claims respecting nicotine, tars, or
other components of cigarette smoke, or which in any other
respects contain implications concerning the health con-
sequences of smoking cigarettes or any advertised brand."
(from Senate hearings)
The guide lines grew out of conferences with cigarette manufactures
which lasted more than a year. In announcing the guidelines, FTC
noted that "substantial conformity with the guides took place
during the past year while the conferences were in progress."
The Commission "expressed hope the industry would continue this
voluntary compliance and directed its own Bureau of Consultation
to continue consultinF with industry members to assist then in
complying."
(The FTC's high regard for the cooperative attitude of the industry
in this matter was expressed later by FTC Chairman Earl W. Kintner,
in announcing the end of the "tar derby" in 1960. He referred to
"a relationship of mutual cooperation with the industry," and said
"the success of these guides did much to convince the Commission of
the value of this program.")
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JUI1~ 1~ , 1957
Final figures and findings of the Hawond-Horn study of 188,000
men 50 to 70 years old released. (see June, 1954 and June 1955).
ACS scientists claimed the study showed "a spectacular relationship
between the habit (of smoking cigarettes) and lung cancer." Also
claimed were findings that ciCarette smoking raised death rates
for all causes combined; quitting smoking lowers death risk; and
that smoking raises incidence of death from coronary heart disease.
Study also implied that snoking was linked with other diseases
such as other types of cancer, pneumonia and influenza, and stomach
ulcer.
This report got extremely heavy press coverage.
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