Tobacco Documents Online

MOKING YOUTH RESOURCE MANUAL FOR STUDENTS AND TEACHERS JUNE, 1965 ® STATE OF WASHINGTON ~ 0 DEPARTMENT N O F H E A L T H ~ a 0 ~ ~~ ~

Youth Advisory Subcommittee

DANIEL J. EVANS Governor BERNARD BUCOVE, M.D. Director SMOKING AND YOUTH A RESOURCE MANUAL FOR STUDENTS AND TEACHERS JUNE, 1965 Dedicated to thoae who do not wanJt to be gu4ti,b.be abou.t emok.i,ng. JESS SPIELHOLZ, M.D. Chief, Division of Health Services GEORGE SPENDLOVE, M.D. Chairman, Subcommittee Smoking and Health

SMOKING AND YOUTH A RESOURCE MANUAL FOR STUDENTS AND TEACHERS Prepared By The Washington State Department of Health In Cooperation With Youth Committee Explorer Scouts 4-H Club Future Farmers of America Future Nurses of America Future Teachers of America Girl Scouts of the USA Horizon Club YM CA YWCA Youth Council of Churches Voluntary Committee American Cancer Society Washington Assn. for Health, Physical Education, & Recreation Washington State Heart Association Washington State Medical Association Washington State Public Health Association Washington State Tuberculosis Association Washington-Northern Idaho Council of Churches Washington Congress of Parents and Teachers Subcommittee State Department of Agriculture State Department of Health State Department of Institutions State Department of Public Instruction Washington State Library University of Washington Washington State Association of Local Health Officers i

FOREWORD The following resource manual presents facts which will help students, teachers, or others who are interested in the smoking pro- blem to form their own opinions about smoking. The discourse does not pretend to be exhaustive, but offers additional bibliography for those interested in a more thorough exploration. Young people have complained that they don't want to "just be told it's wrong or bad to smoke", they want ungarnished facts so they can make up their own minds after weighing the benefits and disadvantages of smoking as it affects them personally. It is with this in mind that an approach is made wherein the authors have attempted: l. To relate the history of tobacco 2. To show the cost of smoking and who pays the bill. 3. To show the constituents of tobacco smoke and summarize their effects on the body. 4. To explore the reasons why people smoke. 5. To compare social statistics of smokers with those of non-smokers.

SMOKING AND YOUTH A RESOURCE MANUAL FOR STUDENTS AND TEACHERS Table of Contents Page I. TOBACCO AND THE GROWTH OF THE INDUSTRY .......... 1 A. Origin - Discovered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. Cigarettes Introduced and Popularity Increased . . . . 1 C. The Economic Giant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II. THE ECONOMICS OF TOBACCO AND SMOKING . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A. Economic Importance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 B. Cost to the Individual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Selected Morbidity Measures, Figure 1 . . . . . . . . . 4 C. Cost to the Nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1. Lives Lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 5 2. Cos t to I ndus t ry . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 D. Conc l us i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 II1. CONSTITUENTS OF TOBACCO SMOKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Major Classes of Compounds in the Particulate Phase of Cigarette Smoke, Table I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Some Gases Found in Cigarette Smoke, Table 2....... 8 Carcinogens and Co-Carcinogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 IV. THE EFFECTS ON THE BODY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 A. Smoking and the Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . 10 1. Lung Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Animal Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Clinical and Autopsy Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Statistical Population Studies . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Mortality Ratios: Chart 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Mortality Ratios: Chart 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Deaths: Due to Lung Cancer, Chart 3........ 18 Mortal i ty Ratios: Chart 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2. Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema . . . . . . . . . . 20 Ci 1 ia, Figures 2, 3, & 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Emphysema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 i i i

Table of Contents - Continued Page B. Smoking and the Heart and Blood Vessels ........ 23 Buerger's Di sease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 The Hea r t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 C02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Hydrogen Cyan i de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 N i cot i ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 C. Smoking and the Body in General . . . . . . . . . . . , 25 D. Conc l us i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Expected and Observed Deaths, Table 3 . . . . . . . . . 27 Death From All Causes, Figure 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 V. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SMOKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 A. Why People Smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 B. Is Smoking An addiction or an Habituation? ..... 30 Mortality Ratios for Ex-Smokers and Current Smoke rs , Tab l e 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 V I . ADVE RT I S I NG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 V11. SOC I OLOG I CAL ASPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Characteristics More Prominent Among Smokers Than Non-Smoke rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 iv

I. TOBACCO AND THE GROWTH OF THE INDUSTRY A. Origin - Discovered Christopher Columbus (about 1492), on first trip to the New World, saw the natives blowing smoke from their mouths and nostrils. The Indians had discovered how to wrap tobacco leaves in the delicate inner husks of maize to form crude cigars. The superstitious New World Indians thought tobacco had various mysterious properties and medicinal effects, and they commonly used it in peace pipes as evidence of good will between the individuals and tribes. Thus the Europeans gained their first knowledge of tobacco and its use in smoking. B. Cigarettes introduced and Popularity Increased Cigarettes were first introduced as a European novelty just before the start of the Civil War (1861-1865). Cigarettes re- mained unpopular and their use was considered vulgar for many years. In 1880, only I percent of the tobacco consumed in the United States was in cigarettes. Between 1910 and 1915, tobacco used in cigarettes amounted to only 7 percent of the total domestic consumption. During World War I, the popularity of cigarettes rose so that in the United States the usage of tobacco in that form increased to 26 percent between 1920 and 1925. By 1961, 83 percent of the total national consumption of tobacco was in cigarettes. In 1956, about 400 billion cigarettes were bought in the United States. Smokers then regularly spent more than $4 billion annually for cigarettes. In 1963, the total number of cigarettes smoked in the United States exceeded half a trillion (524 billion). Only part of this can be attributed to an increase in population. The 1962 adult per capita smoking of cigarettes was 4,005 annually com- pared to 3,650 in 1956. In 1964 the number of cigarettes sold decreased to 511 billion. Presently, six major companies manu- facture 51 different brands in 69 sizes and packages. Filter cigarettes now constitute about 55 percent of the total number of cigarettes sold. -1-

C. The Economic Giant From an insignificant beginning, discovered by chance, tobacco smoking has become a habit which affects the economic and physi- cal well-being of mankind. When the average American smoker lights up 20 cigarettes each day, 365 times each year, at a cost of $125 per year, he or she helps to support a fantastically huge industry that rolls out 524 billion cigarettes (over one-half trillion), 7 billion cigars, 71 million pounds of pipe tobacco, 65 million pounds of chewing tobacco and 33 million pounds of snuff. This provides a livelihood for 750,000 farm families. American smokers spend about $8.0 billion dollars yearly for tobacco products. Federal, State, and local taxes on tobacco products total $3.2 billion. The tobacco companies spent $40 million for television adver- tising in 1957. This increased to $115 million in 1962. Total cost of tobacco advertising was in excess of $250 million last year. Thus, we see that tobacco, on the one hand, is a segment of the American economy and, on the other hand, constitutes a sig- nificant threat to the health and well-being of the American people. THE PRETTY KITTEN THAT MAY EAT THE HAND WHICH FEEDS IT -2 -

Il. THE ECONOMICS OF TOBACCO AND SMOKING A. Economic Importance Tobacco interests have saturated mass communication media with statistics designed to show the economic importance of the tobacco habit. The government of the United States, they claim, depends on taxes derived from tobacco. Obviously, this contribution to our tax structure ($3.2 billion) is important and could not be abruptly with drawn without disturbing our present system. However, few citizens stop to consider that the annual 3 billion dollars which are seen as such an important part of our tax structure are contributed by us and for us, and that if we didn't take the money by a tax on tobacco, it would be available to be taken in some other way. Likewise, the five additional billions of dollars which go to support the 750,000 farm families, the 96,000 men and women involved in tobacco manufac- turing, and the $250,000,000 worth of advertising would not disappear if tobacco use were reduced. This same money would be available for other businesses of far more significance than the tobacco industry. Consumers paid about $8 billion for 523 billion cigarettes in 1963. That is no small item, but is only the down payment on the total cost to America of tobacco and smoking. Little is said about the millions of dollars of our taxes which go toward providing price support to tobacco farmers, increased welfare, the cost of fires, the costs to industry and especially the price paid by the individual smoke r. B. Cost to the Individual Smoking is expensive. The money spent on cigarettes (at 30 cents a pack) by a man and wife who together smoke an average of three packs a day would, if saved and invested at 4 percent, in thirty years amount to $14,800. Even more important is the very high cost of illness and disability related to smoking. (Research in the State of California indicates that chronic conditions and disability due to chronic illnesses among smokers between the ages of 25 and 64 are almost double the rate for non-smokers within the same age brackets.