Tobacco Documents Online

TOBA40 MERCHANTS ASSOClATtON OF THE U.S. 1 SIIMIdARY OF AI(TI- ..._...r-,r... -- ---- m T 0 B A C c 0: ----r.. SDUOATIOK AL ACTIVITIX S r ss r s r~s .ea r r... r .~ r~. r r r r r r r DIVIDED INT0 TMW PARTS a ...__._._.~ ..~ .,..._... _...,.. Part 1, Orgs.nizations, Scheols~ etc. which do educatior_aI worLk against tobacco,,' but Which are not principally anti- tcbacco societies. Part 2. Anti-Tobaoco Societies. Part 3. Bibliograp~y of Books, Teat-Baoks, and P« hletso

I TOBA&O MLRCHANTS ASSOCIATION Of TtiE U.S. t TOMSNS_ CIiRISTIAN TEMPFRANCS UNION ...r.... -- _Thie society was organized 3ft 1874 . and -has branches in esery state of the Union and in more than 20s'000 citiea, Thei~a ara ata, 100 nationall organizers- and lecturers constantly in the i'ield, as well - as those employed by the different state organizations. The work is classified into two general branches a the Adults and the Young Pe-oples.Branch. There are also 50 departments;' with a Superintendent for each. One of these departments is called `4The Anti-Itarcotica Depart.ment" a and it -was through -this'Department that the idea of Scientifia Temperance=Instra.ction in the public schools and getting laws enacted to make this instruction mandatory originated, "As a result about 20 million children in the pabl3.o schools receive instruction as to the nature and effectE of a.icohoi and other narcotics on the hwnan syatem"; to quote from a pamph3.et issued by the organizat% ion. The organization's publicity work is taken care of by its crcn Bureau of Publicity which furnishes mat;,.xial_ to the Western 'Newapaper UnionF. - Sirce the 18th Amendment was (the purpose a" the Wo C~ToII,. was primax•i3.y the enactment of ;:->-:-_iuition legislation) state- aaente have been made that the NoC.T.II, w~ l:.d engage in an active campaign for a Tobacco Amendrr=ent; and that the "Mill9.or, Dollar Fund" would be used for that purpose, Anna (3ordong the President, denied this in an official statenent in which she said "Ou,w or-ganization ib not in a Federal Amen3nent Campaign against Toba:co " "We are in an education- al earr.paign against tobacco and have bee,; in su^h a cw.Vaign for more than thirty yearso* "In this work we haFe the sympathetic co-operation of leading ectzcators and Sunday-$chool vcr3orrs =" + ' Th',.s educational work is eflrrn-e-d on -,art3cularly among children of school age e.nd includes propaganc:e for the strict enforce- ment of laws against sale of tobacco to rninors, In April 1921 the National W.C-T.U: issued a statement to the effact that "tIdueation and'Prayer" would be the only weapons employed to eliminate the cigarette. - W Tbe Anti-Narcotie s Department i ssue s psrnphlet s, p].acards p blottersj, elcz showing the evil of the tobacco hnbite 'Some of the -titles aret '~3~ng up Bread"; "Big Money in It"; *~ro CigarettesL and Rifle Shoot~.=: ~~-" s' "L8$s0ne f ~ Juvenile Courts" ;"Questions for Father"; "Basctball Pitahing & SsokiYSg"; 'Tobaaco as a Robber* ; 'Sidelights on _ (A to

i 7" lNE.RCNANTS A9,SOCIATION of TtiE U.S. ` k " the-'Jobdcco I.i1"; . . . -d6 "In.est in a Boy", "The boy szsoker will use, during his lifetimep it least 1o0- per-oent more'tobacco than the adult beginner, the boy smoker is therem fore worth t1,X00 0# 2,W0 extra money to the -tobacco trust if victim- ized early". "One of the very worst habits in~boyhood_is the cigarette habit. 95% of the'boys brought before Judge Craneo ]do Y. Juveni7e Court are cigarette smokers. Cigarettes create a longing for other stimulants,'". "The boy who makes a practice of smoking is seldom a success in high school sports or ath2-etics." - These are quotations taken from some of the leaf3.ets, These leaflets are distributed at Mother`s meetings ; Sunday Schoola~ Young Peoples Meetingsy etc. The AntipNarcotice Department haa issued a neR pamphlet en® tftled: "Nicotine Destroys", in which women smn'mx- -r- part' c-, .'.rrly cr,- sidered. "Smoking smong women is growing tremendously and is a menace to the coming generation. Some investigation of French life and customs reveals the fact that nicotine is responsible for a large number of childless homes and a rast number of infant deaths," - (NOTT: Medical Record of March 19, 1921 In its "Letter from Geneva" has an item on figures tabulated by Grimpret of Lil.le as a re- auit of an investigation of the mortslity of infants born of mothers employed in tobacco factories. This investigation shows that tobacco does not appear to exercise the slightest influence in the materna?l milk; nor has tobacco any injurious action on pregnancy.) The Anti-2iarcotics Department through its Scientific Temper= ance Instruction Section has endorsed a series'of Text Books on Physiology and II1giene, for use in the primary, intermediate and high echool grades. Outlines of Anatomy, Physiology and IIygiene" by Roger S. Tracy is reviewed in the appended Bibliography. The Young People's Branch of the W,C.T.II, haa a list of 4 books-for a study course - 5 being on RAlcoholn and the fourth "Nicotine Neat" by F. W. Roman (see Bibliography) The International Sunday School Association has a certain number of 'Temperance Sundays." The Anti-Warcotics Dep&.rtment of the 1f. C. T.II. has had the seoond one of these Sundays designated as "AntiA Tobacco Smaday", nnd prepares special leaflets 'and lessons, which the Sunday school superiatendents- are urged to use. They are also urged to distribute anti-tobaeeo pledges. This year "Anti-Tobaeeo Sunday" fe3.1 on April 1CthA and in the suggestions for the.program dttention was called to the appalling fact that the cigarette habit is fixing . ,._ ~ o 2 M a

1 TObAO MERCHMITS ASSOCIATION Of THE U.S. w itmelf upon girls and women". Soma or the st&te V;C,T.II.I s issued • le`tters urging locnl unions to make special efforts - to mQka the obaerw® ance of the day a success. ' In Baltimore, t[d. apealors were furnished all Sunday Scshools, which desired them. 1. it is allowed to do so,with any social work in a community. Supplementing the work in the Chnrches end_Sunday Schoolsa the Anti-Narcotics Department, as previously stated has reoormncted a series of text books in Physiology. It also arranges meetings for teachers, furnishes speakers for other meetingsa•encourages prize work among students, such as essaysp debatesy etc, and co-operates as far as A sir.iilar prize contest was inaugu'rated by the Bornell~ 2~-Y~ WpC.T,II. in what it called an "Antim2licctine Ed.ueational CarpAi6" fcr whieh pupils in the Grammar and fiigh Schools were eligible, Other state Unions have limited their work with schools to the distribution of leaflets among the pupils. In Mitche3.l, South Dakota:;. blotters bearing mottos concerning the evils of tobacco =ere distributed among the pupils of the pub3.ic schools and also the Dakota Wesleyan CollegeQ In iVashington State, the W.C,ToII, placed placards not only in the schools but in stores, with quotations from the state law re-- garding the sale of tobacco to zr.inors® In Fullertonv California, for instanee¢ the-W.C.T.U, had a meeting especially for teachers, at which the speaker of the evening emphasized the point that the teachers can9 in their regular school work9 instruct their pupils regarding the tabacno eTi1, In Oxnard, Californiap the Social Service Secretary of the W,CoTtII, was a3.lowed to address the Aigh School Students on the subject of "Nicotine" and in Brawley the WoC.ToUo conducted an Anti-Cigarette Sssay Contest in the arammar and High Schools of the county. In Spokanea Washington the W C,T.II, gaie prizes to pupils in the public schools for essays on the "Effect of Cigarettes on the Euma.n System". In Mary3an.d, the W.C.TotTz is doing especial work in the kindergartens rather than in the higher grades. A course of instrEa.ctioni, which teachers are urged to use, emphasizes the harmfulness of tobacco, In this state, the organization will take up Americanization work as its principal program. It will howe.era on all possible occasions point out the injury caused by the use of'tobacco;'but will not in- augurate any.-ae.mpaign for its abolishment. The particular work which the Anti-Ys:r.cotie Department of the Cazn.W.C.T.II, will do this year is indicated by-the slogan it has e.dopted.

TtZBAL MERCHANTS ASSOCIATiON Of THE U.S. p ~ .~, w ~io smoking in public places." In Stoughton, Wisconsin, the w.C.T.Uo placed in the public libraty Roman'® book on "Nicotine Next" (see Bibliography) In order that its members may be -able to effecbive2y ca operate with these outside agencies some of the Unions have spec3al_= programs at their own meetings. Thus the Ontario (California) W, C.. T t3~ had "tobacco" as a subject for one of its meetings. Extracts were read from 2ienry Ford's book "The Little White Slaver"and a debate was _ held; "Resol.ed that the Gigarette and tobacco are useful" (See Bibliography) While the national office has gone' on record as against a Federal Tobacco Amendment and Lirs. Ella Boolet NewYark State Presc cf the W.C.T.II. has denied any contemplated legislative campaign agai"~, the cigaretto in a statement, in which she said "The use of tet~acco ~,s not a moral question and does not affect the social welfare of the people as did liquora It is a matter for educational work, and not legislation" f Some of the local Unions have announced they rill undc- take campaigns to secure the passage of laws prohibiting the use of - tobacco, Among such Unions are the Dutehesa Coo (33oY®) IInion; the ~` Kentucky State W.C.T.II.; the Southern California W-C,.TotTG; the Penns,rlvs.: State tY. C. T.Ue 0 ~.• ~TE^T~~E RANCP ; FROEIBITI ONC~AND ~ PLC~~ ~`G~IsS THE BOAP,.D ~C` r~''~t` 1L]l'. 1 lii ~~S1 i ~r ~~ In January 1920 this organization announced an educational and moral suasion campaign against the cigarette, In its annual meet- ing of the previous December- a resolution was passed: "approting a11 proper efforts to educate the public to a realization of the harmful effects of the use of tobacco-' and approving the prohibition of the aale of tobacco in any fcrn to minors." The resolution further reccg- nized the fundamental difference between tra,.'--i, i- _:.bs.c;.. _-Ldd that in alcoholic 3iquors3 and placed t:e convention on record as not con• templating any attempt to prohibit the production salep or use of tobacco except as above indicated. In addition to the campaign of education the Board, so its annual report states; will in all cases insist on eaforcing the laws regarding the selling of cigarettes to minors and deplores the faet that boys of eight or nine can without question bty cigarettes in the tobacco stores of most of the states of the Union.. It has had investi-> gations made as to "doped" cigarettes and "rill eirculate millions of leaflets'on nicoti 3ae poison and doped cigarettes." The following leaf- lets have been prepared and are being distributed by the Board: Tobacco Poiaons" ;"Diseaees ' t3aused by Tobacco" ; and "Decay of American Man- Eood"; all by Dro J. E. Kellogg of Battle Greek SennatariumQ "Nicotine is a most prolific Cause of disease"; "The Cigarette is ka.own to be an enemy of scholarship s' of culture, of morals s of health and vigor" r "More American Soldiers uill be damaged by the cigarette than by German bullets" 9 are some of the statements in these pamphlets. 'Lz;='-3nt ' Authorities who condemn the Cigarette"; *The Smoke Waste" are by Revs. ~ ~, .. . _ ~ 50235 9516

TO8AA:0 MERCHANTS A5SOCIATION OF THE U.S. . C~. C. RaricY. "The tobacco fund Tae a defeatist aampaigti (in the war). T6baoco in any form is a poison. 'Instead of fortifying'the bodily' forces, it weakens and tears down, It'lessens atrengthr endurance; efficiency", says the ReT. Mr. Reriok. In a pamphlet: "Poisonous Gases in War".,EudsQa-.Mak3nc-makes the statement that "the permanent effects of cigarette poiam are even worse than the after effects of the poison gases of the Germa_ns : because while they affect the body, they do not,~li3se the cigarette impair the mind," "The Case against Smokers" by Dr. George J6-Fisher9 and "Alcohol and Tobacco" are also distributed by the Board. BOARD OF TNMPhFiANCS & MORAL YJELFkRS OF T24E ~~t MMMi ~ .....~..~-~ _ The Board announced in Dec:ember," 1918 that -it would conduct sa special ca<mpaign agair4st the cigarette habit~ whicn would he under th6 directicrn of Prof, ~ ii;, picka.son of ffooster CbZlegeo The Board has already issued some 49 tracts on the Nicotine question and 15 posters r:.th facts about t: e cigarette. x "Some things the Cigarette will do for its Friends". is one leaflet in which it is stated that "for the growing boy'the cigarette . will detract from his physical, mental and'moral grouth;_it will make h -im indeqisive and wav•aring," "Camoul'lags,; the Cigarette leads all ~~~arr.ie s" -• "Tobacco clains to be only sedatirre -'but it is a deadly narcoiic; it lowers the moral tone of its userh., is a quotation.frorn this leaflet.. The following statement is made in the pamphlet: "Uncle Sam° s Csll" - "One cigar is said to contain eriough nicotine if taken directly into the system to kill a man". In "Wise Counsel" - "The most that can be said for cigarettes is that they are neutral, and that but seldori; nearly always their influence is negati.es" ' T?~~ Board suggests special antiGtobaoco programs for young people's mea4tnzs and issues a leaflet "Suggestions for Teaching a Ten,perance Les:.cnf": in rhich it des cribes the cigarette as "no less deadly and fax- more widespread than the drink evil:" The General Assercbly of the Presbyterian Church, in its sessioni 1918, ddeplored the alarming increase in the use of eigarettes; urged a21l peopl;, to discourage this Fharniful habit', and that increasing attention be given to this subject by cur state legislaturesr schools,' pastorsi Sunday Schoolsa etc, - Note: The pamphlets issued by the Presbyterian Board emphasize the moral effect of the cigarette on the boy, whereas the leaflets of the Methodist Board deal more often with the hygiene side. 0 4 't 5 ~

_V:~ .n-•. ._ _ _ _ _ T08ACYCp MERCHANT5 ASSOCIAi'ION OF 7•HE U.S% r . r, _ A. ' Oburche : 5 0 OTMR • lGZNCI3S ZN{iAGED IN TDQCATIONAL WORK _.~~... ....~._.. ...~._....... ~. ~ Individual churches have taken up educational work _agatnst- -= the cigarette habit by holding debates, prize contestsp-' etc. _- The Oxnard (California) Methodist Churchh had in place of its regular.evening service a debate,on the tobaeeo Ihabita In the - Lethodist Ipiscopal Church of Long Beach (Calif o) a "Dollar a Minute" or•ate~riral eton4-t was held~ the general subject being "Anti-Cigar- ettes" ;; a simiiar contest was nela .n cuc, Fi.L,n.. vhristian Church of Salem, Oragon, The Mormon Church Social Advisory Cvmmittee has outlined an ant3.-tobacco course of study to be used in schoolss -- T::e Ministers of the Methodist Npisoopal Churches ot' _- Fittsburrgy ra~ invited th6 Rev- Dr, V_ F_ Poland Edueationa3l director ef the No-Tobacco Axt:n* to address them,* and the Free Methodist ~rlinisteria~. Associatior_ of the Pittsburgh Conference endorsed the No-- Tobacco Army at one of its meetings• Some School Boards and School Prinoipals have shown their approval of anti cigarette legis2ation and_ educational work against the cigarettEA in .ome insta~cEs active work has been done Ybile in others the Scboo~ Sca: -3fi ^s.ve : ierel,y allowed the school buildings to be used for r.en-ti.,:-_;;., ar_,anged by organizs.tions or the pr*Yncipals have a1lotred speakers to address the asserrtblies; ete, There is a tend- en,y in the W.C,:T II, as weyl as other sacieties to choose school teachers mi.nisters- etco to act oi'f'ic'!a11y in their anti-tobacco educational work; In the Sibliography we have listed three text books. which are used'in the Public Schcols, These are characteristie~ and an exar~~.nation of Fh~ysicLogies used in the schools throughout the countrye will probably si:o:.; about the same amou,nt of space d9.otsd to the tobacco question;, in eac:~ ease, as we31. aa the same unscientific treatn:entE The anti-tobacco propaganda thus geto its start in the very first grade of school and is carried through to the high schoolQ as the teaching of Fhysio3ogy & Hygiene is coMpulsory@ F,: Fa Forest, Supta of Clarendon Cit~= (Arkansas) schools ~cants a rigid a.nti-cigarette law "As schooln~en he writes in the Little Rock Gazette "We feel that the uar has retarded our f ight against the cigarette ten or more years." • The Minneapolis, (Minnesota) Journal runs a colnrm3 each day containing a~letter written by a school principal. The particular point in each letter has been discussed and approTed by the Principa3.a N Forura, One letter warns of the cigaratte.menace and urges educational 0 ~ 6 s N W N ' ~ . ~O

MERCHANTS AS.SOClAT[ON of TtiE U.S. ~~. ~ ,v#--,wk among pupils on the question of anoking. A. C. Morris, rrincipol of Junior Eigh School of Independenees (Missouri) accompanied by 200 pupils appeared before CityCouncil ask. ing for an ordinance against sale of cigarettes to minors. The Principal of Richmond High School (Indiana) has conzpi3~ed statistics proving nonmamokers obtain greater honors in ath2etiesi' Inglish. mathernatics etc- Chancellor Day of S;rrs.cuse University (Sqracuse, N:Y,) is against students sr..olsing. "For Young N`en: it is not only foolish in appeerance,; but harmful to ones health". - StQnford Universibg, (Stanford_ Calif _) gives course -in srto1~.ng :. to det-rrrdne eff ects of tobacco ~ - _ Prof, Es.aset of Reeri college (Port3and- Ore -) in a lecture = - de3i~Vrc~d beiore his psyeha3o~ clzas ca3.iea aLtentic~n to the danger of ri._nterpreting statistics quoting some he collected in study of children in rittsburg slums xr1ch proved that smolsing children were brighter than others - a manifestly absurd conclusion." Profc Y- F. OtShea of University of Wiscor_sin 'tYad#.son.--Wiscj ~ is conducting experirents on a class of 24 girls- to detenrd.ne effecta o* smoking. Tests will take 6 months, and were began in Ju3.y~ 1920 Dr- J: 1.nox Mcntgomer-; of New Concora: professor in YuskinguM College has been elected President of the Ohio No Tobacco Z,eagtze, The Les.gue will conduct an active anti -cigarette campaign among the school children of the state: Mro CE F, Ricey Principal in th e public schools of Kansas Citf; Sansasp is eresident '%cf the Juvenile Defense Society of Xansas E the purpose of this Society i s to educate the growing generation against . t?^e "little *tihite SlaYer" ~ Many superintendents and school principals ' are members of t`ie societg~ . Dr: Claxt: n; U;, S_ Commission°r of Sducationg in addressing the Conference of New Eng3.and 8ducators stated that more money was spent for tobacco than education and more for cagarettes than for •teachers salaries-- In the Oxnard (Cal1fG•) zi.gh. Schoo3¢ T6 0c Wa3ting traveler_- ~ and lecturer addressed the Assembly on "Demoralizing Iffect cf Tobacco" while the Los Angeles Anti-Tobacco Society sas given the use of the public schools to conduct a series of lectures against the u.se.of tobaccoe At the Fullerton (Calif.) Ligh Sehoo.lo Dr. Davis of -the staff 0

TOdA(JCO MERCf1ANTS ASSOCIATION Of THE U.S% . z the American =fficiencT section of the American Bankers Lssn. • dressed the pupils on "Why Some People Fail". The aigarette habit was given as an outstanding cause of failure in sohoci work. In some cases Teachers' Associations have gone on record as . interested in anti-tabacco worY,- In Washington D. C, for, instance;•- the Brent Ilonke and School Association at its anmual aeeting dfscus-sed _ the need of a law to prevent sale of tobacco to rrsinors. At LafaTette~. Indiana, the Public School Teachers Council appointed a comnittee to investigate the cigarette question : Th-e Comr:ittao reconamended that teachers forrctu.late a definite plan for combatting cigarette evil among boys. At Baltimore- Md. the Friends School conducted a prize essay contest on "Reeping Fit" m The subject being the power of tobacco to render people unfito rrize winners were given subscriptions to Yo1 Tobacco Journal, ~ The Principals or School Boards have in some instances for- bidden pupils to sno!:Bf trs:zs the Prf ncipal of the Crosby Figh School (Sta:~t'ordQ ConnA has Por bidden pupils to smoke on their way to or frorn scaool; and students in The CentrqI High School, of Lima$ Ohio have . been forbidden to smoke rithin one block of the school, while in the following schools pupils found smoking may be expe].1.ed. ' Chico - California Waukegan ~ Illinois Lancaster < Pennsylvania Schuylkill Haren - Pennsylvania Dolgeville - New vork Takewood high School (C3evelandl Ohio Spanish Fork p Utah In Cheney (Washington) people living in a certain schoo3l dis- trict petitioned the city-council to enforce the law preventing sale of cigarettes to rsinors; and announced they would prosecute all dealers ` violating the 3aw, Students theriselTesa have gone on reaorda as being opposed to the smoking habit and in sonie schools there is active work along this Line among the student body.- The Engineering students at•Uni.ersity of Vinnesota (Minneapolis) have voted to abandon smoking on -the campus and the North B.igh School (Minneapolis) students issue aweek3T paper, in which a campaign against cigarette smoking i s conducted. The Freshmen at State Agrioultural School, Jonesboro (Arkansas) have taken a pledge not to use tobacco in any i'orm and have adoptedd a rule under xhic : violators of the pledge will be debarred from all Freshmen activities. A group of University of Pennsylvania men are carrying on an anti-tcbacco eampaign - pamphlets have been distributed with quotations 40 8 •

_ . .. , , ~ , ., . _. TObA0C0 M£RCHANTS ASSOCIATION Of TH£ U.3. • 0 .f;pm some of the profe s s ors shflring e.i ls of smoSd.ng. Y.IK.C.A. The Y. M,C.JL. is apparentlT s}ndertaking a ne• educational work ,emong hig.h sehool gnpils$ and is forming trhat are as.llea "Ei-Y" Clubs in high s4hools throughout the cotxntry. In IvAnston (Illinois) the 'X? : v' C2--b h=s a twofold purposo: (1) To discourage cigarette smoking among high school studentsf (2) To prosecute tobacco dealers who violate law of selling to rninorse Y In Dallas, (Texas) the"hi-Y" Club has had posters made giring 0 question were dal'Tered: . opinions of prominent men of Dallas on cigarette habit. These are dis=- played in schools8 Teachers xill allow the five minute oral English period to be used for discussion,of cigarette habit. It is interesting to note in this cormection that in January- 1918 :. t_tie Vationa3 off ice of the Y. k1- C. A;z suggested that branohe.s abolish all "No Sraok-Ir;g" si&ns in their buildings, and that propaganda against smoking be carried on by enn educational ca=r3ignr Another means of interesting students in the No-Tobacco qt:.estic- is by oratoriea3l contests at college meets etc ,~ The No-?'obaceo hsague is particularly actfve in this anci at the Second Annual Convention o_f tae Calit'ornisaRo ~:obacco League an Inter Collegiate Oratorical Ctntsst r.-as rcprc: 5-:::,tatrvo:; of si:; cc'ia.ages taking part "Tsvery phase of t'ie tobacco qu8zl%o3.~= was CoT•3T'8 d in t!2ase six orationns;"a according to a report of the co31t@stc The Inter-Collegiata Anti-Tobaoco Association which seems to be sponsored by the No-Tohacco Les.gue held a convention at McPherson (Ke.nsas) Gollegct Representatives f.rom three colleges took part in the oratorical contast; rhi3e at the Kansar Coi.lege Oratorical Coriast and convention held at Winfiey.d;. Kansss; 7 orations on the tobacco 0 fL aexand apparontly activ_,, wa; of ccMectir,g up the sc so^is W": t;3 eJc'1CEit1CX3^ai -Fti.Z-ry $ati&!sJ ti 81 CJ9 t= rf`l i ar°IIt=i e$cyi$.'R 5 Assoc:.ations", i'-h-e International anti-::Cl saret~a Leab=1 in a circialar 1€ L ter of ~'arci. i~-th states that t'~3e;~ ?~~avc ar-c:xra3 t:~c co4-opers.tion ct the Federated Ps.ront-Teachers Association and have rual2ed letters tv rsr,bars o; these ass;,ciations. The San Bernardino (Calif. ) Xot`aars and I-s.rerzt-Taachers Association annmnue that in conjunetion with the State Board of. Education they riL conduct a canpaign to educate its members in the effects of cigarette smoking on the growing boys At the initia2l meetQ ing the Supt. of Schoos.£ gave sa talk on this subject, - ~ The enforeement of the anti.-,cigarstte law was the.topic at the ~ 0 ~ W ~ ~ N