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Sugars

(Additives) Glucose/Invert Sugar/Fructose/Sucrose

Sugars are used in cigarettes and smokeless tobacco. They are used to sweeten chewing tobacco products and to smooth the smoke of cigarette, cigar and pipe blends. Sugars form a high percentage of the materials present in casing and recasing solutions which are used to apply additives to tobacco blends. Sugar solutions can be used to prevent the collapse and shrinkage of fruit and vegetables during various drying processes. Sugars affect the pH of smoke. All blended cigarettes of the American type employ casing materials such as sugar and/or fruit extracts, licorice and cocoa. These materials are used to mellow nicotine harshness and enhance the flavor of tobaccos. The increased levels of casing materials (sugars, chocolate and licorice) increase the smoothness, body and deep notes from these blends. Invert sugar is a mixture of glucose and fructose obtained by breaking sucrose apart and is invert. Invert sugar is a humectant. In 1983 Brown and Williamson concluded using 10% inverted sugar produced a smoother, lower impact smoke than using 5% cane sugar. Sucrose is D-glucose and D-fructose combined. A 1981 Philip Morris document states that pyrosylates of sucrose have been found to enhance the mutagenicity of other substances. Industry studies and results include the following. In 1983 Philip Morris considered applying isovaleric acid in the form of a sugar isovalerate ester to get rid of the strong objectionable rod odor observed when this compound is applied directly to cigarettes. In 1985 Philip Morris conducted a study of the effect of three sugars (glucose, sucrose, and fructose) added as casings to the filler. Results showed that the application of these sugars could actually adversely affect the ignition propensity of the finished cigarette. In 1985 Philip Morris had experiments done particularly with fructose, glucose, xylose to determine production of major nonvolatile pyrazine products. Philip Morris concluded that formation of nonvolatile pyrazines is under the control of the sugars which are used. Further studies were planned to determine which nonvolatile pyrazines yield desirable subjectives so that flavor systems can be designed with appropriate selection of sugars. In 1990 Brown and Williamson examined the feasibilty of using high molecular weight sugar-NH3 or sugar-DAP polymers to benefit smoke tests. Then in 1993 Brown and Williamson found variability in the glucose, fructose and sucrose contents of select cigarettes of study which raised questions of validity for that particular study.


Synonyms

   sugar
   Sugars