Tobacco Documents Online

Reports a simple extraction method for the simultaneous measurement of nicotine and menthol. Says this method is used to study the effects of air dilution on puff-by-puff deliveries of nicotine and menthol. Finds increased air dilution enriches the nicotine content of tar more than menthol and this procedure is useful for analyzing cigarette filler.

Nicotine applied as free nicotine and nicotine tartrate to different tobaccos to increase N/T ratios in smoke. Nicotine was delivered in smoke in the same manner as naturally ocurring nicotine. The nicotine treated samples were so strong that they were unpleasant to smoke. "Only a small addition of free nicotine was needed to provide the impact of a higher nicotine cigarette." Suggestions for further work: Determine level of free nicotine necessary to provide "popular" impact; investigate ways of aplying nicotine/ nicotine salts to RL; investigate nicotine additions to different parts of production process.

Recommendation by RA Pages to TS Osdene to continue theoretical chemistry program on substituted pyridines, pyrazines, and nicitinoids, i.e. nicotine analogues. Suggests that extension of work to saturated N-heterocycles like the pyrrolidine ring of nicotine is critical to future application of research.

Memo describes results of a study on psychopharmacologic effects of N'-substituted nicotine analogues. Compunds were found to produce mild sedation and muscle relaxation in rats, although not depressants, and "might be of value in anxiety-related depression. Recommedation to consider applying for patents for this chemically unique class of compounds.

Summarizes various pharmacological and electrophysiological studies on the acute effects of nicotine and includes "observations on the chronic effects following continuous intraventribular infusion of nicotine into the lateral ventricles of freely moving rats." Includes discussion of materials and methods and reports on extensive attempts to develop a receptor binding assay for nicotine. Reports that the "action of nicotine in producing the prostration immoblization syndrome does not appear to be mediated by cholinergic mechanisms in the brain." Includes results and attaches tables and figures. Discusses future objectives and research directions. Includes references.

Outline on the effects of nicotine, the problems and questions raised by research. The effects of nicotine section outlines changes that occur from nicotine in the CNS, cardovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and endocrine systems, tolerance, and hypersensitivity. Nicotine research results are influenced by the species used in research, the strain and the route of administration. The author concludes with research questions pertaining to chemical, physical, behavioral, pharmacological and flavor processes of nicotine as well as asking if nicotine is a cocarcinogen.

Report on the behavioral pharmacology program, the main objectives of which are to understand reinforcing actions of nicotine and nicotine analogues, gain insight into the neurobehavioral actions of nicotine, and develop animal behavior techniques to screen nicotine analogues for their nicotine eliciting properties. Used controlled experiments with self-administration of nicotine by rats to establish reinforcer function of nicotine. Found response of 2-methylnicotine equivalent to that of nicotine (i.e. behaviorally active).

Set of charts detailing the effects of filter, porosity, puff frequency, and blends on smoke delivery.

States ultra-low or low yield male smokers have significantly higher plasma cotinine levels when they smoke Barclay cigarettes than when they smoke Now cigarettes. Finds subjects that smoke 1 mg FTC 'tar' cigarettes have cotinine levels similar to Vantage, while subjects that smoke a 7 to 12 mg FTC 'tar' cigarette have cotinine levels higher than Vantage. Says these data indicate Barclay yields are equivalent to Vantage and rejects the hypothesis that Barclay smokers receive the same delivery as smokers of Ultra-Low brands.

Complex and detailed discussion of nicotine chemistry and pharmacology and summarizing research on nicotine analogues through examinations of SAR (structure activity relationships) and QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationships). Findings disprove the Hagid postulate, suggesting that for a nicotine analogue to be pharmacologically active, its pyrrolidine nitrogen must be accessible to receptors and free from steric hindrance. Abstract quoted in full: "The synthesis in our laboratories of a wide variety of nicotine analogues has served as the basis for a range of chemical and pharmacological investigations. We have examined the effect of subtituents on nicotine's structure, conformation, and chemical reactivity. A chemical model for nicotinic activity has been developed by a thorough evaluation of the iodomethylation of these analogues, thereby simultaneously quantitating the relative and absolute nitrogen nucleophilicity of these nicitinoids. Implications and extensions of this work will be discussed."