Product Design
Consumer Demand Responsiveness
Abstract
Draft of report on Consumer Demand Responsiveness (CDR), an approach in which consumer descriptions are translated into data useful in future design. Smoker behavior and its influence on response are assessed, as are measured per puff deliveries. A cigarette is characterized by a curve (capability curve) which represents all nicotine and condensate deliveries perceived by the smokers (based on puff volume measurements.) Notes that capability curves of low tar cigarettes show that smoers can get the nicotine values of standard brands. Discusses procedures for obtaining and making use of CDR values. Appendix provides definition for elasticity.
User-Contributed Notes
Fields
- Hypothesis
- CompensationIncorporating knowledge of compensation and effects of human smoking behavior into cigarette design.
- FTC machine testing and ratings
Design changes to achieve altered FTC smoke machine tar and nicotine ratings, with or without measured changes in human intake.- Low-yield cigarettes
Modification of low yield products to assure that adequate levels of nicotine delivery are maintained, and effects of yield changes on toxicity and dependence.- Measuring human smoking behavior
Measuring the effects of changes in human smoking behavior on intake of nicotine and smoke constituents.- Elasticity and Product Control
- FTC machine testing and ratings
- Keyword
- Consumer demand responsiveness 1 (CDR)
- Elasticity
- Smoker styles
- Behavioral effects (Behavioral pharmacology)
Addiction behavior, withdrawal, and measured nicotine effects- Puff volume (Puff amount)
- Puff duration (Puff length)
- Satisfaction
- Elasticity
- Design Component
- Pressure drop (PD, Resistance to draw (RTD), Flow rate or Draft)
- Interpuff duration
- Subject
- Smoke Nicotine (Measures)
- Tar (Measures)
- Compensation (Measures)
- Puff Parameters (Measures)
- Puff Count (Measures)
- Effects—Smoking Behavior (Effects)
- Test/Consumer Preference (Testing)
- Test/Inhalation (Testing)
- Test/Smoking Behavior (Testing)
- Low Yield Cigarettes (Products)
- Tar (Measures)
Annotations
- 1. Consumer demand responsiveness Keyword
- Description:
The capability of a cigarette to provide the smoker with a staisfying a mount of smoke without unpleasant effects.
- Intended Use:
To develop and modify products more specific to consumers' feedback. To translate smokers' descriptions of properties into acrual data that can be utilized by the product developer.
- Description:
Document Images
7
CONSUMER DEMAND RESPONSIVENESS
Coutent
2. Objectives
3. Special features of the CONSUMER DEMAND RESPONSIVENESS
approach
4_ Areas of applications / Examples
4.1 Scanning potential product advantages
4.2 Explanation of and feed back from consumer assessments
4.3 Feed back of information from successful brands
4.4 Brand development
5. Supporting tools
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The CONSUMER DEMAND RESPONSIVENESS of a cigarette
is defined as ~],~~m~' ~v ~ the capability of a cigarette,
to provide the smoker with
a satisfyingwithoutamount ofsmOkeeffects.
unpleasant ~cncc~itta~b
to develop and ~ modify products ~n~more~die-eet ~eBpon@e
to consumers" ae~er~ee.~/~.
7
• u
~propertles, w~4~h .... . ............. j J
by the product developer.
~E
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3. S~ecial felonies of the CONSUMER DEMAND RESPONSIVENES~
9-! Link of consumer m~ents and ciaarehte data
4o
The CONSUMER DEMAND RESPONSIVENESS approach is ~)~-~ink
~+.~,,a.~. ii
.~.~,,~.~ ~ ~t~& ~,, ~.~ ,;--.~
,, ,, ,
~,~,I ~ cause -effect velatlonshi~
=. ~P41 ................... nc ..........
cffoct~' ).
vol ....... = .... nt .............. ~ .......
,
- on the smoke~8" behaviour,
- on the levels of smok~ !z!~v~i~= ~_,~ b~ the
smokers~
G1300OO~
- on the acceptable levels of several properties, ~.
The approach of the CONSUMER DEMAND RESPONSIVENESS must
cover~ the smoker %4~l~l~have 4%@~a~4e influ-
ence on the smoke ~ per puff and on the puff
number. These are (in prinsiple)~ the variation of the puff
volume, o~ the shape of the puff, / ~he puff duration and
o/the interpuff duration. (The present report covers only
the ~~~o1~f tl ...... kom~thc puff
volume. )
Different types of smnklng behaviollr
The following two f-~--g4~t types of smoking
behaviour are ~c2T~]~:
(I) a smoking behaviour, which is ~, L~ LL~ indzvzdual~ ~Ay
~>redi~it~sn, and ".%hi~:-h is not ~t influenced by
the properties of the cigarett the smoke. ~ .
(II) a smoking behaviour, which i~ influenced by th~
p~operties of the cigarette and the smoks_~ The
smoker trio- "
rio-
.... ~m`-~c puff
~Fno quallta~iv~peot--~f~th~it~rion is ~onsidered
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~ad~m~n of "satisfying amount of smoke" into
i !~,-,~ ,¢.-~-'L,.~,jI~,
chemical constituents will remain a p~oblem. 4~-
i
" " the~condensate delivery per
puff is used. ~~re specific chemical
information will be ~d .......
bc ....... bw LL~
4~
$~a~li ' the condensate delivery per
puff).
based on the condensate deliveries, can only be made, if
the types of condensates of the two brands---~
are not too different.<~ 5~i~q ~ !@~)g~3~
•
The quantitative aspect is described by the equation
. ' " / u j/ (:~ . _
,1(. ;'! '(a,/ Y " """
I M(i)/puff (ate) : M(i)/puff (at VO) + E * (V - VO)
I
/
~M(i): delivery of smoke constituent i
V: actual puff volume (ml)
standard puff volume ( 85 ml)
E: mean elasticity of ~he cigarette
(definition see appendix)
an average deli~ery per puff i, consideredl~.l-
In extended approaches deliveries of "early" and "late?
puffs are discriminated.
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The increase of the puff volume can be restricted
several properties:
(I) The puff vol~e itself is a restrictive pro~rty
because of the ~yslological conditions of the smoker.
(2) A wellknown restrictive property is the pressure
drop of the ~ cigarette, which a~
linearly increases with the puff volume (at eonst~t
puff duration).
(3) Other restrlctlve ~~Y~
amount of irritating substanees~v4~6.
(It is obvious• that all val.~ are r~domly distributed.
Butjthe ass~ption of the existence of~ frequentlleccor~
!
val~ ~ reasonable, which then may be used as
upper or lower limits.)
"~~NSUMER DEMAND RESPONSIVENES~:
i •
/
"Range of DleaSllre". "zone of comfort". "z~ne of
Expressions such as "range of pleasure", "zone of comfort",
~yN~y ~ 0o
"zone of aoceptadnce" are d4-f~~for the ss]me
"space of states ~ defined by the targetA%e~eh~
~ the restriottve properties.
This expression is the ratio of target pxop~y ~n~
vm~c ~ the pressure drop~ which has to hs applied to
I ISOOO02S
\
achieve the required vn!uc of the target ~rc~crty.
This~ may be used, if pressure drop is4~d~@_Lu
the only restrictive property~pand if cigarettes with
similar smoke deliveries (at standard conditions) are oom-
pared.
4. Areas of aPPlications / Rxamo]~
4 I ~ ~otential Droduct advantages L .
identify potential product advantage~ of single brands
a given tar segment, -"
several criteria and several types of comparisons can bc
agpli , " are illustratBd in the following
examples.
4 i i Condensate-nicotine "capability-curve"
• ~ i~m ~,o~~condensate
/ and nicotine deliveries)~ a cigarette is characterized by
one point in a XY diagram (X: condensate, Y: nicotine) for
standard smoking conditions.~9 ....
In the CONSUMER DEMAND RESPONSIVENESS approach a cigarette
is characterized by a curve ("capability curve").
The curve represents all nicotine and condensate deliveries,
which are assumed to be .~ea4~ by the smokers.
The range of the curve corresponds to~ range of the puff
volume, which is limited by the ~'~"~d restrictions. The
upper limit of the capability curve is determined by the
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lowest of the nicotine and condensate values, which r----'-'!t
di££ ' " . ~ the maximum puff
volume (Vmax) or the maximum pressure drop (PI~n~x)).
By means of Fig. Exl some of the applications of capability
curves are illustrated:
(i) The capability curves of LOW (LT) and ULTRA LOW TAR
(ULT) brands show~.L~tL~ ~ smokers can get the nicotine
or condensate value8 (at standard conditions) of FULL FLAVOR
brands (DKS,USKS,USME) ~ 5h=~ LT ~,i ULT br~-n-~:
>>> only two ULT brands ~ not provide the reference nico-
~I~ -qt dJ
tine level (FF), five~LT and ULT brands 4-~ ~ not
provide the reference condensate level (FF).
(2) For any condensate target icvsl assumed (fixed value on
the X-axis) the corresponding (different) nicotine dell-
veries are given.
Vice versa: If i~~=% minimum nicotine i~
(fixed value on the Y-axis) are required, the corre-
sponding condensate deliveries are shown.
(8) Curves with a constant slope indicate a condensate/
nicotine ratio, ~hich does not vary, A~f-the the puff
volume is increased.
(4) The r~ limitation of each capability curve
is ~d~ntificd,..~.'~ .... either pressure drop (PDmax) or
puff volume (Vmax) )
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~[~i~2 Deviations from tolerance ]lmits
Another way to get a compact informative survey On the
CONSUMER DEMAND RESPONSIVENESSES of several cigarettes
in a given tar segment is illustrated by Fig. Ex2:
7
Six low tar brands (B-G) are compared with~MWNF deliverie~
from 5.9 to B.9 mg. (The respective I~F values are
indicated ~ the bar5~i~!~-~).
v
The assumed target le the condensate delivery per
puff of a full flavor brand (at 85 ml) (brand A).
The assumed ~estTiotlve propertie~ are puff volume, pressure
drop and nicotine per puff. The assumed respective max~mium
or mini~zum val~es ~re Vmax = 70 ml~ pDma/~ = 7 ins.WG~
NICmin = 0_i mg.
The actual values of the restrictive properties result
from the actual puff vol~me#-~4/.i~A, i~ applied to get the
condensate target delivery. The actual values of the
~eetric~ive properties a~s divided by the respective
maximum or minimum values and given in relative units (~).
z~ brands~ the restrictive properties ~ ~-:_.~ exceed the
maximum values o~ do not reash the minimum values, can
easily be identified by the "triple bar dlagram" (fig_ Ex2),
and ~re assumed to be le~s consumer demand responsive.
For example the following conclusions follow f~om fig. Ex 2:
>>> Brand C is insufficient because of itm ~e-high pressure
d~op and its ~ low nicotine delivery.
>>> Brand D yields an un~5~=lq~ i~,.~ amount of nicotine.
o
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>>> Brands B,F,G,H are more or less 'balanced" with slight
advantages of brand H.
4.2 Explanation of~feed back from consumer assessmentm
After the %a~ of several brands has been
assessed by a consumer or an expert panel, usually those
taste items, which are related to "strength~' impressions,
(the socalled "strength factors") are c~ with the
condensate or nicotine deliveries of the brands.
One ~-c~u~ procedure for comparison is~the comparison of the
rank order of the brands according to the strength factor
smoke delivery.
The ~ive smoke delivery can be expressed by different
reference values:
(i) ~s e~P~y the/smoke delivery per cigarette is
applied.
(2) Me4~ the smoke delivery ~er puff is applied.
.Very often this reference value is sufficient to
rank orders for the strength factor
• ~m~ the smoke delivery. In theBe oases there is no
need for other reference values.
(g) ~ or the LT and ULT segment~me~4~-~
~- smoke delivery per puff ~ 7o ml is applied.
/
( 13000029
