Product Design
The Influence of Paper Additives on Cigarette Sidestream and Mainstream Deliveries
Abstract
Describes the effect on mainstream and sidestream smoke of adding chemicals to cellulose fiber cigarette paper. States that cigarette papers usually contain a burn additive. Uses sodium, potassium and magnesium salts of weak organic acids, phosphates, aluminum sulphate, citric acid, sodium carbonate and pectin as additives. Reports an increase in burn rate from most of the chemical additives, with potassium salts causing a greater increase than sodium salts. States that chemical additives tend to increase mainstream carbon monoxide delivery, but reduced puff numbers mitigates this. Finds that acidic burn additives reduce the sidestream nicotine emission.
Fields
- Author
- B.A.T. Industries, Ltd.Defense
- Dittrich, D.J.Defense
- Robinson, David P. (BAT GR&DC Aerosol Science)Defense
- *Baker, R.R. (use Baker, Richard R.)Change Control
- Recipient
- Binns, Richard (BATCO GR&DC Dept. Head )R. Binns was a BATCO Dept. Head. (N.M. Tobacco Companies Personnel List)
- de Siqueira, C.J.P. (Scientist at BAT 1975-76)Scientist at British-American Tobacco Co. Ltd.(?)in 1975-76.
- Dunn, Patrick J. (ITC R&D, Montreal, Canada, c 1985-6)Manager, Analytical Services and Director of Smoking Behavior Research at Imperial Tobacco, Canada. Went by "Pat" or P.J."
- Gilderdale, R.F. (BATCO Central America & Mexico Caribbean Coordinator)Defense
- Heard, Alan L. (BAT GR & DC Programs Worldwide Coordinator)Worldwide coordinator for British American Tobacco's Group Research and Development programmes, around the mid 1980s. BAT Group R&D Manager, Southampton, 1984.
- Kausch, Erwin (BAT)Hamburg
- Massey, S.R. (Stewart), Dr. (BAT Canada R&D Manager)
- Reynolds, Martin Lance (BW Director of Research)Also served as Director of Product Development.
- Rittershaus, E.
- Thomsen, H. V. (BAT)1994 Member of Coresta Task Force
- Hypothesis
- Sidestream constituent yieldsModification of selected sidestream smoke constituents in response to health concerns.
- Mainstream constituent yieldsModification of selected mainstream smoke constituents in response to health concerns.
- Use of additivesModification of tobacco products through use of additives and measuring effects on dependence, behavior, and toxicity.
- Keyword
- Burn rate controlBurn rate is controlled through use of burn additives, density, paper, etc.
- Sidestream smoke
- Sidestream visibility
- Irritation (Attribute measure)
- Additive
- Sodium acetate
- Potassium chloride
- Magnesium carbonate
- Citric acid
- Aluminum sulfate
- Sodium carbonate
- Smoke Constituent
- Nicotine
- Carbon monoxide
- Design Component
- Low sidestream paper
- Paper permeability
- Subject
- Paper (Design)
- additives
- secondhand smoke
Document Images
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~7
Research and
Development Centre
Southampton England
B.A.T (U.K. AND EXPORT) LIblITED
A Member of tile B.A~T Group
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This repm~ mist no[ ~ copied o r shown to OIT~OK hori~d pe r ~)n~. ~ --
B.A.T (B.K, & Export) Ltd.,
Research & Devel0pmen~ Centre,
SOIJTIAAMRTOR.
DJD/JMW/46M
THE INFLUENCE OF PAPER ADDITIVES
ON CIGARETTE SIOESTREAM AND
MAINSTREAM DELIVERIES
REPORT NO. RD.2086
27.7.1987
R~D-LO44-87 c.3
AUTHORS: 0.3. Dittricb
SECTION EEADER: O.P, Robinson
ISSUED BY: R.R. Baker
DISTRIBUTION:
Dr. R. Binns
Mr. A.L. Heard
Mr. M.L. ReW~old$
Dr, P,J. Dann
Dr. S.R. Massey
~r. ~.G. RicRoII5
Herr E. Rit~ersh~us
Dr, E. Kau$ch
Dr, C-~.?, de Siqueira
Mr. H.V. Thomsen
Mr. ~.R. Gflderdale
Library
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3, 4
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9
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COPY NO, ~.~
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@ 1981 B A T IU K ~n4 El~mp Llm,¢~ This r~pom mn~E a~ ~¢ copied or Shown ~o unluthen~ ~tr~ns
B.A.~ (D.K. & Export) LtdI,
Research & De~el~p~n% Gen%re,
SOUTHAMPTON.
DJD/JMW/46M
27tR July~ 1987
THE INFLUENCE OE PAPER ADDITIVES ON CIGARETTE
SIDESTREAJ~ AND MAINSTREAM DELIVERIES
REPORT NO. RD.2086
R&D-L044-87 c.3
SUMMARY
This Report describes the effect of applying chemical additives
to cigarette papers on the mainstream and sidestream smoke
cha~ac%eris%i~s of cigarette~. Cohventional cigarette papers
are made from natural cellulose fibre, filler (normally
calcium carbonate) and in most cases a burn additive. The
cigarette papers to which chemical additives were applied
in this study were a conventional paper, a high basis weight
pager c~ntainin~ magnesium hydroxide as gar% Qf the filler,
and also a paper with titanium dioxide as the main filler.
The chemical additives chosen, sodium, potassium and magnesium
salts of weak organic acids, phophates, aluminium sulphate,
citric acid, sodium carbonate and pecti~, were ones likely to
give good reductions in ViSible sidestream frem earlier
work.
Application of most of the chemical additives examined Caused
the bur~ rate of the cigarette to incre3~e, the potassium
salts causing a greater increase in the burn rate than the
sodium salts. Addition of chemical additives to cigarette
paper %~nds %~ i~cr~ase ~ain~%rea~ cB~b~n ~n~x~e delivery i~
percentage vo]ume/volume terms, but because of the reduue~
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R&D~L044-87 c.3
puff ~umbers of the cigarettes, the delivery of carbon monoxide
per cigaretze (mg) does not necessarlly increase. Acldic burn
additives in the ciBarette payer reduce the sidestream aic~ti~e
emission of the cigarette by a simil~r amount as the rest of
%he partl~late ~ha&e. This is ~t achieved with ~her
additives where the reduction of particulate matter (~ater
and nicotine free) is much ureater t~an the nicotine reductlon.
KEY ~OR~S
Low Sidestream Cigarettes
Cigarette Paper Additives
Burn Additives
Cigarette Paper
Cigarette DesiBn
Sidestream VislbiTity
Mainstream Smoke
P~fi ~umi~er
Static Burn Rate
Smoke Deliveries
TNA
PMWNF
Irritation
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CONTENTS
i. INTRODUCTION
R. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
2.1 Bobbin Application
2.2 Spill Application
3. CIGARETTE SPECIFICATION
3.1 Paper Specification
3.2 Tobacco Type
3.3 Cigarette Construction
4. RE-REEL STUDIES: RESULTS
5. RE-REEL STUDIES: DISCUSSION
5.1 Influence of Potassium TartraLe
Additive Level
5.2 Effect of Sodium Acetate Addition
5.3 Effect of Potassium Lactate Addition
5.A Effect of Magnesium Citrate/Citric
Acid Addition
5.5 Acidic Burn Additives
5.5.1 Effect of Aluminium Sulphate
Addition
5.5.2 Effect of Ammonium Oihydrogen
Orthophosphate Addition
5.5.3 Effect of Potassium Dihydrogen
Phosphate Addition
5.5.4 Effect of Citric Acid Addition
5.6 Effect of SoGium Carbonate Addition
5.7 Effect of Pectin Addition
6. SPILL APPLICATION:RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Spill Application of Potassium
Dihydrogen Phosphate
6.2 Spill Application of Sodium Lactate
6.3 Spill Application of Sodium Oihydrogen
Phosphate
6.4 Spill Application of Disodium
Hydrogen Citrate
6.5 Spill Application of Sodium Dihydrogen
Sulphate
5.6 Spill Application of Sodium Carbonate
6.7 Spill Application of Sodium Tarcrate
7. CONCLUSIONS
N. REFERENCES
TABLES 1-6
FIGURES i-6
1
2
2
2
3
3
5
5
6
5
5
10
11
11
12
13
14
14
15
15
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lg
ig
20
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23
25
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i. INTRODUCTIQN
Cigarette paper consists of natural cellulose fibre, filler
(normally calcium carbonate) and in most cases a burn additive.
The fibre is the basic constitueng of the paper and forms the
~web~ (a structure of interwoven fibres). The filler is
added primarily go increase the opacity of the paper, amd to
improve its appearance. The burn additive is used mainiy as
an ash conditioner (to improve the ash appearance) and also
hag a second major role in congro]ling the burn rate of the
cigarette.
Reductions in sidestream emissions from cigarettes can be
produced by chan~es in the cigarette paper specification.
The main paper parameters which offer Control over the
sidestream emissions of cigarettes are: filler type and
level {1), inherent permeability (2), basis weight and the
type and level of chemical burn additive used (3, 4). The
above four parameters are inter-related, for example increasing
the chalk filler content of the paper wiil tend to increase
permeability aild basis w~igh~ if other factors are kept
ConsbanP.
The objective of ~he present study was tQ assess tbe effect,
on the mainstream deliveries and Sidestream emissions of
cigarettes, of the addition of various chemical additives to a
number of different base paper types. The purpose of the
investigation was to obtain a greater understanding of the
influence of additive level oa the paper, and the effect of
changing base paper type. The additives chosen were ones
likely to give a good reduction in visible sidestream from
earlier work (5).
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2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
Burn additives were applied to the cigarette papers in the
laboratory by two methods, bobbin and spill application,
described below.
2.1 Bobbin Application
The de-reeler Applicator {6) has been used to produce small
bobbins, approximately 500 m in length, of the cigarette
paper with chemical applied. The Re-ree~er Applicator is a
reel to reei device which applies an aqueous solution of the
chemical via pickup and transfer rollers from a bath. The
wet treated paper is then dried as it passes between two
heater plates, prior to being re-wound onto a bobbin core.
2.2 Spill Application
In the second method, the burn additives were applied to the
cigarette spill after the tobacco had been removed. The
tobacco was b]uwn out of the cigarette using the Cigarette
Refabrication Unit (7).
]he burn additive was applied in solution to the empty cigarette
paper spill via the Cigarette Spill Applicator (8), and the
excess w~ter evaporated from the spil] in situ via a compressed
air supply. After the burn additive had been applied to the
spills, tobacco was hlnwn back into them from cigarettes of
the s~me construction, using the Cigarette Refabrioation
Unit. In this manner sufficient cigarettes were produced in
order to carry out the required mainstream and siGestream
smoke analyses.
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3. CIGARETTE SPECIFICATIONS
3.1 Paper Specifications
The cigarette papers used in this exercise had the following
nominal specifications.
(a)
556NC - chemical free, 25 CORESTA units (e.g.)
permeability, conventional weight of 23 g m-2.
(b)
12-¢GACO - chemical free, 12 C.U. permeability, with
111% magnesium hydroxide filler measured as the oxide
at a high bosis weight of 40 g m-2.
(c)
12-4C10 - 12 E.g. permeability, with 10% tripobassium
citrate burn additive, at a high basis weight of
40 g m-2.
(d) 12NO - chemical free, 12 C.U. permeability, conventional
weight of 27 g m-2.
le)
(f)
3-21 CTTgCU - 9 C.U. permeability, with 15% titanium
dioxide filler, conventional weight of 24 g m-2.
55C - 3.5 C.U. permeability, with 10% tripotassium
citrate burn additive, low calcium ¢arbonaze filler
level {15%), at a high basis weight of gO g m-2.
(g) 12-40ACI0 - 12 C.U. base paper perforated to a final
permeability of 80 C.U., containing 10% tripo~assium
citrate burn additive, 10% magnesium hydroxide filler
measured as the oxidep at a nigh basis weight of
40 g m-2.
The 12-4 GACO, 12-4 CIO and Ig~C (papers b, c and d) were
selected in order to show the effect of chemica~ addition be
cigarette paper at the same air permeability, on papers
conbdini~g magnesitzm ~ydrnxide filler, high citrate level
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and conventional chalk filler respectively, 3-21 CTTgCU
(paper e) was used for the addition of the acidic burn additives
because of the neutral nature of the titanium dioxide fi]ler,
a]lowing the pH of the paper to be reduced more easily than
with papers containing basic chalk and magnesium oxide fillers.
The S5C (paper f) was used as a high citrate paper similar
to the 12-4CIg but at a much lower air permeability. The
additional control gaper in the exercise was the 12-4 DACIO
(paper g}, as an example of a low visibility sidestream
paper made by Papeteries De Mauduit. The 556NC (paper a)
was used to ascertain whether the addition of pectin had any
effect on a conventional cigarette paper. Table I gives the
cigarette paper analysis for bhese base papers prior to the
addition of chemicals via the ge-ree]er Applicator or the
Cigarette Spill Applicator.
Table 2 gives the ci~areLte code, the base paper used, the
additive type and level plus the final permeability of the
paper, in CORESTA units, of the cigarette papers to which
chemicals were applied using the Re-reeler Applicator.
It can be seen from Table 2 that a range of potassium tartrate
levels (3 for each paper) were added to the 12-4GACO,
12-4CI0 and 12 NC papers. A range of levels of potassium
tartrate additive was included in order to evaluate the effect
on the emission of various smoke components in the mainstream
and sidestream smoke.
In order to maintain a reasonably sizem experimental design
it was not possib1~ LO consider the influence of additive
level and typ~ on all the base papers. However, sodium
acetate, potassium citrate and magnesium citrate/citric acid
were evaluated a~ one level on three of the cigarette pagers
12-4GACO, 12-4CI0 and 12 NC.
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g.g
Blend 188 Virginia type with 8% expanded tobacco inclusion.
TNA 2.07%, reducing sugar 15.8% and total sugar 20.3% on a
dry weight basis.
Cuts per inch = 30
3.3 Cigarette Construction
Tobacco rod length - 64 mm
Tobacco rod circumference - 24.25 mm
Tobacco density - 250 mg/cc
Filter length = 20 mm
Filter circumferencB = 24.05 mm
Filter type cellulose acetate ref. No, 85F29
4. RE-REEL STUDIES: RESULTS
Tables 3 anm ¢ give the mainstream and sidestr~am smoke results
for the cigarettes. The cigarettes were smoked to a filter
plus 8 mm butt mark For mainstream with an 8 port scrambled
smoking on a 14odel 300 Filtrona smoking engine. Sidestream
smoke results were obtained by the standard fishtail method
(D221), the cigarettes ~eing smoked to the same filter plus
8 mm butt mark.
5. RE-REEL STUDIES: DISCUSSION
5.1 Influence of Potassium Tartrate Additive Level
Increasing the level of potassium tartrate on the chemical
free, ]gNC, and the magnesium hydroxide. 12-4GACO, cigarette
papers gave a reduction in puff number of the cigarette.
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