Product Design
A Review of the Effects of Cigarette Paper Burn Additives on Puff Number & Mainstream Deliveries of Tar, Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide
Abstract
Reports on previous research regarding the effects of burn additives on puff number and mainstream deliveries of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide. States that burn additives serve the purposes: 1) to control the burn rate and therefore puff number i.e., combustibility and 2) to act as ash conditioners i.e., control the appearance of the cigarette ash. Reviews the effects of paper burn additives on puff number; the effects of burn additives on mainstream deliveries; theories attempting to explain the mechanisms responsible for these effects; and a brief description of the use of burn retardants. Deals mostly with the more commonly used burn accelerator, sodium citrate and the ash conditioner, mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP). Notes that, because it is a complex topic and is being treated by other BAT research, the most recent use of burn additives to control sidestream smoke emissions has been omitted from the present report. Includes references, tables, and figures.
Fields
- Author
- Imperial Tobacco Ltd
- McBride, C.
- Recipient
- Binns, Richard (BATCO GR&DC Dept. Head )R. Binns was a BATCO Dept. Head. (N.M. Tobacco Companies Personnel List)
- de Siqueira, C.J.P. (Scientist at BAT 1975-76)Scientist at British-American Tobacco Co. Ltd.(?)in 1975-76.
- Dunn, Patrick J. (ITC R&D, Montreal, Canada, c 1985-6)Manager, Analytical Services and Director of Smoking Behavior Research at Imperial Tobacco, Canada. Went by "Pat" or P.J."
- Heard, A.A.
- Kaush, E. Dr.
- Library
- Massey, S.R. (Stewart), Dr. (BAT Canada R&D Manager)
- Nicholls, R.G., Esq. (BAT Attorney 1975-76)Nicholls was a attorney for British-American Tobacco Co. Ltd. in 1975-76. R. G. Nicholls, Esq. received copy of "Project Wheat-Part 1 dated 7/10/75 and Project Wheat-Part 2 dated 1/30/76 (Project Wheat 1&2).
- Reynolds, Martin Lance (BW Director of Research)Also served as Director of Product Development.
- Rittershaus, E. Dr.
- Hypothesis
- Mainstream constituent yieldsModification of selected mainstream smoke constituents in response to health concerns.
- Sidestream constituent yieldsModification of selected sidestream smoke constituents in response to health concerns.
- Use of additivesModification of tobacco products through use of additives and measuring effects on dependence, behavior, and toxicity.
- Use of filters, paper, and ventilationModification of tobacco products through use of filters, paper, and ventilation, and measuring effects on dependence, behavior, and toxicity.
- Keyword
- Burn rate controlBurn rate is controlled through use of burn additives, density, paper, etc.
- Later puffs
- Nicotine delivery (Smoke nicotine or nicotine yield)
- Per puff deliveryPer puff tar, per puff nicotine, and per puff CO
- Puff count
- Pyrolysis
- Sidestream smoke
- Total particulate matter (TPM or Tar)
- Additive
- Acetates
- Aluminum chloride (Burn retardant)B&W document mentions testing of aluminum chloride as a burn retardant in their Reduced Ignition Propensity (RIP) project. 584100573 (1994)
- Citrates
- Disodium hydrogen phosphate
- Lithium chloride
- Mono-ammonium phosphate
- Potassium chloride
- Smoke Constituent
- Carbon monoxide
- Nicotine
- Design Component
- Burley tobacco
- Burn additive
- Burn retardants
- Expanded tobacco (Puffed tobacco, ET)
- Paper porosity (Natural permeability or NP)
- Named Organization
- *British American Tobacco Company Limited BAT (See British-American Tobacco Co.)Defense
- Controlled Profile Cigarette
- de Mauduit
- Ecusta (major cigarette paper supplier)
- Imperial Tobacco Ltd. (Cigarette manufacturer in United Kingdom)Cigarette manufacturer in United Kingdom
- Kimberly-Clark Corp. (Specializes in the tobacco reconstitution process)Specializes in the tobacco reconstitution process and in helping the tobacco companies control their nicotine
- *R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (Cigarette manufacturer (Camel, Winston, Doral brands))Cigarette manufacturer (Camel, Winston, Doral brands)
- Subject
- additives
- Burn Rate (Design)
- nicotine technology
- Paper (Design)
- Tar (Measures)
Document Images
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Imperial Tobacco Limited/Limitee
RESTRIC~TED
A REVIEW OF THE EF~t~T~ ~F
CI~AR~ PAPER BURN ADDITIVES
ON pIJFF N U~*I BER AND M~.INSTREAM DELIVER[ES
OFTAR NICOTIN E AND CARBO~ Mor4oX]DE
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
MONTREAL
THiS REPORT MUST NOT BE COPrED OR SHOWN TO UNAUTHORIZED PERSONS•
RF~EARCH LA.BORATORY REPORT NO. 18
COlbY NO~
R,~'-H001-92 c.H
IMPERIAL TOBACCO LIMITED
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
MONTREAL
RESTR]CTED
A REVIEW OF THE EFI'ECTS OF
C]GARb2IWE pApER BURN ADDITrvEs
ON pUF1~ NUMBER AND MAINSTREAM DELIVERIES
OF TAR N~CO~NE AND CARBON MONOXIDE
AUTHOR: C. McBdd~
~2 D ! T(v~P, A2~Y
IPR 1 3 'i~94
ISSUED BY: DR SR MASSEY
DATE ISSUED: JUNE 3, 1992
]
R&D-H001 92 c.~
RESEARCH LABORATORY REPOR? NO. 185
COPY NO --
IMPERIAL TOBA¢¢Q LIMITED
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
MQNTREAL
RES CRICTED
?~ REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE PAPER BURN ADDITIVES
ON PUFF NUMBER AND MAINSTREAM DELIVERIES
OF TAR, NICOTINE AND CARBON MONOXTDE
AUTHOR: C. McBride
k
Ill
ISSUED BY: DR SR. MASSEY
!)ISTRIBI JTION:
Dr. PJ Duna
Dr SR Massey
Mr. AL. Heard
Dr. R Binns
Mr. ML Reynold~
Mr. R G Nichotls
Dr E. Riltershau5
Dr. E KausLl
Dr CLP. de Siqueira
Library
Copy No. 1
2
DATE ISSUED: MAY 30, 1988
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570gG5,5s,2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
PARTI
The Effect of Paper Burn Additives on Puff Number
Summary of the Effects on Puff Number
PART II
Toe Effecl of Paper Burn AddiI[ves un Ma[nstremn
Deliveries
Summary of the Effects on Mainslream Deliveries
PART III
Possible Mechanisms to Account fur the Effects of
Paper Burn Add[tiv~
PART IV Bum R etardants
REFERENCES
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R&D-}{001-g2 c.B
SUMMARY
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puff nun*be[ and mainstream de]iv~rle,~ of t~r, nlcollno and ¢~thon monoxlde 8urn acceleralo[~,
&uch as
sodium ~ p~I~L~ium ciL~le, th~r~asesmo~l~ r~le [b~eby r~d~ing puffnamb~r. At a~thtthn ]ev~]~ of
up to 3% by weight, puff number decre~es usually by a ma~,imum of I to 2 puffg. Ash condiuoaers such
as mone-antmonthm phosphate (MAP) have little or no effect on the smoulder rate and thexefore the
puff"
number. When an effect due to the ~se of MAP was observed it was usually aa incre,xse in purl"
number
in the range of 0.5 to 1 puff.
In terms of mainstream deiiverie~ the u~e of eltrat~ at normal levels usually lowers
malnstre~n tar
delivery by an average of 2 mg per cigarette whilst marginally thcre~sing mainstream CO delivery
(0.4
mg/clgarette) Ash conditioners are use~ to improve the clinging nature of the ash and to whhen its
appearance MAP is a most effective additive in Lhi~ respect but its u~¢ is ~sociatezl with large
thcrea~es
(mean value 4.1 mgleigarerte, n ~ 7 studies) in mainstream CO delivery. The use of MAP can a]so be
a~sociated with an increzze in mah~tteam I~r delivery (mean value 1.4 mg/eigarewe).
Some theories as to the mechanisms responsible lot these effects are discussed ill this
review.
Geneializat ions $ktmmarizil~g the effects o f paper additives conclude each ~¢ction A brief
deseription o f the
use of burn ret ardanLs is al~0 i~cluded.
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KEYWQRDS
Cigarette Paper Additives
Burn Additives
Cigarette Paper
Cigarette Design
Ma[~iream Smoke
Puff Number
Static Burn Rate
Smoulder P.ate
Smoke Deliveries
Tar
Ni~otln~
Carbon Monoxide
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[NTROD/JCTION
PAPER BURN ADDITIVES
One of the earliest mcntlons of the use of burn additivex can he found in a BAT report
dated 1932
(1). In this repo]l., it wa~ recommended ~at clgareltes be matlu~ctured with paper that bad bun
coBted,
On line during cigarette manufacture, with aqueous solutions ~1" alkaline organic salts. Rochell~
Salt
(sodthm~o~alom tarirate) w~ sp~al~ly men~io~ed as an ~id to c~tett~ combustibility a~d ash
formation.
In modern cigarette manufacture, burn add~llver~ incorpnra{ed into algaret~¢ paper
basically serve ~e
same purposes they did in 1932
l, to control the hurrt rate a~d therefore puff number, i.e. combustibility
2. to act ms lsh eonthtioners~ ie. control the appearance of the cigarette a3h,
tlowever, the llst o f burn additiv~ of potentied use ha~ grown ctmslderably zlnce then.
Some of the
more comrllOffly llsed burr~ ~ldditive$ ar~ given in Table 1 A number of the~e have been $Dldled
tjuile
extensively and are the subjects of some of the studies reviewed in this report. The burn additives
listed in
Table I are categorized under tb(ee headings, de~crlp~ive of their respective ~ffect$:
1, BURN ACCELERATORS designed to increase the bura rate of a cigarette.
BURN REI'A RDA NTS designed to decrease the burn rate and
ASH CONDITIONERS u, hich have little or no ~ffect on the burn rate of a cigarette but
which are used to improve ~e clinging nature and cotour of the cigarette ash,
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Most of the work reported in the lit~raPJrc has been conducted on burn accelerators and K~h
e~ondltloner~. Thor ure the n~ost ~srthl to ¢ig~lrc~c raanuffaclurers ~or ¢oI~troil~rlg
puffn~r~ber and ~Jvthg
the consumer a physically acceptable ash. Consequently uhis review will deal mostly with the~e two
catego~ie~ of paper burn additlv~, ~pexlally the more commonly used burn acceleralor, sodium cltrnm
and
the ash conditioner, mono ammonium phosphate (MAP)
"I'nis repoct is divided th¢o fou: part& In the first p~, dt¢ effects of paper bum
~dirives o~ puff
nui~b~r will b~ rcvlcwe(L In the ~¢ond pRrl the effects of burn addhlve~ or~ mainslTeanl
dellv¢rie~ ~r¢
pr~.sented and in the lhitd s~ctlon some theori~ as to the mechanisnLs [esponsib]¢ for these
~ffc~ts ~re
dlaeussed, A brief d~ctipt~on of [he use of burn retardants is given in the f~nal SecliorL
Infotmafion
r~I~va~t lo each ~ecliOll Of this review has be~n c×~racted from each of the report~ suweyed and
plaeed in
cbto~olo~ieaJ order. Gen~r~llzafio~ s~mma~izin~ the ~ffect~ ofp~er burn ~ddJlive~ on p~ff n~mber ~nd
mail~t~ra d~Iiv~rie~ cotedude these sections.
This review is in no way thtendexl to be exhauslLve. Th~ most recent use of burn addiliv~,
to
colltrol sid~Iream smoke emiss~ons, has been dellb~rately r~mthed from this report, The sPady Of
~ldeslrP~un
sl~ok¢ reduction throug~ th~ us~ of paper burn addilive~ is a complex topic and is the sub~ec[ of
very
exlel~iv~ receipt work throughoul ~ed external to the BAT Gioup
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F~: THE EFFECT QF PAPER BURN ADDITIVES ON PIlFF NUMBERS
In an early re~iew (2) of means by which the burning charactcriedcs of cigarettes could be
altered,
Baker ~f BAT briefly summarized the e ffect~ ~f paper burn addilives. Baker ~Iat ed that burn
~dditive~ had
ordy small effect~ oft puff n~mber and nicotine and TPM yields. From hi~ survey of the I~t~ra~r~ he
eoneluded that a variation of ordy half a puff was possible wbh 1-2% addition of various additives
(2, 3).
Additive free paper had the hlgbest pllff number, disothum p~osphate treated paper had the l~west.
In i977 D~hley of BAT studied a ser ie.s of fuur papers of different porositie~ to which
two levels
of a se~i~s of four ~dc/iIives ~ b~e~ added (T~le 2) (4) T~e ~ddi6~e* examined ~¢ere three b~¢n
accelerators: sodiurn-l~otassil~m lartrale (Roch~ll~ Sa]t), di~oth~m hydrogen p~loaphat ~, and
$othum tit f ate.
mad ml ash conthtionnr; mend ammonium phosphate (MAP) A special lab scale applicator/rewind~f was
used t~ itp ply the additives¸
In ter~s of the effect on puff number, Dashtey found that puff number was most thfluenc~l
by
disodium hydrogen pbospbat~ and Ro~be~le Salt¸ Cigarettes made with papers treated with these
chemicals
had the thwesl puff numbers, while MAP trealed paper had the highesl puff number (T~ble 2). In
general,
a range of 1.7 puffs wza fou~ld for tb~ addition levels and paper porosities ex~tmined.
Dasbthy followed this study with an examination (included in the sam~ report) of a series
of different
~hcr~jeeJs~p~i~dzt~ev~I~a~in8~e~f~igaret~e~r~fn~mtha~r~ityf~g~M~3). Tl~eJr eff~rs
or. mai~trearrl dcliveri~, puff nur~b~t" ~lnd st ~ti¢ burn rate (~R) ~re summarised in Table 3 a~
pereelllage
iacr e2.~ es and de~ree~ re/a~i'ee ~o th~ ~c~d~i~ve free paper. With ~especl I~ i7~ ff tlt~mbef,
Oas~ley conelt~lcd
that "the edd~tlotl of Irtost c]~emical~ r ~sults in some ~educt~olt in !3uff number ~lnd art
thcrease In static burn
tale. • (~)
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In 1977 at the annual TCRC, Mattlna and Selke of Kimberly-Clark, presented a paper in which
they
dlscussed the effeetg of ~ burn accelerator: ¢iltaIe; two a~h condlt~oger$: MAP al~d ur~t; al/d a
barn
[etaeda~u alundTlnra chlclrlde, on the gombll$tlon Of elgarette.~.
They examined these barn additives in terms of puff number and carbon monoxide delivery (5)
Although no dat~ ~¢as pr~ented si~ec~ticallle far puff mrmber, it can ~ infe~ed that ralatlve to
ualre~ted
paper, the addition of varying levels of MAP or alumlrlum ~hloalde did not r~ull irt any real ~hange
in
sraoulder r3t~ OO mi~/41) mra vs. lO mi~/49 mm a~d lO.S m}#4O mra). Additiot) of ur~ caused a ~Sgh~
d eciease in smoulder rilte from I() to app~oximaIely 12 rain/40 ram. The use of citrate resulled in
a m~rked
ir~cs e,~e iJ3 ,smou]def rate from I [I ic, almosl 7 rothl40 inm
Like Da~hley, Mattina and Selke concluded that, in general, untreated papers were alo'~ er
burning
thart papers treated w~th phosphate which ill turn were 51o',~er burlllrsg theft papers treated with
citrate,
FurLhermo[~, the addltior* of MAI* urea arid aluminum chloride produced no real change in puff
number
because there was no effect On th~ smouideF rate of the algareiles IJsthg citrale ~ art edd]cive
caused a
reduction irt puff number ~ a renault of an itlcre~e ili Smoulder ral¢.
At the 1978 TCRC, W F Owens of Ecusta Corporation, present~ a paper on the I~ffects of
Cigaretle Paper on Smoke Yield and Composition (6). Like Mattlna and Sel~e, Owens did nt~l reslrict
himself to a dismlssthn of burn additives hut also pre~ent ed informattha concerning po[o~ity
effects anci th~
importance tff paper permeabilily In hi~ ]rtvo~tigation of the effects of paper burn additives, Owe~
used
Di[~iential Thermal All~lys[s to study th~ thermal decomposilion of papers treated with various
burrt
chemicals¸
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