Product Design
[Research Activities]
Abstract
Lists research activities including Project XB [2 mg] and indicates physiological parameters and blood nicotine levels of "7-cigarette" studies are complete comparing branded and XB cigarettes. States Ultra Low Tar [ULT] and Full Flavor Low Tar [FFLT] nicotine studies are continuing, notes electrophysiological studies of nicotine/levulinic acid research in pigeons and humans demonstrate parallel results and indicates acid-coated filter technology is now practice. Says an impaction filter can be fabricated and that Tracheo-bronchial deposition in humans depends on smoke concentration "possibly manipulable by cigarette design." Notes the Chemsense database is on-line and says the Four-Cities Study, Nicotine RSM Study, switching behavior study and puff-profiles are complete. Elucidates the role of olfaction in cigarette taste, indicates consultation and design of five ETS-sponsored studies and states salivary cotinine samples from US multi-city and Japanese non-smokers have been analyzed. Highlights papers published, indicates "opposition to CECCM pack labeling." Notes reviewing numerous proposals and chairing HRRC since 1985.
User-Contributed Notes
Fields
- Hypothesis
- Free Nicotine
- FTC machine testing and ratings
Design changes to achieve altered FTC smoke machine tar and nicotine ratings, with or without measured changes in human intake.- Introduction of new/unconventional products
Research and development of novel nicotine delivery devices and experimental tobacco designs.- Low-yield cigarettes
Modification of low yield products to assure that adequate levels of nicotine delivery are maintained, and effects of yield changes on toxicity and dependence.- Measuring human intake
Development of scientifically valid procedures for measuring tar and nicotine levels that more accurately reflect human intake.- Measuring human smoking behavior
Measuring the effects of changes in human smoking behavior on intake of nicotine and smoke constituents.- Nicotine transport, transfer, and uptake
Design changes which alter nicotine delivery or effect how the product causes and maintains dependence, including transfer of nicotine from tobacco to smoke, and uptake into the body.- Smoke constituent testing
Development of methods for measurement of gas and particulate yields in mainstream and sidestream smoke.- Use of additives
Modification of tobacco products through use of additives and measuring effects on dependence, behavior, and toxicity.- Use of tobacco processing/ blends
Modification of tobacco products through changes in tobacco processing and use of blends, and measuring effects on dependence, behavior, and toxicity.- Neurobiology
- Sensory effects
Technologies used to measure, control, or alter sensory effects - FTC machine testing and ratings
- Keyword
- Acidity (Low pH)
- Addiction (Dependence)
- Aftertaste (Attribute measure)
- Animal testing
- Attribute perception ratings
- Behavioral effects (Behavioral pharmacology)
Addiction behavior, withdrawal, and measured nicotine effects- Blood nicotine
- Brain activity
- Brand differences
- Brand switching
- Cardiovascular system (Heart)
- Central nervous system (CNS)
- Cotinine
- Delivery modification
- Electrophysiological
- Flavor/ Taste (Attribute measure)
- Human testing
- Low delivery (Reduced delivery)
- Metabolite
- Nicotine delivery (Smoke nicotine or nicotine yield)
- Nicotine manipulation
- Per puff delivery
Per puff tar, per puff nicotine, and per puff CO- Perception of draw
- Physiological effects
- Puff parameters
- Sensory response
- Smoke pH
Acidity/ baseness, scale from 0-14, 7 neutral- Smoker behavior (Human smoking behavior)
Puff parameters, daily intake, etc.- Total particulate matter (TPM or Tar)
- Addiction (Dependence)
- Additive
- Levulinic acid
- Smoke Constituent
- formaldehyde
- Nicotine
- Total particulate matter
- Volatiles
- Nicotine
- Design Component
- Filter draft (Filter RTD)
- Filter efficiency (FE)
- Filter ventilation (Filter vents, air vents)
- Nicotine content (Tobacco nicotine content)
Total nicotine in the unburnt tobacco rod- Perforated paper
- Filter efficiency (FE)
- Operation/Project
- Project XBProject designed to test acceptability and smoke contents of experimental low-tar cigarettes
- Four Cities Study
Study of consumer acceptance of cigarettes based on their personality, tar, nicotine, and draw levels, and their concept of an ideal cigarette.- Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Products targeting specific smoker groups - Four Cities Study
- Named Organization
- UNC-Chapel Hill
- Chemsense
- Psychopharmacology
- HRRC
- Chemsense
- Brand
- Now (RJR)
- Vantage (RJR)
- MERIT ULTIMA
- Vantage (RJR)
- Subject
- acids (additives)
- Addiction
- Behavioral Effects (Effects)
- CNS/Brain (Effects)
- Effects—Smoking Behavior (Effects)
- Filters (Design)
- Levulinic Acid (Additives)
reduces the harshness of cigarettes- Low Yield Cigarettes (Products)
- Metabolites (Measures)
- nicotine technology
- Paper (Design)
- Puff Parameters (Measures)
- Sensory Effects—Impact (Effects)
- Sensory Effects—Taste (Effects)
- Smoke Constituents
- Smoke Delivery/Transport (Measures)
- Smoke Nicotine (Measures)
- Test/Animal Subject (Testing)
- Test/Consumer Preference (Testing)
- Test/Inhalation (Testing)
- Test/Smoke Constituents (Testing)
- Test/Smoke Machine (Testing)
- Test/Smoking Behavior (Testing)
- Ventilation (Design)
- Addiction
Document Images
92P ?1.92W Page 1
1. Coordinate Psychophysiology/Physical Chemistry Team for Project XB.
Completed "7-cigarette" studies of NOW, VANTAGE ULT, 2-mg XB, Merit Ultima.
Smoking behavior, heart-rate, blood pressure, breathing, serum nicotine
measures obtained. Mean peak serum nicotine for VANTAGE > NOW > Merit
Ultima. XB between NOW and VANTAGE, not significantly different. With
Pharmacology Division, completed urinary nicotine / metabolite study of
3-6-mg ULT brands, 2-mg XB, NOW, Merit Ultima in 3-6 mg ULT smokers.
Results confirmed "7-cigarette" study. Initiated urinary nicotine /
metabolite study of 2-mg XB and NOW in 1-2 mg ULT smokers. Analyses
underway. Completed FFLT "nicotine response" study of nicotine yield on
serum nicotine, STPI, anxiety, muscle tension, mental alertness, EEG,
heart-rate, blood pressure, breathing, smoking behavior. 32 subjects smoked
products yielding 10 mg 'tar' and ca. 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mg nicotine.
Half of 960 serum samples analyzed, remainder due late November. Other data
under analysis.
Completed electrophysiological study of nicotine, levulinic acid in pigeon
olfactory system. Stimuli showed additivity in mixtures, suppression of
nicotine's effects by pre-treatment with levulinic acid. Completed human
olfactory study of nicotine, levulinic acid at UNC-Chapel Hill. In general.
results parallel pigeon electrophysiology results.
Acid-coated filter technology reduced to practice. Volatile nicotine,
smoke pH measures, sensory tests showed effective smoothing via vapor
stripping and acid transfer. Formal sensory testing scheduled. Showed
practical impaction filter can be made with porous paper as orifice plate.
Improved, laser-perforated papers being manufactured. Tracheo-bronchial
deposition research focussed on developing model system. Results indicate
"cloud deposition" depends on smoke concentration, may account for
deposition patterns in humans, possibly manipulable by cigarette design.
2. Conduct Research on Product Understanding and Consumer Satisfaction.
ChemSense database including physical, chemical, toxicological and sensory
data on 1,673 compounds on line. Classes for R&D personnel on database
ongoing.
Reports on Four-Cities Study smoker personality/motivation, documentation,
background, protocol, demographic/lifestyle questionnaires submitted.
Report on Nicotine RSM Study switching behavior completed. Report on
analysis, documentation of DFC study submitted. Publication on EPQ, SMQ
data from Nicotine RSM Study submitted to Personality and Individual
Differences. Nicotine RSM data on smoke chemistry, perception of draw
analyzed. FTC nicotine, formaldehyde most strongly related to "draw",
followed by FTC tar, square of assembled draft.
Prepared puff-profile data on 800 smokings from Blood Nicotine portion of
Nicotine RSM Study, assisted Analytical Research in completing all
replications via HMSM.
With Flavor and Sensory Evaluation Divisions, completed study of role of
olfaction in cigarette taste. Minimizing retronasal stimulation during
puffing caused significant reduction in several "taste" attributes.
92PR1.92W Page 2
3. Support to ETS.
Provided design, planning, consultation on five ETS-sponsored studies.
Provided > 1,400 cotinine analyses of saliva samples from US multi-city and
Japanese non-smoker studies.
4. External Issues.
Papers in September '92 Psychopharmacology: "The role of nicotine in
tobacco use" (Robinson & Pritchard) debunks claim that nicotine is
"addictive" in sense of hard drugs; "The meaning of addiction: Reply to
West" (Robinson & Pritchard) responds to criticism of above article:
"Enhancement of continuous performance task reaction time by smoking in
non-deprived smokers" (Pritchard, Robinson & Guy) shows NIDA "deficit
medication" hypothesis is erroneous; "Psychopharmacological effects of
smoking a cigarette with typical tar and carbon monoxide yields but minimal
nicotine" (Robinson, Pritchard & Davis) shows very low nicotine products
had no effects on EEG. "Role of nicotine..." manuscript released (RJRTI) to
support opposition to CECCM pack labeling.
5. Other.
Chaired HRRC since 1985. 242 proposals reviewed since '85. 36 reviewed 1992
to date.
