Product Design
[Outline of Four Product Design Objectives Relevant to Behavioral Reactions to Mainstream and Secondhand Smoke]
Abstract
Lists strategies and projects by responsible staff member for objectives: "1) Assist product development by providing improved knowledge of the sensory nerves and organs which mediate smell, taste, 'feel', and draw"; 2) Improve methods of product evaluation and marketing new productes through systematic exploration of factors involved in smoking satisfaction; 3) Assist in improving products and knowledge of the market place as a whole by providing improved techniques and methods for the study of smokers and smoking behavior; [and] 4) Help in making informed decisions on how products should be designed to achieve product development goals by developing understanding of the chemical and physical phenomena which affect the release, transfer, and absorption of smoke constituents, as well as the sensory 'values' of constituents". Concentrates on secondhand smoke issues.
User-Contributed Notes
Fields
- Hypothesis
- Free Nicotine
- Behavior Targeting
Cigarette's effect of enhancing/mitigating specific behaviors- Perceptions of ETS
Design changes to reduce perception of environmental tobacco smoke among smokers and nonsmokers in response to public concerns about the dangers of ETS.- Sidestream constituent yields
Modification of selected sidestream smoke constituents in response to health concerns.- Mainstream constituent yields
Modification of selected mainstream smoke constituents in response to health concerns.- Introduction of new/unconventional products
Research and development of novel nicotine delivery devices and experimental tobacco designs.- Health effects
Design changes which have measurably altered health effects of cigarette smoke, both for smokers and nonsmokers.- Nicotine transport, transfer, and uptake
Design changes which alter nicotine delivery or effect how the product causes and maintains dependence, including transfer of nicotine from tobacco to smoke, and uptake into the body.- Sensory targeting
Targeting of smokers through changes in sensory characteristics - Behavior Targeting
- Keyword
- Environmental Tobacco Smoke ETS
- Draw
- EEG
- Puff count
- Puffing behavior (Human puff parameters)
- Plasma nicotine
- Satisfaction
- Cotinine
- Dilution
- Total particulate matter (TPM or Tar)
- Draw
- Additive
- Levulinic acid
- EVG
- Prototype
- LTN cigarettes
- Multi-cigarette IV
- Multi-cigarette III
- Multi-cigarette IV
- Operation/Project
- Nicotine RSM (Nicotine Response Surface Methodology Study)RJR study conducted in late 1980s / early 1990s to test acceptability of new experimental cigarettes
- Nicotine RSM HSB Study
- Winston vs. Marlboro Puff-by-Puff EEG Study
- Nicotine RSM Plasma Nicotine Study
- Nicotine RSM HSB Study
- Technology/Method
- QSDS
- Quantified Smoke Delivery System
- HMSM
- Human Mimic Smoking Machine
- Puff profiler
- Flow probe technology
- HSB field systems
- Quantified Smoke Delivery System
- Subject
- aerosol (technology)
- Behavioral Effects (Effects)
- Irritation (Effects)
- Levulinic Acid (Additives)
reduces the harshness of cigarettes- Novel Cigarette Devices (Products)
- Particle Size (Technology)
- Puff Count (Measures)
- Puff Parameters (Measures)
- Receptors (Effects)
- Secondhand Smoke/Perception
- Sensory Effects—Impact (Effects)
- Sensory Effects—Taste (Effects)
- Smoke Deposition (Measures)
- Smoke Nicotine (Measures)
- Tar (Measures)
- Test/Animal Subject (Testing)
- Test/Consumer Preference (Testing)
- Test/Smoke Constituents (Testing)
- Test/Smoke Machine (Testing)
- Transfer to Smoke (Measures)
- Ventilation (Design)
- Behavioral Effects (Effects)
- Brand
- Winston (RJR)
- Marlboro (PM)
- Horizon
- Marlboro (PM)
Document Images
PLAN
OBJECTIVES MILESTONES
1) Assist product development by providing improved
knowledge of the sensory nerves and organs which mediate
smell, taste, "feel", and draw.
Strategy - Relate physicochemical properties of main-
and sidestream smoke to sensory and behavioral
reactions of smokers and non-smokers.
* Review sensory irritation with respect to 3/31/91
ETS. [DLCK, SBS]
* Review ETS chemistry with respect to 3/31/91
government standards. [SBS, DLCK]
* Complete evaluation and report on odorant- 6/30/91
evoked brain potentials. [JCW, WSP]
* Complete study of psychophysical and 12/31/91
respiratory responses of trigeminectomics to
selected odorants. [JCW, RAJ]
* Complete description of interactive roles of 6/30/92
olfactory and trigeminal nerves in perceptiort`
of odor and irritation and in mediation of
respiratory responses to odorants and
irritants. [JCW, RAJ]
Strategy - Develop models that describe the sensory
impacts of changes in products that affect mainstream,
sidestream, or environmental tobacco smoke.
* Complete study and report on perception of
draw. [JCW, RAJ]
* Complete study of responses of normal and
anosmic pigeon model to selected odorants.
[RAJ, JCW]
6/30/91
12/31/91
* Combine intra- and extramurally generated 12/31/93
data from humans and animals in predictive
model of smokers' and non-smokers' responses
to cigarette smoke. [JCW, RAJ]
* Complete model of respiratory responses to 12/31/94
cigarette smoke. [JCW, RAJ]
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PLAN
OBJECTIVES MILESTONES
2) Improve methods of product evaluation and marketing new
products through systematic exploration of factors involved
in smoking satisfaction.
Strategy - Apply existing or emerging technologies, and
develop and implement new technologies for the
measurement and analysis of human smoking behavior, the
measurement of smoking satisfaction, and the
determination of the relationship of smoker
demographics, lifestyle, and psychological makeup to
product acceptance.
* Ensure timely completion of 1990-91 Nicotine 4/01/91
RSM HSB Study. [JHR, RAD, WSP, DWG, DWE, MFS]
* Compete analysis, interpretation and 4/01/91
reporting of psychographic, physiological,
behavioral and satisfaction data from the
1990-91 Nicotine RSM Study. [JHR, RAD, WSP,
DWG, DWE, MFS]
* Complete analysis and report of 1990-1991 7/01/91
WINSTON vs. Marlboro puff-by-puff EEG study._,
[JHR, WSP, RAD, MFS]
* Design, execute and report 1991 Nicotine RSM 7/01/91
Plasma Nicotine Study. [JHR, RAD, DWG, MFS]
Strategy - Relate physicochemical properties of main-
and sidestream smoke to sensory and behavioral
reactions of smokers and non-smokers.
* Design, execute, and report an acute-smoking 10/01/91
study of LTN cigarettes. Cigarettes to
include nicotine salts; studies to include
puffing, breathing, plasma nicotine, and
neurohumoral measurements. [JBR, JCW, RAD,
MFS]
* Design, execute, and report a nicotine and 6/30/92
"tar" dose-response study. Cigarettes to
include REST-based, and/or LTN, products, if
available; studies to include puffing,
breathing, plasma nicotine, and neurohumoral
measurements. [JHI2, WSP, RAD, MFS]
* Design, execute, and report a long-term study 12/31/92
of puffing behavior, plasma nicotine, and
neurohumoral agents. Cigarettes to include
LTN products, if available. [JHR, WSP, JCW,
RAD, MFS]
Strategy - Develop models that describe how
physiological and psychological responses to smoke
affect consumer "satisfaction" and choice of regular
brand.
* Design, execute, and report a study of the 12/31/91
effects of smoking on rapid information
processing in human smokers, to include
stress and no-stress conditions. [WSP,JHR]
* Design, execute, and report a quantified 6/01/93
smoke delivery system (QSDS)-based, dose-
response study of the effects of nicotine on
EEG, heart-rate, blood pressure, and
neurohumors. [JHR, WSP, DWG, RAD]
* Develop a model including puffing and 12/31/94
breathing behavior, plasma nicotine, and, if
applicable, neurohumoral measurements that is
predictive of smoking "satisfaction". [JHR,
WSP, JCW, DWG, RAD]
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PLAN
OBJECTIVES MILESTONES
3) Assist in improving products and knowledge of the market
place as a whole by providing improved techniques and
methods for the study of smokers and smoking behavior.
Strategy - Apply existing or emerging technologies, and
develop and implement new technologies for the
measurement and analysis of human smoking behavior, the
measurement of smoking satisfaction, and the
determination of the relationship of smoker
demographics, lifestyle, and psychological makeup to
product acceptance.
* Establish radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique 12/01/90
for analysis of nicotine and cotinine in
biological fluids. [RAD, MFS]
* Select neurohumoral agents that are 2/28/91
candidates for linkage to smoking
satisfaction and establish RIA analyses.
[RAD]
* Evaluate sources of variability in levels of 4/30/91
neurohumoral agents in humans. [RAD]
~-
* Design, build, and test an improved 5/31/91
psychophysiological testing laboratory for
the study of human performance as it relates
to smoking. [JHR, WSP]
* Ensure implementation of new HMSM technology 6/30/91
within Biobehavioral Division. [DWG, DWE]
* Design, build and test a quantified smoke 12/31/91
delivery system (QSDS) to administer known
quantities of smoke to human subjects. [JHR,
BJI, DWG, DWE]
* Research and test existing technologies for 12/31/91
measurement of "wasted smoke". [JHR, DWG,
RAD, DWE]
* Ensure application of new HMSM technology to 12/31/91
development of QSDS. [DWG, DWE]
* Complete system for measurement of "wasted 12/31/92
smoke" and apply to ongoing, in-house studies
of smoking behavior. [JHR, BJI, DWG, DWE]
~ Maintain--and improve analytical methods for Ongoing
analysis of nicotine and cotinine in
biological fluids. Provide such analyses as
needed. [RAD, MFS]
Strategy - Transfer developed technologies or models to
Brand R&D and/or other interested groups within R&D.
* Ensure implementation of new human-mimic 11/01/90
smoking machine (HMSM) in Analytical Services
laboratories. [DWG, DWE]
* Complete technical documentation for new 3/31/91
HMSM. [DWG, DWE]
* Complete technical documentation for Puff 6/30/91
Profiler and Calibrator. [DWG, DWE]
* Replace obsolescent HSB field computer 6/30/92
systems with PC-based systems and/or develop
and implement plan for "portable" HSB field
systems. [DWG, DWE]
* Upgrade portable Puff Profilers. [DWG, DWE] 12/31/93
* Upgrade flow probe technology. [DWG, DWE] 12/31/94
* Provide support to HSB field measurements as Ongoing
needed. [DWG, DWE]
* Provide ongoing support for development and Ongoing
installation of new HMSM technology. [DWG,
DWE]
.
.
a:\plan9l\obj0901.003 ver. 10/31/90
PLAN
OBJECTIVES MILESTONES
4) Help in making informed decis-ions on how products should
be designed to achieve product development goals by
developing understanding of the chemical and physical
phenomena which affect the release, transfer, and absorption
of smoke constituents, as well as the sensory "values" of
constituents.
Strategy - Relate physicochemical properties of main-
and sidestream smoke to sensory and behavioral
reactions of smokers and non-smokers.
* Measure and compare chemistry of ETS from
commercial, reference, and new technology
cigarettes (Multi-cigarette I). [DLCK]
3/31/91
* Complete study of evaporative deposition of 5/30/91
nicotine, identifying differences among
cigarettes and the relationships of these to
sensory perception and behavioral reactions.
[BiI]
* Design, execute, and report a dose-response 5/30/91
study of the effects of levulinic acid on
human olfactory response. [JCW, JHR] ''
* Identify other smoke components thought to be 7/31/91
related to perceived "strength" and that
undergo evaporative deposition. [BJI]
* Compare human responses to ETS from HORIZON 9/30/91
with and without EVG. [DLCK]
* Measure human sensory and physiological 12/31/91
responses to ETS from commercial, reference,
and new technology cigarettes (Multi-
cigarette IV). [DLCK]
* Design, execute, and report a study of the
effects of levulinic acid pre-exposure on
human olfactory responses to nicotine. [JCW,
JHR]
* D°sign and conduct experllllent.. ~' ~lent..~ to determ].ne
relative contributions of particle deposition
and evaporative transfer to perception of
"strength"-related sensory attributes. [BJI]
* Design, execute, and report a study of the
effects of levulinic acid-nicotine mixtures
on human olfactory responses. [JCW, JHR]
* Determine effects of dilution, reactions,
etc., taking place as smoke evolves from
point source, on chemistry and sensory
perception of ETS. [DLCK]
* Investigate smoke formation mechanisms that 6/30/92
affect smoke deposition or transfer
properties found important to sensory
perception. [BJI]
* Measure and compare sidestream smoke from 12/31/92
commercial, reference, and new technology
cigarettes (Multi-cigarette III). [DLCK]
Strategy - Develop models that describe the sensory
impacts of changes in products that affect mainstream,
sidestream, or environmental tobacco smoke.
* Develop semi-quantitative, predictive model 8/31/91
of evaporative deposition, based on
properties of TPM and aerosol dynamics in the
respiratory tract. [BJI]
* If warranted, extend aerosol dynamics 10/31/91
predictive model to include lower respiratory
tract deposition mechanisms. [BJI]
* Complete compilation of sensory responses of 6/30/92
animals and humans to tobacco smoke
constituents. Apply to prediction of: a)
relative importance of ETS constituents to
non-smoker complaints, and b) effects on
smokers' puffing and breathing behaviors. `'
[ JCW . JlIl2. RAJ ]
Strategy - Transfer developed technologies or models to
Brand R&D and/or other interested groups within R&D.
* Propose and test alterations of cigarette
construction to achieve desired sensory
properties of smoke. [BJI]
12/31/92
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