Human Smoking Behavior

Product Design

Human Smoking Behavior

Date: 19832606
Length: 67 pages
2500126796-2500126862
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Abstract

Catalogues internal tobacco industry documents from 1956 to 1982 related to human smoking behavior. Tables include: document ID numbers, date, subject areas, brief description of document with conclusions, quotations and comments. Defines document subject areas as: compensation, electrophysiological, motivation/quitting, general, benefits/smoker psychology and simulation.

Fields

Quotes

Plans and objectives (1003293191, 10032933195): "To determine if quitting success is a function of delivery levels of cigarettes smoked prior to quitting." "Suggests that reducing delivery levels may provide a stepping stone to quitting, thus posing a risk to the industry."

Johnston memo to Daniel, "The relationship between average daily cigarette consumption and tar, nicotine and puff count (1003285395, 10032800428)": "The best predictor of consumption is race, but when data are correlated for race and sex, nicotine shows high correlation with average daily consumption." "Nicotine delivery is the strongest of the three variables in predicting cigarette consumption."

Dunn memo, "Plans and Objectives - 1981" (1003293130, 1003293137): "Smokers modify smoking behavior to maintain certain levels of nicotine in the blood. Changes in level may be more important than absolute levels - that the imput of nicotine form [sic] a cigarette creates a 'spike' which is the summation of the discrete puff-induced spikes."

Gullotta and Schultz, "Electrophysiological Studies - 1982 Annual Report" (1003179058, 1003179107): "Smokers can get CNS [Central nervous system] effects with ultra-low delivery cigarettes comparable to those obtained with high delivery cigarettes; "the data indicate the possibility that smokers might modify their smoking behavior in order to obtain some optimal CNS levels of nicotine."

Dunn review of St. Martin's Conference, "Motives and Inventives [sic] of Cigarette Smoking" (1003291964, 1003291981): "Suggests the real product being sold is nicotine, and the cigarette is but a 'dispenser for a dose unit of nicotine.'"

Charles memo to Osdene, "Why People Smoke" (1003155178): "DeNoble's work has shown that no withdrawal syndrome occurs following termination of chronic nicotine administration; PM [Philip Morris] cannot defend against tolerance, since 'tolerance to nicotine is a well-established fact.'"

Dunn Monthly Report (1003288354, 1003288356): "Have begun to identify hyperkinetic children who may 'eventually become cigarette smokers in their teenage years as they discover the advantage of self-stimulation via nicotine."

"It would be good to show that smoking is an advantage to at least one subgroup of the population. Needless to say, we will not propose giving cigarettes to children."

Dunn draft of Smoker Psychology Program review (1000046538, 1000046546): "Study the psychology of the smoker in search of information that can increase corporate profits."

"We provide a product that is the essential commodity in a frequently recurring habitual act." "Without the chemical compound, the cigarette market would collapse, P.M. [Philip Morris] would collapse, and we'd all lose our jobs and our consulting fees." "Is nicotine component X"...If so: What is the lower delivery limit below which the smoking act is not reinforced? Is the site of reinforcement in the CNS [Central nervous system]?" "Is the industry placing itself at risk by lowering delivery levels?" "Is cigarette smoke the vehicle of a dependency-producing drug? What are the fundamental differences between the habit of tobacco smoking and heroin injection?"

Rank

Hypothesis

Behavior Targeting

Cigarette's effect of enhancing/mitigating specific behaviors

Compensation

Incorporating knowledge of compensation and effects of human smoking behavior into cigarette design.

Elasticity and Product Control

Smoking psychology and behavior

Neurobiology

Sensory effects

Technologies used to measure, control, or alter sensory effects

Keyword

Addiction (Dependence)

Behavioral effects (Behavioral pharmacology)

Addiction behavior, withdrawal, and measured nicotine effects

Central nervous system (CNS)

Compensation (Titration)

Consumer demand responsiveness (CDR)

Cost savings (Cost reduction)

Daily intake

Delivery modification

Electrophysiological

Ex-smokers

Habituation

Inhalation (Smoke inhalation)

Low delivery (Reduced delivery)

Puff volume (Puff amount)

Smoker behavior (Human smoking behavior)

Puff parameters, daily intake, etc.

Social psychology

Coping/stress management, image, and personality

Tar/Nicotine ratio (Nicotine/Tar Ratio or T/N ratio)

Vent blocking

Blocking of filter vents by lips or fingers

withdrawal

Evoked response

Smoke Constituent

Total particulate matter

ammonia

Design Component

Air dilution channels (Filter channels)

Casing

Burley tobacco

Denicotinized tobacco

Operation/Project

Project 2600

@1600

Project Grow

grooved acetate filter

SEX-II

Sex III

Named Organization

Board of Directors

*Fabric de Tabac Reunies (FTR) (see Fabriques ...)

Tobacco plant in Neuchatel (Switzerland). Subsidiary of Philip Morris.

Federal Trade Commission (Enforcement agency for laws against deceptive advertising)

Enforces laws against false and deceptive advertising, including ads for tobacco products. Ensures proper display of health warnings in ads and on tobacco products;collects and reports to Congress information concerning cigarette and smokeless tobacco advertising, sales expenditures, and the tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide content of cigarettes.

Journal of Motor Behavior

Philip Morris Research Center (Did 1983 study which concluded that nicotine is addictive)

Philip Morris Research Center did a 1983 study which concluded that nicotine is addictive, per New York Times (Reuters 4/5/94).

Special Smoking Panel

Task Group Surrogate

Virginia Journal of Science

Behavioral Research Laboratory

American Chemical Society

Philip Morris Companies Inc. (Parent company of Philip Morris USA, Kraft, Miller)

America's seventh-largest industrial enterprise in 1993, owns Kraft, Miller Brewing, General Foods, and more.

Technology/Method

C.I. Report

EEG

PREP

Cambridge pad

BIRD-I

Brand

Commander

Marlboro (PM)

Merit (PM)

Pall Mall (ATC)

Parliament (PM)

MARLBORO LIGHTS

Subject

Behavioral Effects (Effects)

Bioavailability (Measures)

CNS/Brain (Effects)

Compensation (Measures)

Metabolites (Measures)

nicotine technology

Pharmacology (Effects)

Puff Count (Measures)

Puff Parameters (Measures)

Receptors (Effects)

Sensory Effects—Impact (Effects)

T/N Ratios (Measures)

Tar (Measures)

Test/Consumer Preference (Testing)

Test/Smoke Condensate (Testing)

Test/Smoke Constituents (Testing)

Test/Smoking Behavior (Testing)

Transfer to Smoke (Measures)

Ventilation (Design)

Document Images

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS 1003293267/3273 740115 1003293476/3493 740301 1003294977/4982 740724 1000356550/6576 740800 C C DESCRIPTION WLD memo to TSO, "1974 Plans and Objectives." [Dup. 1003293183/3185] Smoking and Health Presentation to N.Y. Personnel, "Some Unexpected Observations on Tar and Nicotine and Smoke Behavior." WLD memo, ,'Experimental Design for the First Study of Patterns of Smoke Inhalation (designated Inhalation I)." Schori Special Report, "Does the Smoker Compensate for Changes in Delivery in Order to Regulate Intake (TNT-4)." CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS H_~pothesis: i) puffing patterns vary as a function of changes in delivery; 2) dose control continues even after the puff of smoke is drawn into the mouth. Smoker responses to cigarettes with different filter systems were different in terms of flow, volume, count. Subjects smoking various brands of cigarettes with a puff recorder showed that smoke volume and tar intake differed from FTC values. "Smokers are taking in more than FTC ratings." "The FTC standardized test should be retained: (i) it gives low numbers; (2) it permits comparisons between brands." "People smoke to get nicotine; more nicotine will compensate for less tar." Premise: ". . that the smoking habit is ~ned by t~e reinforcing effects of the pharmacologically active components of smoke. A corollary to this premise is that the smoker will regulate his smoke intake so as to achieve his habitual quota of the pharmacological action." No evidence of regulatory behavior i.e., smokers failed to compensate for decreasing availability of T + N by changing the number of cisg@_@_moked or the amount of rod consumed. States that the intake constancy hypothesis must be viewed with skepticism.. Intake quota mechanism is not operative for short-term changes in cigarette delivery levels. 10872403 Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting, G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation 9089Z~O0sE

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DOCUMENT ID 1003288114/8116 1003294036/4037 1003288110/8113 DATE "C" AREAS 740814 C E 74090o/ C 741200 740916 C P 1000258064 741126 C C DESCRIPTION WLD Monthly Report. Quarterly Report. WLD Quarterly Report. HRRW letter to Hausermann. [Dup. I001812881]~ CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS Identifying the agent responsible for smoke impact will enable manipulation of impact and aid in development of full-flavored low- delivery cigarette. Smoke inhalation does not appear to influence subject's control of alpha activity. "The pharmacological effects of nicotine, or better of smoke, together with the psycho- physiological state of the smoker, form a short-term regulated system in which the quantity of nicotine involved, is settled by the smoker at each puff, more or less independently of the available quantity, as expressed by the standard yield." Smokers deprived performed better than smokers or non-smokers. Smokers exhibited fewer mood changes. "No change was observed in rod honsumed or number of cigarettes smoked as tar delivery varied. Unless some other mechanism for regulating intake can be uncovered, the intake consistency hypothesis must be viewed with skepticism." Puff Six (Rvan). "Obviously a compensation ~s takinq place." "It is true that a particular individual appears to have some kind of a consistent puff profile, but it is also true that individuals change the duration and volume of thier puffs when they make radical changes in the type of cigarettes being smoked." PM is not ready.to release these data. 10872403 Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting, G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation LO~gZIOOSZ

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DOCUMENT ID 1003293177/3182 1003295335/5338 1003721133/1148 1000024914/4920 DATE 741127 "C" AREAS 750103 C 750205 C 750514 C C C WLD memo to TSO, E 1975." P DESCRIPTION "Plans and Objectives for Goodman memo to Meyer, "Marlboro-Marlboro Lights Study." Clafllin memo to RBS, "Effect of Flow Rate on Smoke Component Deliveries." WLD memo to RBS, "Observations on the Relationship of Nicotine Change and Sales Change in the Marlboro." CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS Study the effects of smoking on a subject's ability to concentrate as measured by maintenance of alpha brain wave dominance; 2) to study "the influence of smoking upon control of aggressivity." Conduct studies to investigate the hypothesis that smokers regulate the amount of nicotine retained in the body and how they regulate it. As a group regular Marlboro smokers did not significantly change smoking behavior when switched to Marlboro Lights. Major changes in delivery are not observed for the range of flow rates at which most people smoke. "A smoker's change in volume or puff count has a more direct relationship to his smoke intake." Smokers are insensitive to major delivery level changes (i.e., 24-18 mg). This appears contrary to contention that seasoned smokers smoke for nicotine. "Both the literature and the internal P.M. R&D findings to date are not fully supportive of the postulate. Suggestive, yes, but there has been no study which revealed the smoker to be titrating to the degree necessary to maintain constancy in his nicotine supply when he is faced with a variation in delivery levels of the cigarette smoked, or when he is preloaded or predeprived." "what the smoker gets in the way of smoke is independent of smoke concentration levels as delivered within the range of commercially available cigarettes." Areas~ 8099~ ~00Sg C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, M = Motivation/Quitting, S = Simulation

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DOCUMENT ID 1003287978/7980 1003200909/0916 1000359382/9403 DATE "C" 750625 C 750717 C 751000 C C AREAS DESCRIPTION WLD Quarterly Report. HRRW Quarterly Progess Report. WLD/Meyer Special Report, "Low Delivery Cigarettes and Increased Nicotine/Tar Ratios, a Replication." CONCLUSIONS/COMMENT~ Effect of Smokinq on..Ri~k_Takinq.in a simulated Auto Passinq Situation. Manuscript approved for publication. After deprivation smokers (i) increased their no. of puffs by 37%; (2) increased no. of cigs consumed by 28%. Lighter smokers showed the greatest percent increase in no. of cigs smoked and no. of puffs taken. Smoke deprivation study completed during this period suggests that smokers increase their number of cigarettes smoked and number of puffs per cigarette in the two hour period following a two hour "no-smoklng" period, and that light smokers (under 2 cigarettes per hour) showed the greatest increase. Provides evidence that optimum nicotine to tar ratio for a i0 mg tar cigarette a higher (.09) than that occurring in smoke from natural state tobacco (.07). Supports findings that increasing N/T ratios increases subjective strength and acceptability of low delivery cigarettes. Cautions that N/T ratio should not be increased to extent that acceptability is lost. 10872405 Areas: C = Compensation, E.= Electrophysiological, G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, 6089Z~00SZ M = Motivation/Quitting, S = Simulation - 13 -

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DOCUMENT ID 1003294212/4217 1003288087/8091 1003293172/3176 1003293191/3195 DATE "C" AREAS 751030 C C 751106 C C 751121 C C 760000 C M DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS Drafts of presentation to a Swiss group re smoker regulation. [Dup. 1003294218/4226; 1003294227/4233] WLD Monthly Report. WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives for 1976." Plans and Objectives. "Identify the behavioral options available to the smoker for regulating rate of uptake determine the degree to which he exercises these options." "That smokers do alter behavior in the direction of intake constancy by a) varying number smoked b) varying intake/cigarette." "Viewing the body of information collectively, we're optimistic that we can convincingly document the position that the smoker gets what he wants, such that the imposition of tar limits by FTC fiat or by law will have little influence on the smoker's uptake." Objective: "to find evidence which supports the notion that smokers regulate the amounts of physioloqically active substances they receive from ciqarettes by alterinq their inhalation pattern." Measure changes in smoke inhalation as tar and nicotine deliveries vary. "To further articulate the role of nicotine in the reinforcement of smoking behavior." "We assume that some smokers regulate the amounts of physiologically active substances that they obtain from smoking cigarettes." "We expect to see changes in their smoking behavior which will compensate for the differing deliveries, resulting in a constant intake of nicotine and tar." "To determine if quitting success is a function of delivery levels of cigarettes smoked prior to quitting." Suggests that reducing delivery levels may provide a stepping stone to quitting, thus posing a risk to the industry. 10872403 0~gz~00SZ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, M = Motivation/Quitting, S = Simulation

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DOCUMENT ID DATE 1003288079/8084 760210 1000362772/2795 760709 1000744611/4616 1003288042/8043 "C" C 760916 C 760924 C AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS C WLD Monthly Report. People accepting a low tar cig with added N are people who smoke, at least in part, for N. C Behavioral Research Annual Report, approved by WLD. [Dup. 1003293201/3205] Ryan memo to Daniel, "Consumption Changes Following Reduction in Delivery Changes." Levy and Ryan memo to TSO re Smoker Psychology Program. Smokers did not change their puff volume or inhalation volumes when smoking markedly different cigarettes. No significant differences in puff volumes or inhalation volumes when subjects smoked cigarettes with different T&N deliveries. Regulators took more puffs on the low delivery cigarette under non-deprived smoking conditions. "All subjects tended to take larger puffs on the low delivery cigarette." Smokers either do not change number of cigarettes consumed when delivery is lowered or change by very trivial amounts. It appears when a person switches from a full- flavored to a low-delivery cigarette, he reduces his T&N intake almost proportionately. "Because we are having trouble finding regulators we are considering modifying our theories." Habitual smokers may not show compensation when nicotine is decreased. 10872403 Areas| C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting, G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 15 -

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" 1003293209/3214 770000 C 1003295450/5451 1000369089/9121 1003295039/5043 10872403 770224 C 770613 C C P 770913 C AREAS DESCRIPTION Ryan Report, "5-year Plan Discussion." Goodman memo to Garwin, "Effect of Filter and Rod Length on Smoking Profiles." Behavioral Research Annual Report. Dunn presentation to Goldsmith, "Acceptability of Varying Tar Deliveries." CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS Whv people smoke based on how people smoke. Ryan assumes that smokers need to maintain a certain level of nicotine in their system. When nicotine falls below this level, the smoker smokes a "need" cigarette. A cigarette smoked when nicotine is above the optimal level is a "habit" cigarette associated with certain external cues. "Most cigarettes are smoked 'in the same way' regardless of delivery or other cues, ". . . however, "more puffs will be taken on a need-cigarette than on a habit-cigarette particularly when the need is high." An overtipped cigarette is smoked with slightly smaller puff volumes and fewer puffs than a regular cigarette. Otherwise, length of tipping paper or total length of the cigarette do not change~smoking parameters~ Regulator Identification Program (Levy). "regulators obtained more nicotine from the high delivery cigarette when they were deprived than when they were non-deprived. Regulators and Non-regulators respond differently to smoke deprivation." Smokers, nonsmokers and smokers deprived performed equally well under the no stress conditions. Under stressful conditions, nonsmokers worsened performance, deprived smokers remained the same and smokers improved performance. Smoking can help people better handle disruptive effects of stressful situations. Proposes a study to monitor delivery level preferences over the next six years .... Also asks, "so how far down should we go?" C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting, G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, s = simulation

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DOCUMENT ID 1001521417/1418 1003293160/3165 1003293384 DATE "C" AREAS 771111 C C 771123 C C 780123 C C CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS Investigate whether people smokefor nicotine or something else. "[M]any of his cigarettes will be smoked out of habit . . . rather than out of any nicotine need .... " Two-part study planned-- (i) distinguish those smokes who smoke many cigarettes from habit and few from need, from their opposites; (2) switch to groups from high (or low) nicotine to low (or high) nicotine. Smokers who smoke mainly from habit should show little compensation, others who smoke from need should show compensation. "Plans and Objectives-1978." Plans: I) to repeat a modified SEX II study. 2) to predict how delivery changes modify consumption. For people who smoke primarily for nicotine "we would expect changes in nicotine delivery to produce compensatory changes in in the number of ciggrettes consumed." Relatively few changes are expected for smokers whose motives are other than nicotine. 3) to investigate upper and lower nicotine thresholds. Ryan will develop a theory that "smoking is a multidetermined act, which in the long time smoker is based on a nicotine need .... which smoking has become a almost unconditioned response)." Although switchers to low tar cigarettes probably smoke more cigarettes and might take longer, deeper and longer puffs, their actual tar intake is less because compensation cannot totally make up for the delivery difference. DESCRIPTION WLD Monthly Report. [Dup. 1003287995/7996] WLD memo to TSO, WLD memo re whether switchers to low tar cigarettes smoke more to compensate. 10872403 Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting, G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation 17 -

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DOCUMENT ID DATE 100369449/9495 780630 1000370391/0403 780726 1003293151/3159 781206 "C" C C C P DESCRIPTION Behavior Research Annual Review - Part I. Levy/Lieser Completion Report, "Regulator Indentification Program." Dunn memo, "Plans and Objectives-1979." CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS "subjects reduced the number of low nicotine cigarettes they smoked per hour over the ten- day period of the study/ A similar reduction for the high nicotine cigarettes was not observed." "[T]he intercigarette interval was shorter for the low nicotine cigarettes than for the high nicotine-cigarettes." "It has been our contention for some time that many people smoke for nicotine, and that these people will alter their smoking behavior in response to changes in nicotine availability in an attempt to regulate their nicotine intake." "these findinqs all provide support for our contention that some people smoke for nicotine and some do not." "To understand the psychological reward the smoker gets from smoking, to understand the psychophysiology underlying this reward, and to relate his reward to the constituents in smoke." This knowledge will strengthen R&D capability in developing new products. "The low nicotine delivery will ensure that total nicotine in the system remains at or near the nicotine need threshold, thus maximizing the proportion of the day's cigarette consumption which is smoked out of need and minimizing the nicotine augmentation from those cigarettes which are smoked out of habit." "our working hypothesis remains that the smoker does alter inhalation in response to cues of smoke composition. " 10872403 Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting, G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation

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DOCUMENT ID 1003293314/3321 1003293218/3224 DATE "C" AREAS 781213 C M 790200 C • C DESCRIPTION Gullotta, Levy and Ryan memo to WLD, "Accomplishments, 1978." WLD presentation program review. CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS "We were unable to conclude that low-delivery cigarettes wean smokers away from the accustomed nicotine intakes thus making it easier.to quit". Assume there is a disproportionate number of low delivery smokers who are health conscious which leads to higher quit ratios. "Beginning with the assumption that at least some people have a developed need for nicotine, we suggested a theoretical explanation for their smoking frequency based upon a homeostatic attempt to keep the amount of nicotine in the system suprathreshold." "The nicotine intake from the habit cigarettes serves to postpone withdrawal symptoms associated with need." "Until recently we have entertained a titration hypothesis - we have postulated that the habituated smoker is seekig to maintain some optional [optimal?] level of nicotine in his bloodstream. As a corollary we would expect to see the smoker attune intake to blood level. Given a more diluted smoke, he would smoke more, with more cigarettes or bigger puffs, or deeper inhalations." Understand the psychological reward the smoker gets from smoking; understand the psychophysiology underlying this reward; relate this reward to the constituents in smoke. 10872403 Areas= C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting, G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation 19 -

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