Product Design
Human Smoking Behavior
Abstract
Catalogues internal tobacco industry documents from 1956 to 1982 related to human smoking behavior. Tables include: document ID numbers, date, subject areas, brief description of document with conclusions, quotations and comments. Defines document subject areas as: compensation, electrophysiological, motivation/quitting, general, benefits/smoker psychology and simulation.
Fields
- Quotes
Plans and objectives (1003293191, 10032933195): "To determine if quitting success is a function of delivery levels of cigarettes smoked prior to quitting." "Suggests that reducing delivery levels may provide a stepping stone to quitting, thus posing a risk to the industry."
Johnston memo to Daniel, "The relationship between average daily cigarette consumption and tar, nicotine and puff count (1003285395, 10032800428)": "The best predictor of consumption is race, but when data are correlated for race and sex, nicotine shows high correlation with average daily consumption." "Nicotine delivery is the strongest of the three variables in predicting cigarette consumption."
Dunn memo, "Plans and Objectives - 1981" (1003293130, 1003293137): "Smokers modify smoking behavior to maintain certain levels of nicotine in the blood. Changes in level may be more important than absolute levels - that the imput of nicotine form [sic] a cigarette creates a 'spike' which is the summation of the discrete puff-induced spikes."
Gullotta and Schultz, "Electrophysiological Studies - 1982 Annual Report" (1003179058, 1003179107): "Smokers can get CNS [Central nervous system] effects with ultra-low delivery cigarettes comparable to those obtained with high delivery cigarettes; "the data indicate the possibility that smokers might modify their smoking behavior in order to obtain some optimal CNS levels of nicotine."
Dunn review of St. Martin's Conference, "Motives and Inventives [sic] of Cigarette Smoking" (1003291964, 1003291981): "Suggests the real product being sold is nicotine, and the cigarette is but a 'dispenser for a dose unit of nicotine.'"
Charles memo to Osdene, "Why People Smoke" (1003155178): "DeNoble's work has shown that no withdrawal syndrome occurs following termination of chronic nicotine administration; PM [Philip Morris] cannot defend against tolerance, since 'tolerance to nicotine is a well-established fact.'"
Dunn Monthly Report (1003288354, 1003288356): "Have begun to identify hyperkinetic children who may 'eventually become cigarette smokers in their teenage years as they discover the advantage of self-stimulation via nicotine."
"It would be good to show that smoking is an advantage to at least one subgroup of the population. Needless to say, we will not propose giving cigarettes to children."
Dunn draft of Smoker Psychology Program review (1000046538, 1000046546): "Study the psychology of the smoker in search of information that can increase corporate profits."
"We provide a product that is the essential commodity in a frequently recurring habitual act." "Without the chemical compound, the cigarette market would collapse, P.M. [Philip Morris] would collapse, and we'd all lose our jobs and our consulting fees." "Is nicotine component X"...If so: What is the lower delivery limit below which the smoking act is not reinforced? Is the site of reinforcement in the CNS [Central nervous system]?" "Is the industry placing itself at risk by lowering delivery levels?" "Is cigarette smoke the vehicle of a dependency-producing drug? What are the fundamental differences between the habit of tobacco smoking and heroin injection?"
- Rank
- 1
- Hypothesis
- Behavior TargetingCigarette's effect of enhancing/mitigating specific behaviors
- Compensation
Incorporating knowledge of compensation and effects of human smoking behavior into cigarette design.- Elasticity and Product Control
- Smoking psychology and behavior
- Neurobiology
- Sensory effects
Technologies used to measure, control, or alter sensory effects - Compensation
- Keyword
- Addiction (Dependence)
- Behavioral effects (Behavioral pharmacology)
Addiction behavior, withdrawal, and measured nicotine effects- Central nervous system (CNS)
- Compensation (Titration)
- Consumer demand responsiveness (CDR)
- Cost savings (Cost reduction)
- Daily intake
- Delivery modification
- Electrophysiological
- Ex-smokers
- Habituation
- Inhalation (Smoke inhalation)
- Low delivery (Reduced delivery)
- Puff volume (Puff amount)
- Smoker behavior (Human smoking behavior)
Puff parameters, daily intake, etc.- Social psychology
Coping/stress management, image, and personality- Tar/Nicotine ratio (Nicotine/Tar Ratio or T/N ratio)
- Vent blocking
Blocking of filter vents by lips or fingers- withdrawal
- Evoked response
- Behavioral effects (Behavioral pharmacology)
- Smoke Constituent
- Total particulate matter
- ammonia
- Nicotine
- ammonia
- Design Component
- Rod length
- Rod draft
- Tipping paper
- Air dilution channels (Filter channels)
- Casing
- Burley tobacco
- Denicotinized tobacco
- Rod draft
- Operation/Project
- Project 2600
- @1600
- Project Grow
grooved acetate filter- SEX-II
- Sex III
- @1600
- Named Organization
- Board of Directors
- *Fabric de Tabac Reunies (FTR) (see Fabriques ...)
Tobacco plant in Neuchatel (Switzerland). Subsidiary of Philip Morris.- Federal Trade Commission (Enforcement agency for laws against deceptive advertising)
Enforces laws against false and deceptive advertising, including ads for tobacco products. Ensures proper display of health warnings in ads and on tobacco products;collects and reports to Congress information concerning cigarette and smokeless tobacco advertising, sales expenditures, and the tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide content of cigarettes.- Journal of Motor Behavior
- Philip Morris Research Center (Did 1983 study which concluded that nicotine is addictive)
Philip Morris Research Center did a 1983 study which concluded that nicotine is addictive, per New York Times (Reuters 4/5/94).- Special Smoking Panel
- Task Group Surrogate
- Virginia Journal of Science
- Behavioral Research Laboratory
- American Chemical Society
- Philip Morris Companies Inc. (Parent company of Philip Morris USA, Kraft, Miller)
America's seventh-largest industrial enterprise in 1993, owns Kraft, Miller Brewing, General Foods, and more. - *Fabric de Tabac Reunies (FTR) (see Fabriques ...)
- Technology/Method
- C.I. Report
- EEG
- PREP
- Cambridge pad
- BIRD-I
- EEG
- Brand
- Commander
- Marlboro (PM)
- Merit (PM)
- Pall Mall (ATC)
- Parliament (PM)
- MARLBORO LIGHTS
- Marlboro (PM)
- Subject
- Behavioral Effects (Effects)
- Bioavailability (Measures)
- CNS/Brain (Effects)
- Compensation (Measures)
- Metabolites (Measures)
- nicotine technology
- Pharmacology (Effects)
- Puff Count (Measures)
- Puff Parameters (Measures)
- Receptors (Effects)
- Sensory Effects—Impact (Effects)
- T/N Ratios (Measures)
- Tar (Measures)
- Test/Consumer Preference (Testing)
- Test/Smoke Condensate (Testing)
- Test/Smoke Constituents (Testing)
- Test/Smoking Behavior (Testing)
- Transfer to Smoke (Measures)
- Ventilation (Design)
- Bioavailability (Measures)
Document Images
HUMAN SMOKING
BEHAVIOR
H~MAN SMOKING BEHAVIOR
D0'CI/MENT ID
1003285559
1003285564/5567
DATE
AREAS DESCRIPTION
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
AREA C
C Idea for regulation study.
Determine whether physical parameters such as
dilution or nicotine regulation affect puff
volume.
C
1000334095/4124
1003288327/8328
1003295418/5426
1003286561/6590
000000
000000
560224
660930
661118
661118
C
WLD handwritten introduction of a proposal to
study how much tar reduction the smoker will
sustain.
DuPuis presentation to Amer. Chem. Soc.
Symposium on Tobacco, "The Tobacco Industry -
Background & Current Research."
WLD Monthly Report.
DunnAnnual Report, "Consumer Psychology."
Dunn Annual Report, 651100-661100.
[Vup.
Smokers are resistant to changes in their
consumption patterns. Although smokers may
modify their smoking behavior to reduce
personal conflict between their smoking and
their health concerns, few will quit
entirely. Switching to a low delivery
cigarette is the option which will cause the
most durable change; "although probably more
illusory than real in effective intake
reduction, since he will likely compensate
with larger and more frequent puffs and/or
more cigarettes, it is more likely to effect
long.~erm qha~ge."
We have found by studying human smokers that
no two people smoke in the same way.
Study whether smokers adapt puffing pattern
across cigarettes in search of constant
intake.
Smokers did not adapt to varying TPM
delivered as expected. No conclusions could
be drawn from differences between cigarette
types...
Investigate variation in puffing patterns
among smokers, across types of cigarettes,
1003288415/8430]
and from the front end to the butt end of the
cigarette.
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
L6Lg~.T.O0~
DOCUMENT ID DATE
1003295500/5502 670728
1000307721/7724 670810
1000322554/2555 670811
1003288337/8338 670825
1003288300 670908
1003288316 671027
1003293536 680507
"C"
C
C
C
AREAS
C
DESCRIPTION
WLD memo to RBS, "Study of the Effect of Lip
Occlusion of Air Holes on Mainstream Delivery
in Air Diluted Cigarettes."
WLD memo to HRRW and RBS, "Study of the
Effect of Air Hole Blockage on Gross Puff
Volume in Air Diluted Cigarettes."
[Dup. 1001892505]
HRRW memo to Paul Smith,
Tipped Parliament."
"Plastic Dilution
CONCLUS IONS / COMMENTS
Two explanations of mainstream~olume
constancy have been put forth: (i) smokers
adjust puff intake in order to maintain TPM
and/or nicotine constancy, (2) occlusion of
air holes does not linearly reduce air
dilution; thus blocking of holes will result
in increased compensating flow through the
remaining unblocked holes.
Results are "further evidence that smokers
adjust puff intake in order to maintain
constant smoke intake."
[Dup.. 1000307719/7720]
C WLD Monthly Report.
"further support to the postulate that
smokers adjust puff intake in order to
maintain constant smoke intake."
C WLD Bi-Monthly Progress Report.
"In smoking a dilution filter cigarette, the
smoker adjusts his puff to receive about the
same amount of "undiluted" smoke." Smoking
machine data are apparently erroneous and
misleading.
This. is interpreted to be further evidence of
the tendency of smokers to adjust smoke
~ntake.~
C WLD Bimonthly Report.
Failed to support preliminary findings that
indicated smokers left longer butts when
smoking.100 mm cigarettes.
C WLD memo, "TPM Intake by Smokers."
"Since there is evidence that the smoke
adapts his puff, it is reasonable to
anticipate that he adapts to maintain a
fairly constant daily dosage." Dunn believes
the critical measure will be found from
dynamic inhalation measures on the smoker,
not from the cigarette.
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivatlon/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
g6LgZl:OOq~
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS
1003287880/7890 690000 C C
1003287621/7630 690303
1003288257/8258 690404
1001880505/0508 690408
1003289890/9892 690925
1003287583/7586 691015
C
C
C
C
C
DESCRIPTION
Ryan/WLD Third draft of Board Presentation.
Proposal for Phase II of the study of the
cigarette smoker's Daily Smoke Intake (SEX-
II) .
WLD Quarterly Report.
WLD memo "Modified Design of Sex-2. "
WLD memo to HRRW re Hausermann paper on
cigarette consumption.
[WLD] notes, Sex-II preliminary analysis.
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
A smoker will tend to seek a constant intake
level regardless of cigarette. "It also
means we are being unfairly criticized for
producing a high delivery cigarette as B&H."
People begin smoking for psychosocial reasons
but "after adolescent preoccupation with
self-image has subsided, the cigarette will
even p_~food in times of scarcit~ on the
smoker's priority list.."
Determine the effect of switching from 85 mm
to i00 mm cigarettes (or vice versa) on daily
intake.
Determine if smoke intake level is a function
of smoker or cigarette or both.
"'To what extent is daily smoke intake a
function of the cigarette smoked?'" "'If
daily smoke intake is altered by changes in
the performance characteristics of the
cigarette, does change in daily smoke intake
occur as a function of change in the number
of cigarettes smoked, or as a function of
change in intake from a single cigarette.'"
Consumption rate is determined by the smoker,
and not by the brand smoked, and that the
smoker's brand choice is determined by how
much smoke he wants."
Smokers whose TPM delivery increased 5 mg
increased their daily intake 37% of the
predicted increase. Those who decreased
their intake decreased by 49% of the
predicted decrease.
10872403
C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological,
G = General, p = Benefits/Smoker Psychology,
M = Motivation/Quitting,
S = Simulation
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C"
1000273741/3771 691126 C
1003288243/8245 700515
1003285464/5477 701105
AREAS
DESCRIPTION
HRRW presentation to Board of Directors,
"Smokers Psychology Research."
[Dup . 1000273741/3771]
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
"Why do 70 million Americans and countless
millions outside of the United States smoke
despite parental admonition, doctors'
warnings, governmental taxes, and health
agency propaganda? What benefits do smokers
wittingly or unwittingly find in smoking that
outweigh the real or imaginary risks that the
same smokers feel?"
Learn more about the psychology of smoking,
"hopefully to discover ways to exploit the
Benefits of smoking to the advantaqe and
profitability of our major company business."
. ". . . We are of the 9onv~c~.ion, in view of
the foregoing, that the ultimate explanation
for the..perpetuated cigarette habit.resides
in the pharmacoloqical effect of smoke upon
~he body of the smoker, thegffect beinq most
~ewardiDq to the individual.under stress."
"The smoker's report of how many cigaretttes
he smokes per day is a poor measure of his
actual smoke intake. "A smoker's intake
level is determined by the smoker himself,
not by the manufacturer of the cigrettes."
C WLD Annual Report.
Results do not support hypothesis that
smokers adjust smoking pattern to maintain
constant intake.
C Schori proposal, "Tar, Nicotine, and Smoking
Behavior."
Determine effect of N on consumption when T
is constant, and effect of T when N is
constant. Consumption was not found tQ~be..a
.~unction of N. "[P]erhaps the smoker does
develop a quota for nicotine" but
relationship may have been obscured by
unpleasant.taste.
10872403
Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
O089Z 00 E
DOCUMENT ID
1003285484
1000306916/6197
1003285444/5445
1003288441/8442
1003288507/8508
1003285449/5462
DATE "C" AREAS
701117 C
701228 C
710118 C
710128 C
710406 C
P
710813 C
DESCRIPTION
Schori memo to Long, "An Experimental
Evaluation of the Effect of Tar and Nicotine
Content on Cigarette Consumption, Project
1600, Study No. TNT-I."
Johnston memo to Udow, "Switchers and
Quantity per Day."
Schori memo to Long, "Smoking on Low Delivery
Cigarettes."
WLD Monthly Report.
WLD Quarterly Report.
Schori report to WLD, "Nicotine and Cigarette
Acceptability."
CONCLUS IONS / COMMENTS
Determine how cigarette consumption in
influenced by T&N.
Data show that switchers to "health"
cigarettes do not increase their daily
consumption nor do switchers from "health"
cigarettes to regular cigarettes (both groups
decreased consumption). People who smoked
the same type both years did increase their
consumption. "This suggests other
interesting hypotheses."
Study TNT-2. Determine whether cigarettes
low in T but relatively higher in N might be
acceptable alternatives to normal cigs.
Determine whether smoker's have daily intake
quotas for T or N.
Smoking and stress studies in progress: i)
smoking rate as a function of state of
anxiety; 2) smoke consumption as a function
of film-induced stress; 3) effectiveness of
smoking in increasing efficiency of task
performance; 4) effect of smoke deprivation
on mood.
Smokers discriminate small increments of
nicotine from 1.2 mg to 3.0 mg and prefer the
lowest level.
Acceptability of cigarettes with differing
nicotine deliveries is largely determined by
what smokers are used to.
10872403
C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology,
M = Motivaiion/Quitting,
S = Simulation
~099Z~00S3
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS
1000719351/9353 710819 C
1003285443 710910
C
P
1003288445/8446 710916/
711015
1000350158/0188 711100
C
1003285439/5440 711101
DESCRIPTION
Schori memo to FER, "Tar, Nicotine, and
Smoking Behavior; Report on Preliminary
Findings."
[Dup. 1003285446/5448]
Martin memo to Special Smoking Panel, "Tar,
Nicotine and Smoking Behavior."
WLD Monthly Report.
Schori Special Report, "Tar, Nicotine, and
Smoking Behavior."
CONCLUS IONS / COMMENTS
Lowest N delivery was most acceptable at all
T levels. Number of cigarettes smoked per
day was consistent with acceptability.
Asks whether the number of cigarettes smoked
varied becuase of nicotine level or because
of acceptability. Also asks if any
particular personality factor (from the
personality test) is related to the kind of
cigarette .preferred.
"[D]ifferent types of people have different
tar and nicotine intakes."
[TNT-I] Change in.consumption greater.with
c~anqe of T than with chanqe of N. Smokers
have daily intake quota for T and/or N and
they titrate. Recommendation: T of best
selling cigarettes, be slightly reduced
leaving N the same without decreasing cig
acceptability.
C Schori memo to Long, "Smoking and Low
Determine whether cigs with low T and high N
Delivery Cigarettes."
might be acceptable alternatives to normal
cigarettes.
Schori draft paper, "Tar,
Cigarette Consumption."
Nicotine and
Schori memo to Long, "Smoking and Low
Delivery Cigarettes (Part 2) TNT-3."
1003285403/5416 720100 C C
1003285436/5437 720113 C
As nicotine increased, cigarette consumption
rate decreased. $~DDorts .idea of a smoker's
daily..nicotine intake quota which suggested
that smokers modify their consumption rate in
order to maintain their normal quota. N__o
support was found for the analoqous notion
fQr daily tar intake quota. Thus, while data
do support hypothesis of a nicotine intake
quota, they also provide support for the
acceptability hypothesis.
Determine T&N deliveries for optimally
acceptable low delivery cigarette.
10872403
Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
Z099Z~00SZ
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS
1000351570/1595 720623 C C
1003288479/8480 721101/
721130
1000353355/3410 730300
1003288190 730318
1003288191/8196 730318
1003295120/5121 730416
DESCRIPTION
Schori Technical Report, "Smoking and Low
Delivery Cigarettes."
CONCLUS IONS/COMMENTS
"A low delivery cigarette with medium tar,
medium nicotine (proportionate reduction in
tar and nicotine) would be best for optimal
cigarette acceptability."
C WLD Monthly Report.
Determine effect of changing T&N on smoking
behavior when cigarette nicotine values go
below smoker's accustomed level.
C WLD/Schori Special Report, "Smoking Behavior:
Real World Observations."
C
C
C
~ex-II~. "these findings suggest . . that
a tar and/or nicotine quota mechanism may be
operative. That is, they may be smoking more
(more cigarettes and more rod) to compensate
for the decreases in tar and nicotine
delivery of their cigarettes." Those smoking
cigarettes delivering less tar than before
smoke more cigarettes while those smoking
cigarettes delivering more tar than before
now smoke fewer cigarettes. This is not true
.~or nicotine delivery.
WLD Quarterly Report.
Evidence that smoker calibrates puffing
behavior to his needs. The smoker is
insensitive to rather large changes in smoke
~
composition (21-15 mg tar).
WLD Monthly Report.
Data indicate that C.I. report underestimates
actual smoker intake, "often severely."
Ryan memo to Keritsis re "Commander-Marlboro
Test."
Preliminary analysis of data indicate that
four Commander smokerstook more puffs and
lower puff volumes than four Marlboro
smokers. Puff durations and interpuff
intervals were similar for the two groups.
Observed differences only approached
significance or were nonsignificant~
10872403
C = Compensation, E= Electrophysiological,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology,
M = Motivation/Quitting,
S = Simulation
- 7 -
~0g9Z~O0SZ
DOCUMENT ID
1000353473/3507
DATE
730600
1003295359/5362 730802
100354257/4277 730900
1003288167/8168
730917
1000354581/4604 731000
" C"
AREAS
C
C
P
C
DESCRIPTION
Ryan report, "Puff Two: Differences in
Student Smoking Behavior with Six Cigarette
Brands and Two Little Cigars."
Ryan and Hancock memo to WLD, "Progress in
Puffing Studies."
Ryan, et al., report, "Puffing Behavior on
High and Low Delivery Cigarettes."
WLD Monthly Report.
Schori, et al., report, "Smoking and Low
Delivery Cigarettes-II (TNT-3)."
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Measure puff characteristics in relation only
to cigarette differences, not smoker
personality. Smokers compensated for a
weaker smoke mixture; data suggest a much
higher nicotine delivery in brands tested
than FTC values show. Low delivery
cigarettes may be unsatisfying because other-
than-normal puff durations must be taken to
"take in any significant amount of tar or
nicotine."
Determine whether smokers smoke cigarettes
differing in delivery differently in terms of
puff interval, volume and flow rate. Smokers
puffed these two cigarettes in a similar
fashion. Flow rate differed slightly but was
found not to affect delivery.
Smoking does not affect attentional capacity.
Smokers smoked 3 levels of N at 3 levels of
T. 14 mg T and .75 mg. N most acceptable.
In-house smokers smoked 14.6 and 20.7 mg tar
cigarettes in a similar manner.
Deviations in either direction from the T&N
ratio of natural state tobacco (.07)
adversely affect cigarette acceptability.
10872403
Areas= C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
~089Z~00SZ
DOCUMENT ID
1003288176/8177
1003295354/5358
1003288164/8166
1003288139/8140
1003294955/4968
1003288465/8468
DATE "C" AREAS
731008 C
731106 C
731113 C
740000 C C
740000 C
740102 C
DESCRIPTION
WLD Quarterly Report.
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Subject's puff volume appeared tO be
determined by rod length, not by number of
prior puffs taken, nor cumulative amount of
tar and nicotine previously taken into the
body.
Observed decrease in cigarette consumption
was not due to the increase in nicotine per
se but rather to the decreased acceptability
associated with the increased nicotine.
These results do not support a nicotine quota
hypothesis."
Hancock and Ryan memo to WLD, "Puff Four:
Changing interpuff interval from 60 to 30
Puffing Behavior at 30 and 60 Second seconds did not significantly affect puff
Interpuff Intervals." volume, duration and flow rates.
WLD Monthly Report. Puffinq Behavior (Ryan)...
[WLD] notes for 740000 5-year-plan re
compensation studies.
Presentation re study of smoke inhalation
patterns.
[Dup. 1003294969/4971; 1003294972/4976]
TSO memo to FER, "Year End Report from
Research."
Develop evidence that the smoker regulates
his intake other than by his choice of
cigarettes, specifically, by inhalation
patterns. Expects "that there will continue
to be pressure brought to bear upon the
industry to reduce available tar and
nicotine."
"Behind all this interest is our belief that
smokers regulate their dosage to suit their
personal need."
Only small differences in puffing behavior
were found using a human smoking recorder
with popular cigarettes. Low delivery
cigarettes were smoked at higher puff volumes
and flow rates.
10872403
C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology,
M = Motivation/Quitting,
S = Simulation
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS
1003293267/3273 740115
1003293476/3493 740301
1003294977/4982 740724
1000356550/6576 740800
C
C
DESCRIPTION
WLD memo to TSO, "1974 Plans and Objectives."
[Dup. 1003293183/3185]
Smoking and Health Presentation to N.Y.
Personnel, "Some Unexpected Observations on
Tar and Nicotine and Smoke Behavior."
WLD memo, ,'Experimental Design for the First
Study of Patterns of Smoke Inhalation
(designated Inhalation I)."
Schori Special Report, "Does the Smoker
Compensate for Changes in Delivery in Order
to Regulate Intake (TNT-4)."
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
H_~pothesis: i) puffing patterns vary as a
function of changes in delivery; 2) dose
control continues even after the puff of
smoke is drawn into the mouth.
Smoker responses to cigarettes with different
filter systems were different in terms of
flow, volume, count. Subjects smoking
various brands of cigarettes with a puff
recorder showed that smoke volume and tar
intake differed from FTC values. "Smokers
are taking in more than FTC ratings."
"The FTC standardized test should be
retained: (i) it gives low numbers; (2) it
permits comparisons between brands."
"People smoke to get nicotine; more nicotine
will compensate for less tar."
Premise: ". . that the smoking habit is
~ned by t~e reinforcing effects of the
pharmacologically active components of smoke.
A corollary to this premise is that the
smoker will regulate his smoke intake so as
to achieve his habitual quota of the
pharmacological action."
No evidence of regulatory behavior i.e.,
smokers failed to compensate for decreasing
availability of T + N by changing the number
of cisg@_@_moked or the amount of rod consumed.
States that the intake constancy hypothesis
must be viewed with skepticism.. Intake quota
mechanism is not operative for short-term
changes in cigarette delivery levels.
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
9089Z~O0sE
DOCUMENT ID
1003288114/8116
1003294036/4037
1003288110/8113
DATE "C" AREAS
740814 C
E
74090o/ C
741200
740916 C
P
1000258064
741126 C C
DESCRIPTION
WLD Monthly Report.
Quarterly Report.
WLD Quarterly Report.
HRRW letter to Hausermann.
[Dup. I001812881]~
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Identifying the agent responsible for smoke
impact will enable manipulation of impact and
aid in development of full-flavored low-
delivery cigarette.
Smoke inhalation does not appear to influence
subject's control of alpha activity.
"The pharmacological effects of nicotine, or
better of smoke, together with the psycho-
physiological state of the smoker, form a
short-term regulated system in which the
quantity of nicotine involved, is settled by
the smoker at each puff, more or less
independently of the available quantity, as
expressed by the standard yield."
Smokers deprived performed better than
smokers or non-smokers. Smokers exhibited
fewer mood changes.
"No change was observed in rod honsumed or
number of cigarettes smoked as tar delivery
varied. Unless some other mechanism for
regulating intake can be uncovered, the
intake consistency hypothesis must be viewed
with skepticism."
Puff Six (Rvan). "Obviously a compensation
~s takinq place."
"It is true that a particular individual
appears to have some kind of a consistent
puff profile, but it is also true that
individuals change the duration and volume of
thier puffs when they make radical changes in
the type of cigarettes being smoked." PM is
not ready.to release these data.
10872403
Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
LO~gZIOOSZ
DOCUMENT ID
1003293177/3182
1003295335/5338
1003721133/1148
1000024914/4920
DATE
741127
"C" AREAS
750103 C
750205 C
750514 C C
C WLD memo to TSO,
E 1975."
P
DESCRIPTION
"Plans and Objectives for
Goodman memo to Meyer, "Marlboro-Marlboro
Lights Study."
Clafllin memo to RBS, "Effect of Flow Rate on
Smoke Component Deliveries."
WLD memo to RBS, "Observations on the
Relationship of Nicotine Change and Sales
Change in the Marlboro."
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Study the effects of smoking on a subject's
ability to concentrate as measured by
maintenance of alpha brain wave dominance; 2)
to study "the influence of smoking upon
control of aggressivity."
Conduct studies to investigate the hypothesis
that smokers regulate the amount of nicotine
retained in the body and how they regulate
it.
As a group regular Marlboro smokers did not
significantly change smoking behavior when
switched to Marlboro Lights.
Major changes in delivery are not observed
for the range of flow rates at which most
people smoke. "A smoker's change in volume
or puff count has a more direct relationship
to his smoke intake."
Smokers are insensitive to major delivery
level changes (i.e., 24-18 mg). This appears
contrary to contention that seasoned smokers
smoke for nicotine. "Both the literature and
the internal P.M. R&D findings to date are
not fully supportive of the postulate.
Suggestive, yes, but there has been no study
which revealed the smoker to be titrating to
the degree necessary to maintain constancy in
his nicotine supply when he is faced with a
variation in delivery levels of the cigarette
smoked, or when he is preloaded or
predeprived." "what the smoker gets in the
way of smoke is independent of smoke
concentration levels as delivered within the
range of commercially available cigarettes."
Areas~
8099~ ~00Sg
C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology,
M = Motivation/Quitting,
S = Simulation
DOCUMENT ID
1003287978/7980
1003200909/0916
1000359382/9403
DATE "C"
750625 C
750717 C
751000 C C
AREAS
DESCRIPTION
WLD Quarterly Report.
HRRW Quarterly Progess Report.
WLD/Meyer Special Report, "Low Delivery
Cigarettes and Increased Nicotine/Tar Ratios,
a Replication."
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENT~
Effect of Smokinq on..Ri~k_Takinq.in a
simulated Auto Passinq Situation. Manuscript
approved for publication.
After deprivation smokers (i) increased their
no. of puffs by 37%; (2) increased no. of
cigs consumed by 28%. Lighter smokers showed
the greatest percent increase in no. of cigs
smoked and no. of puffs taken.
Smoke deprivation study completed during this
period suggests that smokers increase their
number of cigarettes smoked and number of
puffs per cigarette in the two hour period
following a two hour "no-smoklng" period, and
that light smokers (under 2 cigarettes per
hour) showed the greatest increase.
Provides evidence that optimum nicotine to
tar ratio for a i0 mg tar cigarette a higher
(.09) than that occurring in smoke from
natural state tobacco (.07). Supports
findings that increasing N/T ratios increases
subjective strength and acceptability of low
delivery cigarettes. Cautions that N/T ratio
should not be increased to extent that
acceptability is lost.
10872405
Areas: C = Compensation, E.= Electrophysiological,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology,
6089Z~00SZ
M = Motivation/Quitting,
S = Simulation
- 13 -
DOCUMENT ID
1003294212/4217
1003288087/8091
1003293172/3176
1003293191/3195
DATE "C" AREAS
751030 C C
751106 C C
751121 C C
760000
C
M
DESCRIPTION
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Drafts of presentation to a Swiss group re
smoker regulation.
[Dup. 1003294218/4226; 1003294227/4233]
WLD Monthly Report.
WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives for
1976."
Plans and Objectives.
"Identify the behavioral options available to
the smoker for regulating rate of uptake
determine the degree to which he exercises
these options." "That smokers do alter
behavior in the direction of intake constancy
by a) varying number smoked b) varying
intake/cigarette." "Viewing the body of
information collectively, we're optimistic
that we can convincingly document the
position that the smoker gets what he wants,
such that the imposition of tar limits by FTC
fiat or by law will have little influence on
the smoker's uptake."
Objective: "to find evidence which supports
the notion that smokers regulate the amounts
of physioloqically active substances they
receive from ciqarettes by alterinq their
inhalation pattern."
Measure changes in smoke inhalation as tar
and nicotine deliveries vary. "To further
articulate the role of nicotine in the
reinforcement of smoking behavior." "We
assume that some smokers regulate the amounts
of physiologically active substances that
they obtain from smoking cigarettes." "We
expect to see changes in their smoking
behavior which will compensate for the
differing deliveries, resulting in a constant
intake of nicotine and tar."
"To determine if quitting success is a
function of delivery levels of cigarettes
smoked prior to quitting." Suggests that
reducing delivery levels may provide a
stepping stone to quitting, thus posing a
risk to the industry.
10872403
0~gz~00SZ
C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology,
M = Motivation/Quitting,
S = Simulation
DOCUMENT ID DATE
1003288079/8084 760210
1000362772/2795 760709
1000744611/4616
1003288042/8043
"C"
C
760916 C
760924 C
AREAS DESCRIPTION
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
C WLD Monthly Report.
People accepting a low tar cig with added N
are people who smoke, at least in part, for
N.
C Behavioral Research Annual Report, approved
by WLD.
[Dup. 1003293201/3205]
Ryan memo to Daniel, "Consumption Changes
Following Reduction in Delivery Changes."
Levy and Ryan memo to TSO re Smoker
Psychology Program.
Smokers did not change their puff volume or
inhalation volumes when smoking markedly
different cigarettes.
No significant differences in puff volumes or
inhalation volumes when subjects smoked
cigarettes with different T&N deliveries.
Regulators took more puffs on the low
delivery cigarette under non-deprived smoking
conditions. "All subjects tended to take
larger puffs on the low delivery cigarette."
Smokers either do not change number of
cigarettes consumed when delivery is lowered
or change by very trivial amounts. It
appears when a person switches from a full-
flavored to a low-delivery cigarette, he
reduces his T&N intake almost
proportionately.
"Because we are having trouble finding
regulators we are considering modifying our
theories." Habitual smokers may not show
compensation when nicotine is decreased.
10872403
Areas| C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
- 15 -
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C"
1003293209/3214 770000 C
1003295450/5451
1000369089/9121
1003295039/5043
10872403
770224 C
770613 C C
P
770913 C
AREAS
DESCRIPTION
Ryan Report, "5-year Plan Discussion."
Goodman memo to Garwin, "Effect of Filter and
Rod Length on Smoking Profiles."
Behavioral Research Annual Report.
Dunn presentation to Goldsmith,
"Acceptability of Varying Tar Deliveries."
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Whv people smoke based on how people smoke.
Ryan assumes that smokers need to maintain a
certain level of nicotine in their system.
When nicotine falls below this level, the
smoker smokes a "need" cigarette. A
cigarette smoked when nicotine is above the
optimal level is a "habit" cigarette
associated with certain external cues. "Most
cigarettes are smoked 'in the same way'
regardless of delivery or other cues,
". . . however, "more puffs will be taken on
a need-cigarette than on a habit-cigarette
particularly when the need is high."
An overtipped cigarette is smoked with
slightly smaller puff volumes and fewer puffs
than a regular cigarette. Otherwise, length
of tipping paper or total length of the
cigarette do not change~smoking parameters~
Regulator Identification Program (Levy).
"regulators obtained more nicotine from the
high delivery cigarette when they were
deprived than when they were non-deprived.
Regulators and Non-regulators respond
differently to smoke deprivation."
Smokers, nonsmokers and smokers deprived
performed equally well under the no stress
conditions. Under stressful conditions,
nonsmokers worsened performance, deprived
smokers remained the same and smokers
improved performance.
Smoking can help people better handle
disruptive effects of stressful situations.
Proposes a study to monitor delivery level
preferences over the next six years ....
Also asks, "so how far down should we go?"
C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, s = simulation
DOCUMENT ID
1001521417/1418
1003293160/3165
1003293384
DATE "C" AREAS
771111 C C
771123 C C
780123 C C
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Investigate whether people smokefor nicotine
or something else. "[M]any of his cigarettes
will be smoked out of habit . . . rather than
out of any nicotine need .... " Two-part
study planned-- (i) distinguish those smokes
who smoke many cigarettes from habit and few
from need, from their opposites; (2) switch
to groups from high (or low) nicotine to low
(or high) nicotine. Smokers who smoke mainly
from habit should show little compensation,
others who smoke from need should show
compensation.
"Plans and Objectives-1978." Plans: I) to repeat a modified SEX II
study.
2) to predict how delivery changes
modify
consumption. For people who smoke
primarily
for nicotine "we would expect changes
in
nicotine delivery to produce
compensatory
changes in in the number of
ciggrettes
consumed." Relatively few changes are
expected for smokers whose motives
are other
than nicotine. 3) to investigate
upper and
lower nicotine thresholds. Ryan will
develop
a theory that "smoking is a
multidetermined
act, which in the long time smoker is
based
on a nicotine need .... which
smoking has
become a almost unconditioned
response)."
Although switchers to low tar
cigarettes
probably smoke more cigarettes and
might take
longer, deeper and longer puffs,
their actual
tar intake is less because
compensation
cannot totally make up for the
delivery
difference.
DESCRIPTION
WLD Monthly Report.
[Dup. 1003287995/7996]
WLD memo to TSO,
WLD memo re whether switchers to low tar
cigarettes smoke more to compensate.
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
17 -
DOCUMENT ID DATE
100369449/9495 780630
1000370391/0403 780726
1003293151/3159 781206
"C"
C
C
C
P
DESCRIPTION
Behavior Research Annual Review - Part I.
Levy/Lieser Completion Report, "Regulator
Indentification Program."
Dunn memo, "Plans and Objectives-1979."
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
"subjects reduced the number of low nicotine
cigarettes they smoked per hour over the ten-
day period of the study/ A similar reduction
for the high nicotine cigarettes was not
observed." "[T]he intercigarette interval
was shorter for the low nicotine cigarettes
than for the high nicotine-cigarettes."
"It has been our contention for some time
that many people smoke for nicotine, and that
these people will alter their smoking
behavior in response to changes in nicotine
availability in an attempt to regulate their
nicotine intake." "these findinqs all
provide support for our contention that some
people smoke for nicotine and some do not."
"To understand the psychological reward the
smoker gets from smoking, to understand the
psychophysiology underlying this reward, and
to relate his reward to the constituents in
smoke." This knowledge will strengthen R&D
capability in developing new products.
"The low nicotine delivery will ensure that
total nicotine in the system remains at or
near the nicotine need threshold, thus
maximizing the proportion of the day's
cigarette consumption which is smoked out of
need and minimizing the nicotine augmentation
from those cigarettes which are smoked out of
habit." "our working hypothesis remains that
the smoker does alter inhalation in response
to cues of smoke composition. "
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
DOCUMENT ID
1003293314/3321
1003293218/3224
DATE "C" AREAS
781213 C
M
790200 C • C
DESCRIPTION
Gullotta, Levy and Ryan memo to WLD,
"Accomplishments, 1978."
WLD presentation program review.
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
"We were unable to conclude that low-delivery
cigarettes wean smokers away from the
accustomed nicotine intakes thus making it
easier.to quit". Assume there is a
disproportionate number of low delivery
smokers who are health conscious which leads
to higher quit ratios.
"Beginning with the assumption that at least
some people have a developed need for
nicotine, we suggested a theoretical
explanation for their smoking frequency based
upon a homeostatic attempt to keep the amount
of nicotine in the system suprathreshold."
"The nicotine intake from the habit
cigarettes serves to postpone withdrawal
symptoms associated with need."
"Until recently we have entertained a
titration hypothesis - we have postulated
that the habituated smoker is seekig to
maintain some optional [optimal?] level of
nicotine in his bloodstream. As a corollary
we would expect to see the smoker attune
intake to blood level. Given a more diluted
smoke, he would smoke more, with more
cigarettes or bigger puffs, or deeper
inhalations."
Understand the psychological reward the
smoker gets from smoking; understand the
psychophysiology underlying this reward;
relate this reward to the constituents in
smoke.
10872403
Areas= C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
19 -
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS
1003295088/5093 790816 C C
1003293065/3066 791012 C C
1003285395/5401 800428 C C
1003293058/3060 800512 C
1000395482/5522 800801 C
DESCRIPTION
Ryan memo to Dunn, "Puffing Behavior
Following Long and Short Inter-cigarette
Intervals-PUFF SIX."
WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology."
Johnston memo to Daniel, "The Relationship
Between Average Daily Cigarette Consumption
and Tar, Nicotine and Puff Count."
WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology"
WLD Behavior Research Annual Report Part II
CONCLUSIONS~COMMENTS
"These observations strongly support the dose
hypothesis." "The data of this experiment
suggest that smokers will compensate for
periods of enforced deprivation by
subsequently taking in more smoke on their
next cigarette."
"Just as we have postulated that a smoker
needs to maintain a certain minimal amount of
nicotine in the body, we suspect that over-
smoking may create a nicotine excess which is
unpleasant." Investigate possible ceiling
effects.
The best predictor of consumption is race,
but when data are corrected for race and sex,
nicotine shows high correlation with average
daily consumption. "[n]icotine delivery is
the strongest of the three variables in
predicting cigarette consumption."
Some smokers show deep inhalation and
immediate exhalation, whereas other s inhale
less but retain the smoke longer.
Determine if inhalation patterns vary as a
function of the tar delivery level of the
cigarette smoked.
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
9~%gz~00SZ
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C"
1003293130/3137 801126 C
100389969/0047
810227 C
AREAS
DESCRIPTION
WLD memo, "Plans and Objectives - 1981."
Martin, et al., Physical Research Annual
Report re project GROW.
CONCLUSIONS~COMMENTS
Exploratory study on psychosocial
determinants of smoking behavior of 45 year-
old, white, college-educated upper-middle
class women on social, personality,
attitudinal and situational factors related
to smoking.
Gullotta & Schultz believe "that the
reinforcing properties of cigarette smoking
are directly relatable to the effects that
smoking has on electrical chemical events
within the central nervous system."
spectral analysis of EEG from various
electrode locations under smoking and
deprivation conditions; study effects of
smoking on visual information processing;
patternreversal evoked potentials in a full
scale investigation to determine if smoking
facilitates concentration; using brainstem
auditory evoked potentials "to ascertain
sites and modes of action for centrally
active smoke constituents."
"Smokers modify smoking behavior to maintain
certain levels of nicotine in the blood.
Changes in level may be more important than
absolute levels -- that the input of nicotine
form a cigarette creates a-'spike' which is
the summation of the discrete puff-induced
spikes."
Determine how smokers~alters inhalation
patterns in response to changes in chemical
composition of cigarette smoke.
Smokers occlude the dilution channels with
their lips to derive its large subjective
impact, thus reducing dilution and receiving
six times the tar predicted by FTC testing.
Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
L'[.99ZT.OO~Z
2t-
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
DOCUMENT ID DATE
1003289223/9228 810310
1003289199/9201 811209
1003179058/9107 820705
1003179058/9107 820705
1003179010/9056 820719
C
C
C
E
DESCRIPTION
WLD Monthly Report.
WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology."
Gullotta and Shultz, "Electrophysiological
Studies -- 1982 Annual Report."
Gullotta and Shultz, ,,Electrophysiological
Studies -- 1982 Annual Report.
Jones, "Behavior Research Laboratory Annual
Report - Part II."
Inspiratory volume across cigarettes within a
day and across days remains constant although
variability within a given cigarette is high.
[S]moking high nicotine delivery (0.9 mg)
cigarettes decreases PI00 latency whether or
not smoke deprived. However, the latency
endured longer when subjects were
nondeprived. A low delivery (0.3 mg
Nicotine) cigarette decreased PI00 latency
only under smoke deprivation conditions.
smokers can get CNS effects with ultra-low
delivery cigarettes comparable to those
obtained with high delivery cigarettes; "the
data indicate the possibility that smokers
might modify their smoking behavior in order
to obtain some optimal CNS levels of
nicotine."
"Finally, our data indicate that the PREP may
be an extremely sensitive alternative method
for assessing the actual nicotine deliveries
of current and new brands, and for
determining how smokers modify their smoking
behavior in response to different cigarettes
and brand modifications."
Data suggest titration. Evidence that
cigarette acceptability or "impact" may
influence smoke inhalation.
Puff volume seems to be the critical variable
in determining nicotine delivery to the
smoker.
10872403
Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
DOCUMENT ID DATE
1003285503/5514 830000
"C" AREAS
C
DESCRIPTION
Draft of WLD paper, "The Effect of Finger
Coverage of Cigarette Ventilation Holes Upon
Smoke Delivery."
[Dup. 1003285517/5544]
CONCLUS IONS / COMMENTS
Investigate Koslowski's suggestion that
smokers cover dilution holes with fingers and
receive more tar than FTC smoking procedures
imply. No evidence that low and ultralow
delivery smokers compensate for reduced tar
by covering dilution holes or by taking
longer duration puffs. Coverage was found to
be random during puff and grasping of
cigarette between puffs.
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
6589Z~00SZ
2500126820
DOCUMENT ID
DATE
I "C" I AREAS
DESCRIPTION
AREA E
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
1000344589/4596
1003288197/8200
1003288114/8116
1003293177/3182
690610
730209
740814
741127
E
P
E
C
Outline for Consumer Psychology Annual Report
[no author].
Determine measures discriminating smokers and
nonsmokers, deprived and nondeprived smokers,
such as heart rate and nervousness, . . .
determine role of smoking upon behavioral
consequences of stress.
Determine if smoking affects brain waves via
arousal system.
WLD Monthly Report.
Determine the influence of smoking upon the
rate of acquisition of alpha wave control.
WLD Monthly Report.
E WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives for
C 1975."
P
Identifying the agent responsible for smoke
impact will enable manipulation of impact and
aid in development of full-flavored low-
delivery cigarette.
Smoke inhalation does not appear to influence
subject's control of alpha activity.
Study the effects of smoking on a subject's
ability to concentrate as measured by
maintenance of alpha brain wave dominance; 2)
to study "the influence of smoking upon
control of aggressivity."
Conduct studies to investigate thehypothesis
that smokers regulate the amount of nicotine
retained in the body and how they regulate
it.
108?2403
Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS
1003293344/3348 741212 E
P
1003285984/5985 761101 E
1003293331/3335 761215 E
P
1003293160/3165 771123 C E
1001521440/1441 790110 E
1003293218/3224 790200 E
1003293116/3119 790622 E
DESCRIPTION
WLD memo, "2600 Accomplishments, 1974."
Martin memo to WLD, "Alpha Habituation to an
Auditory Stimulus: A Proposal."
WLD memo, ,,Accomplishments-1976."
WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives-1978."
WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology."
WLD Program Review presentation.
WLD Quarterly Report.
CONCLUS IONS / COMMENTS
Smokers manifest no change in their ability
to maintain a dominant alpha brain wave
pattern as a function of interval between
smoking and observation.
Smokers-deprived performed significantly
better than other two groups. No difference
between performance of smokers and
nonsmokers. Smokers exhibited fewer mood
changes than other groups.
"[T]est whether there is a difference in
alpha habituation to an auditory stimulus
between smokers and nonsmokers as well as
between placebo and own cigarette smoking."
Smokers showed less performance impairment
under anger-inducing situations.
[I]nitiated a study to confirm previous
findings that smoking caused differences in
ability to maintain a dominant alpha brain
wave pattern under anger-inducing
conditions."
[M]onitor brain wave frequency patterns,
early and late components of the visual
evoked response, auditory evoked response and
contingent negative variation in response to
changes in nicotine content of cigarettes.
Determine what happens to EEG of brain after
smoking cessation.
Gullotta joined PM about 770800 and set up
EEG lab.
Purpose. [A]ssess whether VER from other
brain loci vary in response to cigarette
smoking.
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
DOCUMENT ID
1000377036/7104
1003293067/3068
1003293112/3115
1003293061/3062
DATE
790810
790912
790920
791213
C
AREAS
E
M
E
E
E
DESCRIPTION
WLD Behavioral Research Annual Report Part
II.
[Dup. 1003720335/0340]
WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology."
WLD Quarterly Report.
WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology. "
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
"modifications in the evoked response would
be result of the effects of nicotine upon the
CNS. VER was modified following cigarette
smoking of high delivery cig only.
2. Long-term smoke deprivation and brain
@l.ectrical activity (Gullotta). Examine
effects of smoking cessation on visual evoked
response; mood scale interview showed
exceptional tiredness, irritability,
sleeplessness. Taken as a whole, brain VER
does not change following cigarette smoking
cessation. "These data further suggest that
the 'withdrawal' phenomenon often reported
following the cessation of cigarette smoking
may be more behavioral than physiological.
Disturbances of sleep, increases in
irritability, substitution (i.e., snacking on
sweets, potato chips, etc.) suggests the
interruption of well-learned habit rather
than physiological withdrawal.
[F]ind out why smoking affected VER amplitude
when subjects were one hour deprived, but not
overnight deprived.
[D]etermine how generalizable VER results are
to other brain systems.
[S]moking seems to depress amplitude of some
AEP components. Depression is greatest after
overnight smoke deprivation.
[S]moking after no deprivation does not seem
to affect visual evoked response. Smoking
may depress VER after overnight, deprivation.
10872403
Areas= C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits~Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
- 26 -
8Z%9Z~00SZ
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS
1003293138/3144 800107
1000046445/6448 800215
1003293109/3111 800320
1003060644/0645 800424
1000017375 800602
1000019244/9245 800618
E
E
E
C E
E
P
DESCRIPTION
WLD memo, "Plans and Objectives - 1980"
Gullotta report to WLD, "The Effects of
Cigarette Smoking on the Auditory Evoked
Response."
Dunn Quarterly Report.
DeNoble memo to WLD re Nicotine Program.
WLD memo to Osdene.
WLD memo to TSO re restructuring of
behavioral research lab.
CONCLUS IONS / COMMENTS
Electro h siolo ical Pro rq~. [O]f smoke
inhalation "to determine I) if the effect is
discernible in any of the various monitorable
EEG patterns and if so 2) whether further
knowledge of the nature of the effect can be
inferred from its EEG manifestation."
It appears that "smoking exerts selective
influences on the CNS. Therefore, in terms
of the brain, smbking does not act as a
generalized stimulant."
[C]igarette smoking has more selective than
general effects on the CNS.
In collaboration with Gullotta, DeNoble will
begin a series of electrophysiological
studies to locate sites of action in the
brain.
Dunn expects "to find changes in inhalation
in response to changes in smoke composition."
EEG changes are consistent with the idea that
smoking has a salutory effect upon the
arousal system.
"identify the effects of smoking upon the
social psychology of the smokers."
Experimental Psychology (Rvan).
"(I) to identify and quantify the motoric
behavior associated with the consumption of a
cigarette; (2) to evaluate the contribution
of smoke constituents to cigarette
acceptability."
"identify the unique pharmacological actions
of smoke constituents as manifested in
neuroelectrical phenomena."
10872403
AEe&~I
C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology,
M = Motlvation/Quitting,
S = Simulation
- 27 -
DOCUMENT ID DATE
1003293054/3056 800710
1000385482/5522 800801
"C" AREAS
E
C E
DESCRIPTION
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology."
EEG Program
[H]abituation of AEP occurred after overnight
smoke deprivation, but not under short-term
deprivation conditions.
Smoking had specific rather than generalized
effects on CNS.
10872403
Areasz C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
DOCUMENT ID
1003293130/3137
1003293284/3293
DATE "C"
801126 C
AREAS
E
P
C
801223 C E
WLD memo,
DESCRIPTION
"Plans and Objectives - 1981."
WLD memo to TSO,
Smoking on the Electroencephalogram."
"The Effects of Cigarette
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Exploratory study on psychosocial
determinants of smoking behavior of 45 year-
old, white, college-educated upper-middle
class women on social, personality,
attitudinal and situational factors related
to smoking.
Gullotta & Schultz believe "that the
reinforcing properties of cigarette smoking
are directly relatable to the effects that
smoking has on electrical chemical events
within the central nervous system."
spectral analysis of EEG from various
electrode locations under smoking and
deprivation conditions; study effects of
smoking on visual information processing;
pattern reversal evoked potentials in a full
scale investigation to determine if smoking
facilitates concentration; using brainstem
auditory evoked potentials "to ascertain
sites and modes of action for centrally
active smoke constituents."
"Smokers modify smoking behavior to maintain
certain levels of nicotine in the blood.
Changes in level may be more important than
absolute levels -- that the input of nicotine
form a cigarette creates a 'spike' which is
the summation of the discrete puff-induced
spikes."
Determine how smokers alters inhalation
patterns in response to changes in chemical
composition of cigarette smoke.
"that cigarette smoking produced differential
effects on EEG power spectra, which depend
upon degree of deprivation, nicotine delivery
and electrode location."
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
29 -
9z~gZ~00SZ
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS
1003289220/9222 810511
1000040519/0522 810528
1003289369/9370 810623
100329367/9368 810924
DESCRIPTION
WLD Monthly Report.
Gullotta/Shultz report to WLD, "Sustained
Stimulation and Pattern-Reversed Evoked
Potentials: Smoking Effects."
WLD Quarterly Report.
WLD Quarterly Report.
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Habituation and Pattern Evoked Potentials
(Gullotta).
Investigate neural correlates of sustained
attention and effect of cigarette smoking on
these mechanisms.
Smoking does not affect decrease but seems to
cause increase in amplitude of primary
component of PREP.
[S]yst~matic nicotine administration alters
EAEP amplitude in experimental animals.
Determine if cigarette smoking causes similar
changes.
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials
(Gullotta, Shultz). [S]ystemic injection of
nicotine in animals does not correspond with
effects of smoking in humans.
2. Perception and Pattern Reversal Evoked
Potential: Smokinq Effects (Gullotta,.
Shultz)... interaction of perceptual and
pharmacological factors.
10872403
C = Compensation, E'= Electrophysiological,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology,
M = Motivation/Quitting,
S = Simulation
- 3D -
LZ99Z~ 00SZ '
DOCUMENT ID
1003289027/9035
1003289202/9204
1003475443/5445
1003289190/9192
DATE
811105
811111
819014
820310
"C" AREAS
C E
P
M
WLD memo to TSO,
1982."
DESCRIPTION
"Plans and Objectives -
WLD Monthly Report.
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
[E]xamine electroneural signals on premise
that CNS events reinforce the smoking act.
Study cigarette preference . . . study
primary and secondary determinants of smoking
behavior.
Focus on why people smoke, "the most
fundamental unanswered question for the
cigarette industry today. "Smoking is
complex behavior requiring any one a
combination of neuropharmacological and/or
psycho-social explanations. We now believe
that not only do smokers vary amongst
themselves as to their motives for smoking,
but a given smoker's motives will vary with
psychological state and circumstance."
Smokers report that time seems to pass more
quickly when smoking. Suggests that smoking
is reinforcing not only because it relieves
anxiety, but because it lowers perceived
duration of anxious condition.
[B]rains response reflects both
pharmacological and perceptual factors.
E Gullotta/Shultz report to WLD, "The Effects BAEP is not an effective means of assessing
of Cigarette Smoking on Brainstem auditory
smoke induced signs of brainstem involvement.
Evoked Potential."
E Dunn Monthly report, "Smoker Psychology."
S
[E]ffects of cigarette smoking on PREP
latencies reflect nicotine delivery.
Nicotine gum does not produce CNS effects.
Examine the relationship between smoking
parameters and nicotine recovered on a
cambridge pad by comparing smoking machine
and human smoking data.
10872403
Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
31 -
DOCUMENT ID
1003179058/9107
1003179058/9107
1003186535/6538
1003186659/6717
1003186743/6746
DATE "C" AREAS
820705 E
C
820705 E
C
830000 E
830626 E
830825 E
DESCRIPTION
Gullotta and Shultz, "Electrophysiological
Studies -- 1982 Annual Report."
Gullotta and Shultz, "Electrophysiological
Studies -- 1982 Annual Report.
Gullotta NY Presentation Outline.
Gullotta, et al., Annual Report,
Electrophysiological Studies for 820700-
830700
Gullotta and Hayes memo to Owens re Brain
Responses to Ammonia-treated Cigarettes.
CONCLUS IONS / COMMENTS
smokers can get CNS effects with~ ultra-low
delivery cigarettes comparable to those
obtained with high delivery cigarettes; "the
data indicate the possibility that smokers
might modify their smoking behavior in order
to obtain some optimal CNS levels of
nicotine."
"Finally, our data indicate that the PREP may
be an extremely sensitive alternative method
for assessing the actual nicotine deliveries
of current and new brands, and for
determining how smokers modify their smoking
behavior in response to different cigarettes
and brand modifications."
[I]dentify and document the physiological
(especially brain) response to smoking" in
order to "improve our products."
[T]o further understand the
electrophysiological consequences of smoking,
especially in regard to nicotine; to develop
and use new techniques in order to quantify
physiological responses to smoke constituents
and tobacco flavorants.
Current work indicates that human CNS
responses cannot be explained in terms of
nicotine delivery as the cigarette with the
lowest produced the largest latency
decreases.
10872403
Areasz C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
6Z99Z~00SZ
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS
DESCRIPTION
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
AREA G
G Haynes memo to Harrow, "'Lick and Spit Test' No nicotine is transferred from tip of flush
for determining contact transfer of tar and
filters to tongues of smokers.
nicotine."
G Charles memo to WLD, "Nicotine retention by
the smoker."
1001909348/9349 580121
1003192061/2063 720221
1000360604/0659 760217
1003285430/5431 760701
1003293166/3171 761201
1000376320/6355 790622
G
G
G
Special report approved by Meyer,
"Classification of the R&D Smoking Population
by Average Puff Volume."
WLD memo to RBS re Goodman memo on nicotine
residue in cigarette butts.
WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives
1977."
Levy and WLD Behavioral Research Annual
Report Part I.
Determine whether nicotine in exhaled smoke
could be measured and to what degree its
retention is a function of depth of
inhalation. N in exhaled smoke can be
determined only in a "no inhalation" smoking
situation. "[N]icotine is retained
quantitatively with even moderate
inhalation."
Classification of 167 R&D smokers compiled
for general data collection.
Sex III nicotine residual index is useful.
"[I]dentify a quantifiable behavioral or
physiological phenomenon" which is altered by
smoke inhalation and involved in "the
reinforcement of the smoking act."
Develop method of noninterfering measurement
of the smoking act.
10872403
Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits~Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
- 33 -
08ggz~00SZ
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
DOCUMENT ID DATE
1003700128/0133
1003287849/7856
1003287836/7848
I "C" I AREAS
640305 M
P
690000 M
690000 C M
P
DESCRIPTION
AREA M
WLD memo to the Task Group Surrogate.
"Some Methods Notes on Past Research on
Cigarette Smoker Motivation."
Draft of Annual Report to PM Board (first
draft) by VP for R & D.
Summary of strategies involved in the
development of a new product which meets
consumer needs and does not have properties
alleged to have an adverse effect upon
smokers' health. Smokers' needs are defined,
as found in literature, under four headings:
pharmacological, organoleptic, psychomotor,
and psychosocial. Regarding pharmacological
need, smokers seek the subjective state that
results from the introduction of nicotine
into the bloodstream.
Describes cigarette smoking as a reinforced
pattern behavior sequence. States pattern is
"strongly resistive to extinction."
"We share the conviction with others that it
is the pharmacological effect of inhaled
smoke which mediates the smoking habit." "We
have, then, as our first premise, that the
primary motivation for smoking is to obtain
the pharmacological effect of nicotine." "As
the force from the psycholosocial symbolism
subsides, the pharmacological effect takes
over to sustain the habit, augmented by the
secondary gratifications." "In fact it is
our belief that the ultimate explanation for
the prevalence and the refractory nature of
the cigarette habit will be found to reside
in the beneficial effect of inhaled smoke
upon the psychological arousal state."
Hypothesis of current research program is
that N pharmacoloqically intervenes to reduc~
muscle tension, thus providinq relief souqh%
by the smoker.
10872403
~B%9Z~00~Z
C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology,
M = Motivation/Quitting,
S = Simulation
34 -
1003292817/2836
DATE
690700
1003292806/2811 690729
1003287898/7901 690729
1003288218/8220 700925
1000348671/8751 710300
"C"
C
AREAS
M
M
C M
M
C M
DESCRIPTION
Handwritten drafts of a proposal to study the
merits of smoking and risks of quitting.
WLD memo to HRRW re Risk Study Program.
CONCLUSIONS~COMMENTS
Discusses psychological, pharmacological and
survey approaches to studying motivation in
smoking, all of which fall short of
explaining why people continue to smoke. .
• Asserts that the smoker is aware of the
hazards of smoking, but has decided the gains
outweigh the risks and thus, continues to
smoke .... Places smoking in a class of
diversionary behavior which has not been
explained by theoretical models.
Proposal for a research program to study the
risks of "penalties" of discontinuing
smoking• Plan to determine the nature of the
"penalties" involved and to do a risk/benefit
analysis of quitting.
WLD proposal to HRRW, "Stating the Risk Study
[D]ocument the penalties imposed by the
Problem." discontinuation of cigarette smoking."
WLD memo, "Five-year Objectives and Plans for
Identify psychological or psychophysiological
Project 1600." effects of smoking. Determine motivations
sustaining smoking habit. Forecast trends in
smoking behavior and preference.
Ryan report BIRD-I. Study of quitting
experiences, success rate, etc., of smokers
in Greenfield, Iowa, eight months after "Cold
Turkey" Day.
"Even after eight months (!) many of those
who quit successfully reported that they were
still wiggling, jiggling, and twittling more
than they were before Cold Turkey Day."
Quitters had significant weight gain. "This
is not the happy picture painted by the
Cancer Society's anti-smoking commercial
which shows an exuberant couple leaping in
the air and kicking their heels with joy
because they've kicked the habit. A more
appropriate commercial would show a restless,
nervous, constipated husband bickering
viciously with his bitchy wife, who is
nagging him about his slothful behavior and
growing waistline."
Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
O = General, P = Benefits~Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
- 35 -
DOCUMENT ID
1003292145/2163
1003292063/2095
1003291964/1981
DATE
710900
710916
720000
"C" AREAS
C M
C M
C M
DESCRIPTION
Ryan report, "Cold Turkey in Greenfield,
Iowa: A follow-up Study."
WLD personal views, "Experimental Methods and
Conceptual Models as Applied to the Study of
Motivation in Cigarette Smoking."
WLD review of St. Martin's Conference,
"Motives and Inventives of Cigarette
Smoking."
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Those who are most apt to quit ~moking are
among the top of the social structure.
Smoking behavior is highly dependent upon
personality characteristics and demographic
variables.
Evaluates three experimental designs used to
study motivation of the cigarette smoker.
• . . Proposes a model crossing temporal
phases and motives of smoking to compare
psychologicaland psychopharmacological
models of explaining motivation.
General agreement among conferees that the
primary incentive for smoking is the
physiological effects of inhaled smoke and
that nicotine is the most important active
constituent of cigarette smoke. Suqqests the
~eal product beinq sold is nicotine, and the
~iqarette is but "a dispenser for a dose unit
10872403
Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" ]LREAS
1003293355/3361 721114 C M
1003295122/5125 730000 C M
P
WLD memo,
DESCRIPTION
"1600 Objectives for 1973."
Handwritten report, "Puffing Behavior and
Personality."
CONCLUSIONS~COMMENTS
Identify the significant characteristic of
the smoker and the significant elements of
the situation which interact to reinforce
smoking.
Determine if smoking can affect the ability
to handle stress.
Determine if there are differences between
smokers, non-smokers, and deprived smokers in
spare mental capacity.
Considering a study to determine whether
smoking affects driving performance.
Compare cigarette consumption with social
class and personality type.
Examine differences in smoking behavior
associated with differences in smoking
material.
Smokers who take many puffs at short
intervals appear to be more intelligent, more
immature, submissive, timid, tender-minded
name, excitable and "to show less will power
in general (that's good--means they're
unlikely to quit)."
10B'/2403
Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation~Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS
1003295309/5310 730201 C M
1003288120/8121 740403 M
P
DESCRIPTION
Dunn memo, "Nicotine and Inhalation Impact."
WLD Quarterly Report.
CONCLUSIONS~COMMENTS
Determine whether the smoker seeks inhalation
impact rather than the pharmacological effect
of nicotine. "Many of us have argued that it
is the pharmacological effect of nicotine
which the smoker seeks." However, recent
observations indicate that inhalation impact
may play an important role in the
acceptability of a cigarette.
Determine whether a cigarette made from de-
nicotinized uncased burley has residual
impact which is acceptable to the smoker.
Publication: "Smoking and Multiple-Task
Performance." Schori & Jones, Virqinia
Journal of Science
1003290519/5031 741023 M
P
1003295068/5071 750809 M
1003293191/3195 760000 M
C
Schori/Jones proposal, "Smoking and
Aggression."
Ryan and Lieser memo to Dunn re additional
comments on Smokinq Behavior followinq Smoke
Deprivation.
Plans and Objectives.
Heart rates increments due to smoking and to
physical exercise are additive, counter to
predictions that smokers smoke to decrease
autonomic response to arousal.
"For the vast majority of cigarette smokers,
it is very difficult to quit smoking."
Determine effects of smoking on aggression
and Performance in a simulated driving task.
Dan Horn suggests that smokers who score high
in Tension Reduction and Physical Addiction
categories on his "Why do you smoke?" scale
"will have a particularly hard time in going
off smoking."
"To determine if quitting success is a
function of delivery levels of cigarettes
smoked prior to quitting." Suggests that
reducing delivery levels may provide a
stepping stone to quitting, thus posing a
risk to the industry.
10072403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
- 38 -
Seeg~ ~ OOS~
1003287994
1000368057/8081
1000370553/0590
1003293314/3321
DATE "C" AREAS
771010 M
780300 C M
780818 C M
781213 M
C
DESCRIPTION
WLD Monthly Report.
Ryan Special Report, "Exit-Brand Cigarettes:
A Study of Ex-Smokers."
Ryan and WLD Behavioral Research Annual
Review Part II
Gullotta, Levy and Ryan memo to WLD,
"Accomplishments, 1978."
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
There is no brand or category that stands out
as last smoked prior to quitting.
"We think that most smokers can be considered
nicotine seekers, for the pharmacological
effect of nicotine is one of the rewards that
come from smoking. When a smoker quits, he
foregoes his accustomed nicotine. The change
is very noticeable, he misses the reward, and
so he returns to smoking." "If the
industr~s introduction of acceptable low-
nicotine ~roducts does make it easier for
dedicated smokers to it~ the wisdom of
the introduction is open to debar@."
Smoking is a ,,multi-determined behavior."
"It is the arqument of our position that most
ciqarettes smoked by most people are 'habit
ciqarettes'.it is relatively rare for smokers
to ever fall into a need state."
"We were unable to conclude that low-delivery
cigarettes wean smokers away from the
accustomed nicotine intakes thus making it
easier to quit". Assume there is a
disproportionate number of low delivery
smokers who are health conscious which leads
to higher quit ratios.
"Beginning with the assumption that at least
some people have a developed need for
nicotine, we suggested a theoretical
explanation for their smoking frequency based
upon a homeostatic attempt to keep the amount
of nicotine in the system suprathreshold."
"The nicotine intake from the habit
cigarettes serves to postpone withdrawal
symptoms associated with need."
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
9E%PZ~00SZ
DOCUMENT ID
1000377036/7104
1003289036/9095 791100
1003293063/3064 791112
DATE "C"
790810 C
AREAS
M
E
M
M
DESCRIPTION
WLD Behavioral Research Annual Report Part
II.
[Dup. 1003720335/0340]
Five Year Plan 800000-840000.
WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology."
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
"modifications in the evoked response would
be result of the effects of nicotine upon the
CNS. VER was modified following cigarette
smoking of high delivery cig only.
2. Lonq-term smoke deprivation and brain
electrical activity__~llotta~. Examine
effects of smoking cessation on visual evoked
response; mood scale interview showed
exceptional tiredness, irritability,
sleeplessness. Taken as a whole, brain VER
does not change following cigarette smoking
cessation. "These data further suggest that
the 'withdrawal' phenomenon often reported
following the cessation of cigarette smoking
may be more behavioral than physiological.
Disturbances of sleep, increases in
irritability, substitution (i.e., snacking on
sweets, potato chips, etc.) suggests the
interruption of well-learned habit rather
than physiological withdrawal.
To clarify the role and motivational aspects
of nicotine in smoking.
Nicotine in Saliva.
Determine if the nicotine level in the system
is a cue for smoking.
10872483
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological,
G = General, P .= Benefits/Smoker Psychology,
M = Motivation/Quitting,
S = Simulation
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C"
1003295196/5215 800600 C
1000385482/5522 800801 C M
AREAS
DESCRIPTION
Draft of proposal to study psychosocial
factors influencing smokers of ultra-low
delivery brands.
WLD Behavioral Research Annual Report Part
II.
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Determine i) whether smoking has
psychologically reinforcing value independent
of smoke delivery, and 2) whether the reward
from smoking ultra-low delivery cigarettes
are different from those of high delivery
cigarettes and sufficient to maintain the
smoking habit .... "It is of considerable
importance to the cigarette industry to
obtain information about the psychosocial
factors motivating smoking behavior, since
the industry's continued growth may depend to
large extent on a great understanding of the
non-pharmacological towards received from
smoking."
The pharmacological reward received from
nicotine takes over as the primary motivator
for smoking, and social factors act as
secondary motivations which determine smoking
rate, style, brand, etc. Another position,
which PM endorses, is that psychosocial
factors act as primary motivations for the
maintenance of a smoking habit .... "As
nicotine deliveries fall, with a trend toward
ultra low tar cigarettes, it will become
increasingly important for us to gain more
insight into the nonpharmacological rewards
from smoking. If these nonpharmacological
rewards can be maximized, the marketing
position of Philip Morris can be insulated
against the effects of continuing reductions
in nicotine levels."
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
DOCUMENT ID
1003289027/9035
1003155178
DATE
811105
"C" AREAS
C M
E
P
830316 C 'M
WLD memo to TSO,
1982."
DESCRIPTION
"Plans and Objectives -
Charles memo to Osdene, "Why People Smoke."
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
[E]xamine electroneural signals~on premise
that CNS events reinforce the smoking act.
Study cigarette preference . . . study
primary and secondary determinants of smoking
behavior.
Focus on why people smoke, "the most
fundamental unanswered question for the
cigarette industry today. "Smoking is
complex behavior requiring any one a
combination of neuropharmacological and/or
psycho-soclal explanations. We now believe
that not only do smokers vary amongst
themselves as to their motives for smoking,
but a given smoker's motives will vary with
psychological state and circumstance."
DeNoble's work has shown that no withdrawal
syndrome occurs following termination of
chronic nicotine administration; PM cannot
defend against tolerance, since "tolerance to
nicotine is a well-established fact."
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E'= Electrophysi01ogical, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
.... 6889~.t00~
DOCUMENT ID
1003286081/6082
lOO329S236/5237
1003700128/0133
DATE I "C" I AREAS
000000 C P
000000 P
640305 P
M
DESCRIPTION
AREA P
CONCLUS IONS / COMMENTS
Presentation by unidentified author re
smokers' psychology.
"Proposal: Sex Differences in Smoking."
WLD memo to the Task Group Surrogate.
Recommends isolating the predispositional
factor and identifying those who have it,
leaving those not possessing the factor "to
enjoy their addiction to the weed without
apprehension."
Discusses whether there are certain
psychosocial variables in a personal history
that correlate with smoking and determine
whether an individual will become a smoker.
Suggests several reasons why cigarette
smoking is associated with stimulus-seeking
behavior, one of which being the
psychopharmacological effect of nicotine.
"There is a kick to the endocrinological
system similar to that caused by release of
adrenalin into the system."
Identify and document different meanings of
smoking for mean and women . . determine
whether these differences are a result of
women's changing roles or do women smoke for
entirely different reason than men.
Summary of strategies involved in the
development of a new product which meets
consumer needs and does not have properties
alleged to have an adverse effect upon
smokers' health. Smokers' needs are defined,
as found in literature, under four headings:
pharmacological, organoleptic, psychomotor,
and psychosocial. Regarding pharmacological
need, smokers seek the subjective state that
results from the introduction of nicotine
into the bloodstream.
I087240S
C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology,
M = Motivation/Quitting,
S = Simulation
43 -
0~89Z~00SZ
DOCUMENT ID
1003288292/8297
1003287836/7848
1003287593
100344589/4596 690610
DATE "C" AREAS
681202 P
690000 C P
M
690410 P
DESCRIPTION
WLD Annual Report.
Draft of Annual Report to PM Board (first
draft) by VP for R & D.
Ryan memo to WLD re Sex-II.
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
[M]easure physiological events i) preceding
smoking - motivations or anticipatory
components, 2) during smoking - muscle
activity and inspiration characteristics, and
3) following smoking - changes in baseline
body tension which "serve as the basis for
the reinforcement or reward effect of smoke
intake."
"We share the conviction with others that it
is the pharmacological effect of inhaled
smoke which mediates the smoking habit." "We
have, then, as our first, premise, that the
primary motivation for smoking is to obtain
the pharmacological effect of nicotine." "As
the force from the psycholosocial symbolism
subsides, the pharmacological effect takes
over to sustain the habit, augmented by the
secondary gratifications." "In fact it is
our belief that the ultimate explanation for
the prevalence and the refractory nature of
the cigarette habit will be found to reside
in the beneficial effect of inhaled smoke
upon the psychological arousal state."
Hypothesis of current research program, is
that N pharmacoloqically intervenes to reduce
muscle, tension, thus providinq relief sought
by the smoker.
Discuss uncontrollable variables such as
climate and air-conditioning, and the smoking
and health hearings, which may affect
subject's intake. Employees may interpret
hearings as implying they should decrease
intake for health reasons, or may shift
upward due to unease over job security or
guilt, feelings.
P Outline for Consumer Psychology Annual Report Collect smoking histories of residents of
[no author], penal institutions and psychiatric
hospitals.
10872403
Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
T9%gZT00SZ
DOCUMENT ID
1000344589/4596
1000273741/3771
1003287893/7897
DATE
690610
691126
691223
C
AREAS
DESCRIPTION
Outline for Consumer Psychology Annual Report
[no author].
HRRW presentation to Board of Directors,
"Smokers Psychology Research."
[Dup. 1000273741/3771]
CONCLUS IONS / COMMENTS
Determine measures discriminating smokers and
nonsmokers, deprived and nondeprived smokers,
such as heart rate and nervousness ....
determine role of smoking upon behavioral
consequences of stress.
Determine if smoking affects brain waves via
arousal system.
"Why do 70 million Americans and countless
millions outside of the United States smoke
despite parental admonition, doctors'
warnings, governmental taxes, and health
agency propaganda? What benefits do smokers
wittingly or unwittingly find in smoking that
outweigh the real or imaginary risks that the
same smokers feel?"
Learn more about the psychology of smoking,
"hopefully to discover ways. to exploit the
benefits of smoking to the advantaqe and
profitability of our major company business."
". . . We are of the conviction, in view of
the foregoing, that the ultimate explanation
for the perpetuated cigarette habit ~esides
in...th~ pharmacoloqical effect.of smoke upon
the body of the smok@!, the effect beinq most.
rewarding to the indi~id~a!., under, stress."
"The smoker's report of how many cigaretttes
he smokes per day is a poor measure of his
actual smoke intake. "A smoker's intake
level is determined by the smoker himself,
not by the manufacturer of the cigrettes."
P Ryan memo to WLD re proposed research
Show that smoking is more probable during
project, Smoking and Anxiety.
anxiety producing situations than in non-
stress situations.
10872403
Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
45 -
' Z~99Z~00SZ
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS
1003288263/8264 700224
1003288243/8245 700515
1003290714/0722 710302
1003295136/5137 710312
1003295134/5135 710312
1003288459/8460 710324
1003288507/8508 710406
P
P
P
P
DESCRIPTION
WLD Monthly Report.
WLD Annual Report.
Schori proposal, "Smoking and Film-lnduced
Stress."
Ryan memo to WLD, "Laboratory Produced
Anxiety and Smoking Behavior Study II: Trait
Anxiety Effects."
Ryan memo to WLD, "Lab Produced Anxiety and
Smoking Behavior Study III: Effect of Trial
Duration."
WLD Monthly Report.
WLD Quarterly Report.
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Study the effect of stress and anxiety on
smoking behavior.
Smokers display a higher anxiety level than
non-smokers. "It is the relationship between
anxiety and smoking that we now consider to
be of greatest significance to us .... We
take as a working hypothesis that the reward
value of inhaled cigarette smoke is a
function of the level of anxiety being
experienced by the smoker."
Determine whether smokers can reduce the
severity of stress by smoking.
There was a positive correlation between
anxiety score and the number of puffs taken.
Repeat Study II using subjects with moderate
anxiety scores and run only under smoking
conditions.
Determine whether high-anxiety and low-
anxiety smokers will differ in puff placement
relative to stressful events.
Smoking and stress studies in progress: i)
smoking rate as a function of state of
anxiety; 2) smoke consumption as a function
of film-induced stress; 3) effectiveness of
smoking in increasing efficiency of task
performance; 4) effect of smoke deprivation
on mood.
Smokers discriminate small increments of
nicotine from 1.2 mg to 3.0 mg and prefer the
lowest level.
10872403
C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological,
G = General, p = Benefits/Smoker Psychology,
M = Motivation/Quitting,
S = Simulation
46 -
DOCUMENT ID
1003293197/3200
1003285443
10032.88504
1003288509/8511
1003288503
DATE "C" AREAS
710908 P
710910 P
C
711004 P
711016- P
711115
720104 P
DESCRIPTION
WLD, Johnston, Ryan,
"Plans for 1972."
Schori memo to Eichorn,
Martin memo to Special Smoking Panel, "Tar,
Nicotine and Smoking Behavior."
WLD Quarterly Report.
WLD Monthly Report.
Schori memo to Eichorn re Quarterly Report,
711000-711200.
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Study the relationship between sustained
performance and smoking through on-the-job
situations and a driving task ....
Investigate the relationship between
emotional state and smoking ....
investigate the relationship between
socioeconomic status and smoking behavior
such as whether or not the subject smokes as
well as type and quantity smoked.
Asks whether the number of cigarettes smoked
varied becuase of nicotine level or because
of acceptability. Also asks if any
particular personality factor (from the
personality test) is related to the kind of
cigarette preferred.
Schori completed a study on the relationship
of stress and smoking and a study on
relationship of tar and nicotine to smoking
behavior.
Hypothesis: extroverts smoke to increase
arousal and introverts smoke to reduce
arousal.
No difference in performance was found
between smoking conditions at any level of
task difficulty. Smokers were less subject
to mood change than non-smokers and deprived
smokers.
Subjects took a greater number of puffs under
stressful conditions.
Studies completed this quarter are Stress and
Smoking Behavior; Smoking and Task-Induced
Stress; and Tar, Nicotine and Smoking
Behavior.
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
- 47
~%gZ~00SZ
DOCUMENT ID
1003288212/8214
1003293355/3361
1003295122/5125
1003288201/8202
DATE
721001-
721031
721114
730000
730105
"C" AREAS
P
C P
M
C P
M
DESCRIPTION
WLD Monthly Report.
WLD memo, "1600 Objectives for 1973."
Handwritten report, "Puffing Behavior and
Personality."
P WLD Quarterly Report.
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Smokers had fewer mood shifts (Were more
emotionally stable) during monotonous task
situation than non-smokers or deprived
smokers. There was no differential response
to fatigue.
Identify the significant characteristic of
the smoker and the significant elements of
the situation which interact to reinforce
smoking.
Determine if smoking can affect the ability
to handle stress.
Determine if there are differences between
smokers, non-smokers, and deprived smokers in
spare mental capacity.
Considering a study to determine whethe~
smoking affects driving performance.
Compare cigarette consumption with social
class and personality type.
Examine differences in smoking behavior
associated with differences in smoking
material.
Smokers who take many puffs at short
intervals appear to be more intelligent, more
immature, submissive, timid, tender-minded
name, excitable and "to show less will power
in general (that's good--means they're
unlikely to quit)."
Determine effects of smoking upon the
magnitude of shifts in arousal level, using
heart rate as the index.
108'72403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
48 -
DOCUMENT ID DATE
1003293349/3352 730121
1003288190 730404 P
1000353827/3853 730600 P
1000353953/3992 730600 P
1003290566/0582 730600 P
1003295105/5107 730613 P
AREAS
DESCRIPTION
WLD memo re accomplishments of Behavioral
Research Lab - 1973.
WLD Quarterly Report.
Ryan Special Report, "Laboratory Produced
Anxiety in Smoking Behavior: Puff One."
Schori/Jones Special Report,
Sustained Performance.
[Dup. 1000048733/8768~
"Smoking and
Special report, "Smoking and Sustained
Performance."
Ryan and Hancock memo to WLD, "Research
Proposal Effects of Smoking on Task Produced
Frustration."
CONCLUS IONS / COMMENTS
No differences in attention were found among
smoking conditions. The groups did not
differ in terms of the size of the work loads
they could handle.
Higher consumption rates and greater
percentage of smokers in lower socioeconomic
classes than in higher socioeconomic classes.
Menthol and very low delivery cigarettes were
smoked differently from popular brand
cigarettes.
Publication: "Smoking Behavior: Motives and
Incentives"
Smoking did not affect accuracy but lowered
slightly the time spent before make a
decision. Contrary to expectation, no
changes in inter-puff interval or in number
of puffs per cigarette under shock or no
shock conditions.
No differences in performance efficiency
between smoking conditions .... Smokers may
be less subject to mood change than
nonsmokers and smokers-deprived, but only in
situations which produce less than optimal
arousal. In situations producing more than
optimal arousal, smokers may be more subject
to mood change than nonsmokers and smokers-
deprived.
[Manuscript for publication 730921, "Smoking
and Complex Performance."
Study the effects of smoking on frustration
produced by interference with speech
patterns. Expect to see improvement in
performance following ..smoking.
10872403
Areasz C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
- 49 -
DOCUMENT ID DATE
1003288167/8168 730917
"C"
1003290624/0637 730924 P
1003288162/8163 731212 P
1003293274/3275 740000 C P
1003293183/3185 740115 P
1003288120/8121 740403 P
M
AREAS
DESCRIPTION
WLD Monthly Report.
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Smoking does not affect attentional capacity.
Smokers smoked 3 levels of N at 3 levels of
T. 14 mg T and .75 mg. N most acceptable.
In-house smokers smoked 14.6 and 20.7 mg tar
cigarettes in a similar manner.
Schori/Jones manuscript, "Smoking and
No differences were found among smoking
Informational Pro~gssin~ Requirements." conditions in....attentional requirements.
WLD Monthly Report.
"The Behavioral Research Program
1600)."
[Dup. 1003288201/8202]
(Project
WLD memo to TSO, "1974 Plans and Objectives."
WLD Quarterly Report.
Publication: "Rorschach Factors and
Somatotype," Schori, J. Clinical Psych.
Identify l) psychological states induced by
smoking which reinforce the smoking act and
2) smoke components which influence the
reinforcing psychological effects.
Describe the behaviors whereby the smoker
regulates his smoke input:
"Cigarette smoking improves efficiency in the
performance of complex psychological tasks."
Study I) the influence of personality
characteristics upon changes in smoking
behavior under arousal, and 2) changes in
mood under varied levels of mental work.
Publication: "Smoking and Multiple-Task
Performance." Schori & Jones, Virqinia
Journal of Science.
Heart rates increments due to smoking and to
physical exercise are additive, counter to
predictions that smokers smoke to decrease
autonomic response to arousal.
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology,
M = Motivation/Quitting,
S = Simulation
DOCUMENT ID
1003288122/8124
DATE
740610
1003288354/8356 740712
1000356321/6340 740802
1003288110/8113 740916
1003288117
"C"
C
~J~EAS
P
DESCRIPTION
WLD Monthly Report.
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Have begun to identify hyperkinetic children
who may "eventually become cigarette smokers
in their teenage years as they discover the
advantage of self-stimulation via nicotine."
"It would be good to show that smoking is an
advantage to at least one subgroup of the
population. Needless to say, we will not
propose giving cigarettes to children."
P WLD Monthly Report.
Study the muscle contractions associated with
jaw clenching as an index of smoker's
emotional response to abstention.
P WLD and Ryan Behavior Research Annual Report
Discover who smokes, how and why.
Part i.
WLD Quarterly Report.
P
C
741017 P
WLD Monthly Report.
Smokers deprived performed better than
smokers or non-smokers. Smokers exhibited
fewer mood changes.
"No change was observed in rod consumed or
number of cigarettes smoked as tar delivery
varied. Unless some other mechanism for
regulating intake can be uncovered, the
intake consistency hypothesis must be viewed
with skepticism."
Puff Six (Ryan). "Qbvio~sly a compensation
i~ takinq place.."
Students read aloud more rapidly and made
fewer errors under smoking condition and also
under immediate feedback condition, than
under deprived or delayed~feedback
conditions. Smoking slightly reduced
inserted and omitted phonemes [smallest unit
of speech which distinguishes one utterance
from another.]
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
- 51 -
DOCUMENT ID DATE
1003290519/5031 741023
1003290549/0550 741029
1003288521/8545 741101
1003293177/3182 741127
C
AREAS
P
M
P
P
C
E
DESCRIPTION
Schori/Jones proposal, "Smoking and
Aggression."
WLD memo to HRRW, FER, TSO, et al., re
Schori-Jones proposal.
WLD/Schori, "Behavioral Research Annual
Report."
WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives for
1975."
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
"For the vast majority of cigarette smokers,
it is very difficult to quit smoking."
Determine effects of smoking on aggression
and performance in a simulated driving task.
Suggested that individuals prone to
aggression learn that smoking facilities
control of this tendency.
"We recognize, however, that any observed
~ncrease in.aqqressivity when deprived of
9iqarettes may be as readily explained as.the
emergence of reactions to deprivation,.not
unlike.those to be observed upon withdrawal
from any of.a number of habituating
~harmacoloqical a~ents."
Publications: Schori and Jones, "Smoking and
Multiple-Task Performance" Vir~nla Journal
Qf Science.
Schori and Jones, "Smoking and Work Load"
Journal of..Motor Behavigr.
Study the effects of smoking on a subject's
ability to concentrate as measured by
maintenance of alpha brain wave dominance; 2)
to study "the influence of smoking upon
control of aggressivity."
Conduct studies to investigate the hypothesis
that smokers regulate the amount of nicotine
retained in the body and how they regulate
it.
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
6~99~00~E
DOCUMENT ID DATE
1003293344/3348
741212*
1003287992/7993 750114
"C" AREAS
P
E
P
DESCRIPTION
WLD memo, "2600 Accomplishments, 1974."
WLD Quarterly Report.
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Smokers manifest no change in their ability
to maintain a dominant alpha brain wave
pattern as a function of interval between
smoking and observation.
Smokers-deprived performed significantly
better than other two groups. No difference
between performance of smokers and
nonsmokers. Smokers exhibited fewer mood
changes than other groups.
Smoking as a pause-filling behavior. Smokers
tend to puff after completing task and while
others are talking, not while they are
working or talking. A study is planned.
1000736386/6392 750400-
750600
1003295072/5074 750514
1003295075/5080 750530
1003287978/7980 750625
C
P
HRRW Quarterly Progress Report.
Ryan and Lieser memo to Dunn, "Research
Proposal--Verbal Serial Learning."
Ryan and Lieser memo to Dunn, "Research
Proposal-Sensory Deprivation Personality and
Smoking."
WLD Quarterly Report.
Effect of smoking on risk taking in a
simulated auto passing situation indicates no
difference in risk taking among smokers,
smokers deprived and nonsmokers.
Modifications in the design of a study to
determine the effect of nicotine on learning
nonsense syllables.
Examine the effect of smoking on the amount
of stimulation desired by introverts and
extroverts. Smokers, nonsmokers and smokers
deprived will be tested on their rate of
pedal pushing for sensory stimulation.
~ffect of Smokinq.on Risk Takinq in a
Simulated Auto Passing Situation. Manuscript
approved for publication.
After deprivation smokers (i) increased their
no. of puffs by 37%; (2) increased no. of
cigs consumed by 28%. Lighter smokers showed
the greatest percent increase in no. of cigs
smoked and no. of puffs taken.
10872403
Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
- 53 -
0~89Z ~ 00SZ
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" ~qEAS
1003293172/3176 751121 P
1003293336/3343 751230
C P
C
DESCRIPTION
WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives for
1976."
WLD memo, "Accomplishments-1975."
CONCLUSIONS~COMMENTS
Determine influence of smoking on rate of
nonsense syllable learning .... Test the
hypothesis that "introverts and extroverts
will differentially seek stimulation under
stimulus deprivation conditions" with smoking
as the stimulus .... Investigate if
aggression is reduced by nicotine in animals
and humans.
Study the effect of smoking on introverts and
extroverts.
Since smoking increases central nervous
system activity, smoking reduces extroverts'
need for stimulation and may completely
compensate for introverts' stimulus needs.
Smokers, nonsmokers and smokers-deprived do
not differ in their willingness to take
risks.
Subjects increased smoking consumption from
28 to 37% over a comparable nondeprived
period.
Puff volumes, total volume of inhaled air and
nose to mouth ratio of inhaled air did not
differ across cigarettes. However, there was
a significant difference in puff volume
across days for Pall Mall which suggests
compensation for the higher delivery.
10872403
Areas: C = Compensation, E~= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
- $4 -
1003285973/5983
1003293260/3266
1003288907/8910
1003288048/8050
DATE
760000
760000
760114
760806
AREAS
P
DESCRIPTION
WLD introduction to smoker aggression study.
Plans and Objectives.
[WLD]
draft re introduction of Merit.
WLD Monthly Report.
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Summarizes briefly similar work done by
Hutchinson/Emley, Waldbillig,
Miller/Matarazzo and others.
Observe the effect of smoking during a
frustrating task on the intensity of
emotional reaction and changes in performance
efficiency.
Smokers, deprived smokers and nonsmokers all
increased in aggression and decreased in
extroversion, sociability, and concentration.
Identify the critical component[s] of smoke,
i.e., the component which induces the
reinforcing psychological change.
Identify those changes in psychological state
induced by smoking which reinforce the
smoking act.
Study effect of smoking on induced
frustration and arousal, EEG alertness and
adaption to intrusive stimulation.
Nicotine alone (in gum, pills) will not
satisfy smokers; something else must be
involved. Other satisfactions include oral
satisfaction of puffing and tactile
sensations of handling cigarette.
"Smoking as..a Possible....Inhibitor of the
Influence of Arousal Upon Ongoing BehaYio~."
Dunn submitted paper for presentation at
Zurich international workshop.
10872403
Areasz C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
zs%gZ~00SZ
DOCUMENT ID
1000221727/1742
1003293331/3335
DATE
760917
761215
AREAS
DESCRIPTION
WLD manuscript, "Smoking as a possible
inhibition of arousal."
[Dup. 1000221727/1742]
WLD memo, ,,Accomplishments-1976."
CONCLUSIONS~COMMENTS
To study relationship of smoking and
aggression in smokers, nonsmokers, and
deprived smokers in a situation contrived to
induce anger.
Results: contrary to expectation, all three
groups displayed same increases in anger, but
incited an e~as less disruptive of task
performance in smokers than in nonsmokers and
deprived smokers.
Hypothesis: "the smoker is unwittingly
triggering a physiological response sequence
when he smokes which has the effect at the
psychological level of improving his coping
efficiency in face of otherwise disruptive
influences."
Smokers showed less performance impairment
underanger-inducing situations.
[I]nitiated a study to confirm previous
findings that smoking caused differences in
ability to maintain a dominant alpha brain
wave pattern under anger-inducing
conditions."
10~72403
Areasz C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
8S89Z~00SZ
DOCUMENT ID
1000369089/9121
1000046538/6546
DATE "C"
770513 C
AREAS
P
C
771019 C P
DESCRIPTION
Behavioral Research Annual Report.
WLDdraft of smoker psychology program
review.
[Dup. 1003293246/3254]
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Regulator Identification Program (Levy).
"regulators obtained more nicotine from the
high delivery cigarette when they were
deprived than when they were non-deprived.
Regulators and Non-regulators respond
differently to smoke deprivation."
Smokers, nonsmokers and smokers deprived
performed equally well under the no stress
conditions. Under stressful conditions,
nonsmokers worsened performance, deprived
smokers remained the same and smokers
improved performance.
Smoking can help people better handle
disruptive effects of stressful situations.
"Study the psychology of the smoker in search
of information that can increase corporate
profits."
"We provide a product that is the essential
commodity in a frequently recurring habitual
act." Compares reinforcement in an animal
experiment with that in human smoking.
"Without the chemical compound, the cigarette
market would collapse, P.M. would collapse,
and we'd all lose our jobs and our consulting
fees." "Is nicotine component X? .... If
so: What is the lower delivery limit below
which the smoking act is not reinforced? Is
the site of reinforcement in the CNS? "Is
the industry placing itself at risk by
lowering delivery levels?" "Is cigarette
smoke the vehicle of a dependency-producing
drug? What are the fundamental differences
between the habit of tobacco smoking and
heroin injection?"
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
- 57 -
#S%9Z~00SZ
DOCUMENT ID DATE
1003293322/3330 771219
lO03293102/3103 780112
1000369449/9495 780630 C
DESCRIPTION
WLD memo, "Behavioral Research
Accomplishments-1977."
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Non-smoker extroverts seek more ~stimulation
than non-smokers introverts. Smoking
conditions had no effect on the amount of
stimulation sought by smoker extroverts.
Data do not support the hypothesis that
smokers should have more difficulty learning
that non-smokers or that smoking moderate
delivery cigarettes would retard rate
learning more than smoking low delivery
cigarettes.
P WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology."
Investigate the extent to which external
events, rather than need for nicotine,
control smoking behavior.
P Behavior Research Annual Review - Part I.
"Deprived smokers are more susceptible to the
disruptive influences of a frustrating and
stressful experience with failure than are
smokers and nonsmokers. It ~s Clear that
these data do not support our original
hypothesis that smokers would be less
affected by the helplessness-inducing
treatment. However, the data do suggest that
deprived smokers are less able to cope
effectively with frustration under the
conditions of this study."
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
DOCUMENT ID
1003293151/3159
1003295230/5231
DATE
781206
790102
"C"
AREAS
Dunn memo,
DESCRIPTION
CONCLUS IONS / COMMENTS
"Plans and Objectives-1979."
"To understand the psychological reward the
smoker gets from smoking, to understand the
psychophysiology underlying this reward, and
to relate his reward to the constituents in
smoke." This knowledge will strengthen R&D
capability in developing new products.
"The low nicotine delivery will ensure that
total nicotine in the system remains at or
near the nicotine need threshold, thus
maximizing the proportion of the day's
cigarette consumption which is smoked out of
need and minimizing the nicotine augmentation
from those cigarettes which are smoked out of
habit." "our working hypothesis remains that
the smoker does alter inhalation in response
to cues of smoke composition. . . "
P Sandra Dunn memo to WLD, "Plans and
Initiate a psychosocial approach to cigarette
Objectives."
smoking and responses to nicotine.
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
9S~9Z~00sZ
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS
1003293238/3239 790222 C P
1003293244/3245 790223
1003293138/3144 800107
DESCRIPTION
HRRW memo to RBS re Smoking Behavior Program
Review.
Fagan memo to BRS, "Program Review-Smoking
Behavior."
WLD memo, "Plans and Objectives - 1980."
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Emphasis on psychopharmacology 6f N is wrong.
"I do not deny that many. smokers maintain the
habit for. psychopharmacoloqical reasons." . .
• Industry has no good basic info on positive
aspects of cigarette smoking. Lists five
reasons why PM should research more than just
the N effects on CNS: (I) youth take up the
habit for psychosocial reasons before
becoming aware of nicotine
psychopharmacology; (2) half the population
does not smoke habitually; (3) that smokers
smoke for flavor is not merely a marketing
strategy, but must be one of the motivating
factors; (4) ti.tration hypothesis ha~ not
found s.upport; (5) many regular smokers smoke
upon situational prompting. Suggests a
balanced program to include psychosocial and
cultural factors in smoking behavior. Claims
the program at R&D is in a rut and PM must
get out of it.
"There is no doubt that nicotine is a
powerful pharmacologic agent and that it
gives rise to a large variety of physiologic
responses." However, efforts to show
nicotine alone affects cigarette consumption
have failed.
Social Psychology Program will begin in 1980.
To understand how "social change effects
changes in behavior, attitudes and self-
perception of the smoker and how, conversely,
cigarette smoking can have psychosocial
consequences• ."
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E'= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Qultting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
£~89E~ 00~E
DO'CUMENT ID DATE "C"
1003295196/5215 800600 C
1000019244/9245
1003293107/3108
800618 P
E
800620 P
AREAS
DESCRIPTION
Draft of proposal to study psychosocial
factors influencing smokers of ultra-low
delivery brands.
WLD memo to TSO re restructuring of
behavioral research lab.
Dunn Quarterly Report.
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Determine i) whether smoking has
psychologically reinforcing value independent
of smoke delivery, and 2) whether the reward
from smoking ultra-low delivery cigarettes
are different from those of high delivery
cigarettes and sufficient to maintain the
smoking habit. . . "It is of considerable
importance to t~e cigarette industry to
obtain information about the psychosocial
factors motivating smoking behavior, since
the industry's continued growth may depend to
large extent on a great understanding of the
non-pharmacological towards received from
smoking."
"identify the effects of smoking upon the
social psychology.of the smokers."
Experimental Psycholoqy (Ryan)..
"(I) to identify and quantify the motoric
behavior associated with the consumption of a
cigarette; (2) to evaluate the contribution
of smoke constituents to cigarette
acceptability."
"identify the unique pharmacological actions
of smoke constituents as manifested in
neuroelectrical phenomena."
To understand why the college educated 45
year-old plus, white, professional woman is
the most avid smoker of low delivery
cigarettes. Will study their social and
psychological characteristics which relate to
smoking behavior and cigarette choice.
10872403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
- 61 -
DOCUMENT
1003293130/3137
1000392170/2226
AEeas~
DATE
801126 C
AREAS
P
E
C
810605 C P
DESCRIPTION
WLD memo, "Plans and Objectives - 1981."
WLD Behavioral Research Annual Report Part I.
CONCLUS IONS~COMMENTS
Exploratory study on psychosocial
determinants of smoking behavior of 45 year-
old, white, college-educated upper-middle
class women on social, personality,
attitudinal and situational factors related
to smoking.
Gullotta & Schultz believe "that the
reinforcing properties of cigarette smoking
are directly relatable to the effects that
smoking has on electrical chemical events
within the central nervous system."
spectral analysis of EEG from various
electrode locations under smoking and
deprivation conditions; study effects of
smoking on visual information processing;
pattern reversal evoked potentials in a full
scale investigation to determine if smoking
facilitates concentration; using brainstem
auditory evoked potentials "to ascertain
sites and modes of action for centrally
active smoke constituents."
"Smokers modify smoking behavior to maintain
certain levels of nicotine in the blood.
Changes in level may be more important than
absolute levels -- that the input of nicotine
form a cigarette creates a 'spike' which is
the summation of the discrete puff-induced
spikes."
Determine how smokers alters inhalation
patterns in response to changes in chemical
composition of cigarette smoke.
The social psychological correlate of smoking
is studied with hope that the information
will contribute to explaining smoking rate,
smoking style and brand choices.
C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
DOCUMENT ID DATE
1003289027/9035 811105
1003289202/9204 811111
AREAS
P
E
M
P
E
DESCRIPTION
WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives -
1982."
WLD Monthly Report.
[E]xamine electroneural signals-on premise
that CNS events reinforce the smoking act.
Study cigarette preference . . . study
primary and secondary determinants of smoking
behavior.
Focus on why people smoke, "the most
fundamental unanswered question for the
cigarette industry today. "Smoking is
complex behavior requiring any one a
combination of neuropharmacological and/or
psycho-social explanations. We now believe
that not only do smokers vary amongst
themselves as to their motives for smoking,
but a given smoker's motives will vary with
psychological state and circumstance."
Smokers report that time seems to pass more
quickly when smoking. Suggests that smoking
is reinforcing not only because it relieves
anxiety,, but because it lowers perceived
duration of anxious condition.
[B]rains response reflects both
pharmacological and perceptual factors.
Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
63 -
DOCUMENT ID
DATE
DESCRIPTION
CONCLUSIONS~COMMENTS
AREA S
I0~3295412/5415 000000
1000322554/2555 670811
1003285478/5483 700817
1000353710/3742 730521
1000353938/3952 730628
1000356026/6101 740521
C S
C
S
Proposal, "Smoking Simulator. "
HRRW memo to Paul Smith, "Plastic Dilution
Tipped Parliament."
[Dup. 1000307719/7720]
WLD memo to HRRW, "Considerations Pertinent
to the Proposed FTC Requirement of Published
Numbers. "
OsmalovAnnual Report on Smoker Simulation
Studies (721000-730500).
Proposes the development of a new and
improved smoking machine.
"In smoking a dilution filter cigarette, the
smoker adjusts his puff to receive about the
same amount of "undiluted" smoke." Smoking
machine data are apparently erroneous and
misleading.
Argues that acquiescence by PM would be "less
damaging" than publicity associated with
counteraction.
i) Increased awareness of presence of
"deleterious" substances in smoke may
dissuade smokers from smoking but there is
"'strong' evidence that the will to smoke is
impervious to concerted dissuasive
pressures."
2) When deliveries become public "[i]t will
be no longer possible to surreptitiously
sneak down," and will risk alienating brand
~oyal smokers.
3) Regulation may be attempted to regulate
product specifications. Initiate study to
determine whether printed values of T&N
influence taste and preference evaluations.
"Humans do not, as a rule, smoke like a
smoking machine. The individual's smoking
behavior is influenced by: environment,
habit, and needs (physiological and/or
psychological), etc."
S WLD, et al., Smoker Psychology Annual Report,
Evidence suggests the recorder is missing
720701-730630.
brief puffs.
S Keritsis Annual Report on Smoker Simulation
Delivery to smoker is substantially greater
Studies (730500-740500).
than reported values obtained on smoking
machines.
IOQ72403
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
- 64 -
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS
1004863921/3922 740708 S
1000111546/1547 741210 S
1000364678/4704 770316 C S
1003289190/9192 820310 S
E
DESCRIPTION
HRRW letter to MH re June FTR research
progress report.
Kelley memo to Meyer, "1974 Report - Smoker
Stimulation Studies."
Goodman report, "Changes in Smoker Profiles
with Changes in Nicotine and Tar Deliveries,
Both on and Off Smoking Profile Recorders."
Dunn Monthly report, "Smoker Psychology."
CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
Standard smoke test conditions for
determining human smoking habits are not
indicative of the way people smoke. Strong
denunciation of present test as being
unrealistic might evoke claims that
advertised numbers are false and misleading.
HRRW suggests, pursue research but hold back
on publicity until pro-industry approach is
found.
"Regular smokers given the lower delivery
cigarette did not change their smoking
profile significantly. Smokers given the
cigarette with higher delivery than their
normal brand showed a drastic decrease in
smoke intake."
Under normal (off recorder) smoking
conditions, panelists smoked test cigarettes
so they received an equal amount of nicotine
from each of the three...models.
[E]ffects of cigarette smoking on PREP
latencies reflect nicotine delivery.
Nicotine gum does not produce CNS effects.
Examine the relationship between smoking
parameters and nicotine recovered on a
cambridge pad by comparing smoking machine
and human smoking data.
Areas~ C = Compensation, E = Electr~physiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
Z989Z~00S~
