Product Design
Ammonia Technology
Abstract
Describes history of ammonia technology "leading up to the use of ammonia as an important factor currently applied to tobacco". Covers all companies using ammonia in tobacco processing, brands using ammonia compounds, and effects on nicotine chemistry. Describes future domestic and international plans and marketing implications.
Fields
- Author
- PLA
- Hypothesis
- Design changes over timeChanges in cigarette design over the past half century.
- Introduction of new/unconventional productsResearch and development of novel nicotine delivery devices and experimental tobacco designs.
- Use of additivesModification of tobacco products through use of additives and measuring effects on dependence, behavior, and toxicity.
- Nicotine transport, transfer, and uptakeDesign changes which alter nicotine delivery or effect how the product causes and maintains dependence, including transfer of nicotine from tobacco to smoke, and uptake into the body.
- Use of tobacco processing/ blendsModification of tobacco products through changes in tobacco processing and use of blends, and measuring effects on dependence, behavior, and toxicity.
- Free Nicotine
- Keyword
- Irritation (Attribute measure)
- Delivery modification
- Additive
- Cocoa (Chocolate) (Cocoa Shells, Extract, Distillate and Powder)Composed of nearly 400 identified chemical substances as of 1967
- Licorice (Licorice Fluid Extract, Powder, and Root)
- Sugar alcohols
- glycerin
- Ammoniasee also: Ammonium bicarbonate, Ammonium carbonate, Ammonium chloride, Ammonium hydroxide, Ammonium sulfide, Diammonium phosphate, and Urea
- Diammonium phosphate
- DAP
- Urea
- ammonia gas
- ammonium salts
- Ammonium hydroxide
- banana extract
- anciro
- emerge
- Smoke Constituent
- Nicotine
- ammonia
- Design Component
- Tar removal efficiency
- Burley tobacco
- Oriental tobacco (Turkish)
- Casing
- Filter ventilation (Filter vents, air vents)
- Expanded tobacco (Puffed tobacco, ET)
- Expanded stem (Puffed stem, ES)
- Reconstituted tobacco
- Flue-cured tobacco
- Burley tobacco
- Oriental tobacco (Turkish)
- Paper recon (Paper machine manufactured reconstituted sheet)Method for manufacturing @reconstituted_tobacco
- Paper filter
- Burn rate
- Named Organization
- Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation (B&W)Subsidiary of BAT U.S., located in Louisville, KY.
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. (Cigarette manufacturer (Camel, Winston, Doral))Cigarette manufacturer (Camel, Winston, Doral)
- American Tobacco Company
- Philip Morris Incorporated (Philip Morris U.S.A.) (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Philip Morris Co., Inc.)A wholly-owned subsidiary of Philip Morris Co., Inc.
- Liggett & Myers Inc. (Pioneer in the generic cigarette business)Cigarette manufacturer; Pioneer in the generic cigarette business; L&M is the manufacturer of Chesterfield, Decade, Dorado, Duke of Durham in 1958, Eagle, Eve, L&M, Lark, Pyramid and Stride cigarettes
- Lorillard Inc. (American cigarette manufacturer)American cigarette manufacturer
- Cia Souza Cruz Industria e Commercio (Souza Cruz) (Subsidiary of B.A.T. Industries Inc/. 1985)1985 subsidiary of B.A.T. Industries Inc.
- Technology/Method
- Toasting
- Brand
- Camel (RJR)
- Lucky Strike (ATC (until 1996)/ BW (1996-2004)/ RJR (2004 on))
- Viceroy (bw)
- Winston (RJR)
- Kool (BW (1933-2003)/RJR (2003-present))First Menthol cigarette line, released in 1933. Premium priced brand.
- Marlboro (PM)
- Kent III
- Malibu
- Richland KS
- AMELIA E
- Subject
- Ammoniation (Technology)
- Filters (Design)
- Ammonia (Additives)
- Menthol (Additives)
- Ammoniation (Technology)
- Smoke Nicotine (Measures)
- Transfer to Smoke (Measures)
- Smoothness/Harshness (Effects)
Document Images
The technology associated wlth the use of ~cnla and the applica~i0~
of th~s technology by the m~J~r ~oba~co ~ompanle~ will then he
discussed.
And flnallN, B&W mDplicat!ens, alm~ with o~r studies, will be
de~cri~e~.
6S; 816935
~n~n cigarette smoking beg~ to be a pcp~i~r way Io use :~h~¢~¢,
Ci~aret~es~w~r~ primarily ~zien~ b~e~d$ S~n afterwar~ ~t~algh~
Virginia tobacco cigarette~ became popular ~nd th~n blonds Df orlenta!
a~d Virginia t~a¢co~ were accepted ~y the consu~n~r,
Burley tobacco was used ~xclusive!y for ~ipe~ snuff and chewing
~obacco produc%s. 5eca~se of ~h~ harshness and so~e~t bitter
~trib~tes ~f ~ur~ey, it ~as tre~ed with sweet~in~ agents.
In abo~t i@15 RJK beg~n using burl~y, blended wish virglnia and
Oriental, in cigarettes, Yiav¢r~ ~re applied ~o ~iv~ ~h~ product
distinctive taste character!stick. This typ~ product bec~e so
popula~ ~h~ ~he ¢igare~t~ brand cal~ed ~ bec~m~ the best sei~!~
~igar~t~e very quickly,
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C
Shortly after Chat, g~e~i~a~ Tcbaz=o Co~Dany ~pplied casing ~at~r!als
(sug~r~, cocoa, !i~rlce and glv~rin~) ~¢ ~he burle¥ befo~ ~!~nc!n~
~ith Virginia a~d ~rian~i ,,to ~k~ it s~Dke lik~ Virgln~a'¸, Th~
casing~ had to t~ appli~ ~!th large ~ts ~f ~ater an~ ~b~n the
w~r had t~ ~ r~oved hefor~ h~e~i~g, ~h~ ~r~ev ~s ~h~$ ~e&~
~r~ac~ and ~dr!ed ~ ~zve 2h~ ~a~e~. ~ wa~ Caile~ ~oascing
Even t~day w~ ~ ~he ~rase in advertising for LU~)~ 5~RIk~ 'i~'~
In the United States, L~CKY STRI~ becm~e about as popul~ as Camel
an~ b~for~ long ~ons'~rs ~den~i$ie~ t~e~e two ~i~ett~ as h~vin~
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68281.6936
This is not to say thaz, even today, Virginia or Virginia blended
cigarette~ are not still popular az~und the world. However, ~her~ is
a trend in many areas toward U.~. type b!ende~ cigarettes.
~ncther great change calne i~ :he ~id 1950's whe~ ce!in!ose acetate
filters were first ~se4. B&W pioneered this developmen~ on VICEROY
cigarettes. Shortly, ~JR a~plled cellulose acetate filters ~ Wins~Qn
and they dominated the filtered clgaret~e marke~ field for s0~e ti~e.
The trend toward filtered ~Igaret~s is still i~r~asi~g whil~ the
smoking of old~r~ plai~-style Cigarettes is dlminlshi~g.
MenzhoI cigarettes bec~e very po;u!ar in the late 5~ s ~ early 6C s
after having h~d only limited ~revi~s ~uc;ess. We launched KO~L in
!9~, so ~ had to be parian: for a~ou~ 25 ~o 30 year~ before success
~truck+
0~her trends for c_sarette~, mane pcsslh!e thru research an!
technology, ~!lo~e4 ~h~ U~e ¢f ste~s an~ ¢ther in~ide~i fcrm~ ~f
toba~ and ex~nded ~obaccc. ~ay~ ~r~ f~un~ ~ ~ak~ stew~ ~a~a:a~i~
~ ~art ~f the bi~nd. Fine ~r~e~, ~cbacco d~s~ a~ ~e~i~i~
~0ba¢~o~ ~e~e ~sed to make ~ ~et materia~ Cai~e~ rec¢~$~!t~e~
~obacco. These ~d-on ~a~r!ai~ betsJne so well ~ep~ed tha~ cons~er
~es~ing of ~rren~ produc~$ ~hich incorp:rB~d ~hese man,rials ~ere
preferred by the ¢~ns~er ever the prevlous produ~t~ vhi~h ~s~ only
components ~f burley~ flu~ c~r~d an~ oriental l~i~a
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GS2SIG937
~egir~ning in the ~952'S an4 1965's, tar/n!cotlne de!Jveries in [he
U.~. be~an~th~ir do~ard tre~d. ~ea~$ to ~com~!ish this ~y all
tobacco companies ~nc!uded high p~rcentages ~f expanded tobacco
iev~!s, increased fil~er ventilations, use of more stems and faster
b~rni~& pa~er. C~are~tes became more hland~ that is, la~kln~ tobacco
taste a~d produced a ~ore ~r~it~tin£~ ~.~., the s~s~tlon of
irr~tatio~ harsher ~moke. Somethi~K was ~eeded to ~v~ some "~ts"
~o th~ ~aste of th~ smoke from lo~e~ delivery cigarettes.
In the late 1960's, Philip Morris obtained a pztent on the treatment
of ~obae~o ~ith an~m~n~ ¢onta~ni~ chemicals. The ~a~n~ destr~b~s
~h~ use ~f ~on~ ~omp0un~s t~ ~he~i~a~!~ a~er ~h~ ~obacco [o
provide a bi~r for i~vi~ th~ ~hys!~! thara~ris~ics Of
Whether this was philip Morris" original in~en: in using a~onia or
~o~, is n~ ~n~ A~ni~ d~es~ ~n fa~t~ ~r~a~y ~m~rov~ the smokin~
~har~ct~ristics ~f the final bi~nd an~ ~h!~p Morris took full
~dvanta~s of thi~ deve~p~,
As w~ hnow, PhilJ> Morris has been ver7 su~$essful Sreun~ the world i-
~pp!yln~ ammoni~ technology. It is found ~n ~ll ~ar~b~ro ~r~ucts ~e
hav~ studi~d~ roushly ~0 countr~$~ ~ is used ~n different
vari~isn~ de~endln~ ~n th~ re~tr~ons of ~d~tives and ~as~e
~har~sL~ristiss pr~f~rr¢~ in spe¢~f~ ~ket~.
G~;ZS~.G938
The Philip Morris pacen~ describes the us~ of di~monim< phespnat~ ~
the ~r~0r.i~ source. Di~o~i1~ ~hosphate, Or DAP as !~ s c~m~on]~
k~o~.~ is now used by most of the United $~at~s ~oba¢¢o companies.
Othe~ sources of ~on~a are UREA~ ~onia ~as, ~onit~ hydroxide an~
other ~T_~oni~ salts.
All the major tobacco companies in %he U.S., except Liggett & Myers,
now ~se some form of ammonia technology, It is es%Imated ~ha~ abo~t 5
million kilos of a~m~ia ~ompound$ are ~sed by tobacco companies in
the United Sta%e~. This equates to i0 ~gs for every cigarette
produced in the U.$.
~Morrls uses DAP on Frac~ica~Ly all brands, except some new
~h~i produ~$. They also us~ UReA in ~arlb$~. DAP is ~!so use~
co~u~i~ wi~h ~%~o~!~~ hydroxide.
~¢n~nthol bra~ds. ~t ha~ b~ re~r~! ~hat ~JR has over 5CO,~v
k~los of o~T~onia emissions p~r year ~ N3r~h Car~inz.
Lcriilard ~ses DAP as both a reco~s:i[u:~da.~.~:~' and as a cas!Eg
~a~¢rial for hurley and flue ~ured. A!$~, UREA ha~ been found on K~
III.
Amerisan Tobacco uses DAP c~ a~ ieasz one produc~ iine~ Malibu.
B&W uses DAP in rez0nsti~ed ~¢ha$co an~ as a casing ingreSient ~n
65Z816989
Souza 6ru- in Braz}l uses a pro~uc~ using sugars and ax~tonia. The
S~gars ar~ obtained as extr~zts of various f~u~s. Th~ extrat~ Df
bananas to~ether ~ith ammonia produces a material ¢~ll~d A~CIEO which
they hav~ said i$ a ma~ch for Marlboro. They do net use
r~c~sti~u~ed; A2~CIRC is added as a flue-cured casing.
Ver~gen¢rally, m source of aE~onia (DAP, UREA~ ammonium salts) is
~pplied ~o a portion of ~he bl~nd that Is relatlvely low in nicotine
~on~e~t~ f~r ~xa~ple~ re~o~tlt~e~ ~ba~o. W~en the blend is
brought to~eth~r, ~here is a ~ransf~r of a~m~oni~ ~o the ~lend
components higher in nicotine and a migration ~f ~!~otine ~o the
~!~otine deficient portion. Therefore, there ~ a~ leas~ a ~riv~
toward ~quallz~t~on of nicotine a~ross ~he blend. The ~nia,
~og~th~r with sugars, forms poi~r~c ~mmonia/sugar preducts. Th~$~
th~ smoke. It provides mos~ ~f ~he ~n~fi~ial taste cf burney wi~hou~
~u~ y's negat~v~ t~ste eff~. W~ h~ve f~d ~h~t ~h~ ~arlb~r~
b!~ i$ ~do~i~a~iy flue-~ur~ ~v~ %ho~gh ~he s~oke ~enso~.¸
~har~c~ri~ie~ ~re b~riey skewed.
The m~mo~!a [ransfer is fa!r!y ra;id in [se hlen~, Esse~t!e!!y all
~h~ available ~mmon~a migrates i~ abou~ one w~k, whil~ it ~ke~ • bi~
longer f~r the ni~o~in~ ~o e~!ib~a~, ~t is fo~ ~his r~$on ~h~
Phil~p Morris ~s~s~s ~h~ ¢~are~es ar~ no~ release~ t~ th~ mark~
fo~ abo~ 2 ~e£ks after manufacture.
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:uo £~ ~o~d ~:~ ~3~q ~ ~: ~:~ $:~ ~ ~o:~g~u~o~ ~ /nO
/no ~I~ uo p~ s: ~ ¥Iq~5~ P~II~a ~alq s~qZ "S'~ aR~ u: ~au~o~d S~
product chat would be the most acceptable around the world, but this
is o~r ~i~]inE to c~stom hake products elsewhere.
AmmDnia te¢~mology Seems to be th~ z~rrent trend for nonmentho!
cigarett~s~ and it appears that the trend v!ll continue for som~
~ime. W~ a~e working dillgcntly t~ improve o~ posltion around the
wor!d in hOt,menthol by ~¢vel~pmant of ammonla ~echno!ogy useful for
all our licensees.
PLA/cW/997/O747D
1/3/90
6S281694;
