Tobacco Documents Online

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ADDENDUM It iS suggested that we discuss, briefly, two points whilst we are together at the Research Conference. I, Attached is a copy of a recent article in the I.C.P.S. Bulletin. To counter this and similar publications, it is proposed that we try to get published, e.g. as a note in "Nature", something a]ong the lines of the enclosed memo by Chris Proctor. 2. You will recall the review by ESan Massoy on Vitamin A. He drew attention to the possible benefits from the industry being seen to be taking part in a Vitamin A health education programme in the less-developed areas of the world. ObvimJS questions are: should we? and how? Possible steps include INFOTAB involvement, and/or publication of a de-natured version of Elan Massey's review. C.I. AYRES

SINCE th, o* o I In hieh b the h~'ahh and shortens th~ lives of cigarette smokers has h00 s des%re m' smoke beyond ~.ii doubt, r~- searche~ have Iurned Iheir exacerbated by a :,reeky Su~feres ~om c*hstruclive lung dis.'ase (chronic brn.- chiI~s and emphyscmc), more frequently the eyes trueaflergytotohacco~moke ; anginaofeffortordisea~eof conflrmedby:obse~,atlonof appeaTs to be rare, asthraatc$ .~The eg artcrcs find lhc~; iner©ased blinking rate), often find their wheeze exercise Ioieraace subs~antl- aIiy reduced by exposure to q~2he low ¢onccntradon$ of Ioba¢co smoke. Several st L, dles have shown Ihat children from houscholdu where parents s~nokc suffer from rcspiralory in{eclions more oft_-n (h~ a children from non-smoking homes. There have ~1~o been four studies in wnich the health of ~on-smokJng wives of hus- bands who smoke have been followed up [or long p~riods. -:Two give convicting r'.2,ult~ but in valve ~umbcrs t~o s~L[ to produc~ convtncin~ data; of Ihe othe~ one in Japan f~und their inciccnce of lung cancer In be over dotlb[c ~hat in wives OF non-smoking -" husbands. As only ]$ 9c: cent of" ./3panes~ wom~n smoke h seems that more women are killed by pas~iv¢ e~posure than by smoking themselves! in Ihe USA. ~holved a small i~¢rease in lung cancer m pa~;ive smoker wives which d~d not, howeveG reach a statistically i~gni~ieanl level. Aparl from causing annoy- ance~ irtilatlon and eye sym- ptoms in a majoriIy Of non- ~mokcs, "current ¢vldcnce points to an increased incldcnc~ of respiratory d~sense in very ynu.~ c]'ild- rcn; an Jnc~'cascd ~sk of smaLL airway diseas~ in aduhs, and ,*~ ~crcas~d r~SK of lung cancer", re~ulc~ng from prolonged exposure to ~]g~reHe smoke. The Royal College of Phys- icians conc[udc~ that "non. smokers at work and play, in Ira nspnr~ and in public places shonld I h~v~ the ~hl t~- ~hoo~e not lo be so exposed'•. '~ ": "- t: f "- • :: ..... .... =: ..:

A~ ~NNESTIGATION OF THE ATMOSPHER~/'/N LONDON UNDERGROUND TRAINS It has teen decided by London Transport that in order 'to make the Underground railway cleaner, more comfortable and more attractive to passengers', smoking is to be banned on all Underground trains, This prohibition commenced on July 9th, 1984 and is to have a trial period of one year. We have used measurements of the concentrations of some tobacco smoke components to assess the ambient air in Underground trains before and after the ban. A summary of these values is prepared ~n Table 1. (Detailed results are given in Appendix A and B). Before the total ban on smoking was introduced, smoking compartments contained on average five times the concentration of ~icotine and four times the concentration of airborne particles as compared to non-smoking carriages. However, the concentrations of nicotine (c. 30 #g/m3) and particulates (c. 0.7 mg/m3) found in the smoking areas are similar to those that are likely to be encountered in typical offices and public houses, and are far below recommended industrial limits foc safe exposure (500 pg/m3 for nicotine). Levels of carbon monoxide (c. 3 ppm) were found to be very similar in smoking and non-smoking compartments and at a concentration far below both that which would be experienced when sitting in a car in traffic (c, 6-9 ppm) and the industrial safety limit (50 ppm for 8 hour exposure). A similar set of experiments was performed a month after the e~forcememt of non-smoking. Nicotine concentrations were found to be lower, but a ~.~ comparison of the levels of particulates and carbon monoxide found in non-smoking carriages before and after the ban shows no change,

-2- To conclude, the concentrations of nicotine, airborne particulates and carbon monoxide experienced in compartments where smoking was permitted before the ban were all found to he far below recommended industrial threshold limits. Prohibiting smoking from all carriages had the affect of reducing the levels of nicotine a~d particulates in all parts of the train to those that would have been encountered in non-smoking areas prior to the ban. The carbon monoxide level was seen to be of a similar value whether smoking was permitted or not. Concentrations of TPM and nicotine found on platforms have not noticeably changed. TABLE 1 Typical concentrations of tobacco smoke components encountered in the London Underground, Location Nicotine Airborne Carbon concentration Particulates Monoxide ~g/m3 mg/m3 ppm Smoking compartments (before ban) Non-smoking compartments (before ban) Non-smoking compartments (after ban) Platform (both before and after) Ratio of smoking/ ~on-smoking compartments before ban Ratio of non-smoking before ban/non-smoking after ban 32 7 3 c.20 5 2 0.63 0.18 0,18 c.0.30 4 3.5 3 3 c.4 1 1 t,,,#

-3- APPENDIX A Concentrations of tobacco smoke components encountered in smoking and non-smoking compartments of London Underground trains prior to prohibition of smoking. Thursday 28th dune~ 1984 Time Type of Compartment 13.00-13.55 NS 14.00-14.55 S 16.00-15.55 NS 17.00-18.00 S Nicotine Concentration Airborne Particulates Carbon Monoxide ~g/m3 mg/m3 ppm 4 0.11 3 26 0.68 3 2 0.13 3 21 0.70 3 Wednesday 4th July~ 1984 Time 08.30-09.00 09.00-09.31 09.30-18,00 SO.O0-1O.30 i0.30-11,00 18,40-19.10 19.10-19.40 19.40-20.10 Type of * Compartment NS NS NS NS S " Nicotine Concentration ~9/m3 32 12 74 2O Airborne Particulates mg/m3 0.19 0.87 0.20 0.88 0.18 0.31 0.24 Carbon Monoxide ppm 36 0.33 * NS, no smoking, S, smoking

-4- Q APPENDIX B Concentrations of tobacco smoke components encountered on platforms and in the compartments of London Underground trains after the prohibition of smoking in all carriages. Wednesday ist August~ 1984 Time Location Nicotine Concentration ~g/m3 i0.25-i0,55 Embankment 26 platform 10.55-12.00 Circle Line I :ompartment 12.30-13,30 Embankmen%! platform 13.30-14.30 14.30-15.30 5.30-16.30 2 2 23 Airborne Particulates mg/m3 0.30 0.19 0.17 Carbon Monoxide ppm 4 3 0.20 3 0.25 3 0.36 4 Tuesday 7th August~ 1984 09.30-10.30 platform 10.30-11.30 3ircle Line compartment 11.30-12.30I 12.30-13.30 14.00-15.00 Embankment platform 15.00-16.001Circle Line compartment 16.00-17.00 18 4 3 3 14 3 5 ' 0.27 4 0.17 2 0.16 0.16 0.25 0.17 0.19 4 3 &l 3

( CONTENTS ATTENDEES IResearcb & Marketing) AGENDA © r k_) j3, J4. 5, 6, 7, SUMMARIES OF RECENT TECHNICAL EXCHANGE MEETINGS: - BIOLOGICAL (SOUTHAMPTON - NICOTINE (SOUTHAMPTON) - SMOKING 3EHAVIOU~IMARKETING ~MONTREALI - FLAVOURIST (LOUISVILLE1 - STRUCTURED CREATI ITY (SDUTHAMPTO~) - NEAR INFRA-RED (SOUTHAMPTON. SUMMARIES OF GR~DC ACTIVITIES ON : - SIDESTREAM - PSYCHOLOGY .... PROPOSED REVISIONS TO IROUP R&D PROGRAMME. LISTING OF RECENT TECHNICAL EXCHANGE MEETINGS, AND SUGGESTION~ FOR :UTURE MEETINGS : if .,.~ FORECASTED RESOURCE ALLOCATION AN[ GR&[] BUDGET FOF 19D5 8 GR~DU ORGANI SATION L

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( ( C ( RESEARCH ~BSTRALIA BRAZIL CANADA GERMANY U.S.A. U.K, MARKETING AUSTRALIA BRAZIL CANADA GERMANY U,S,A. U.K, aTTENDEES MR. P.M. DENTON MR. R.G. NICHOLLS . DR, C.J.P, DE SlQUEIRA DR, P.J. DUNN DR, S.R. MASSEY ..... MR. E. RITTERSHAUS DR, F, SEEHOFER MR. E.E. KOHNHORST DR. R,A. SANFORD L.C,F, BLACKMAN DR. C,I. AYRES DR. R. BINNS A.L, BEARD M,J. HARD&ICN MR. A. CHOWN MR. W. ROSE MR. F. ~NDRADB MR. W. KNO~ MR. R. BE~ON MR. W. BEINEMANN MR, E. PARR~CK MR. LM. ~'EATH ~ MR. J.A.B. KELLAGHER MR. P.M. B]NGHA~ ~'~ MR. G.O. BROOKS DR. T, BIRJI ~'~ GO

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p.m. Tuesday 11th a.m,/p.m. ( ,~'I AGENDA Plenary Session : Joint R&D/Marketin@ (i) Marketing overview of worldwide scene (A.M. Heath & P.M. Bingham) (ii) Talk by R.P. Ferris : "The functional significance cf smoking in everyday life". (F. Seehofer will present additional material). (iii) Main thrust of relevant parts of Group R&D Programme (L.C,F, Blackman) and GR~DC Product Application Group (A.L. Heard) Research only : Presentations by CAC Companies (a) Brief review of present business situation (b) T~sh~j~l pr_ior]tJes (short- and long-term) (c) Interf¢c~ with GR&DC/Group R&D Programme (d) Any other topics felt to be important/relevant Presentations in the order Amatii BATCF B&W ITL Souza Cruz ~-~ General discussions of some m ajo~ th[eats~gpportunities for BAT Grou~ - with formal brief (approx 10 minute) ~=~ ~b in~od~ions, as indicated : G~ Smoking behaviour research Consumer testing and response Nicotine Compensation/elasticity Sidestream/ambient smoke Smoking & health Process innovations Leaf Processlng/Primary {Brazil) Tobacco Diotechnology P.J, Dunn E.E. Kohnhorst C.l. Ayres/F. Seehofer A.L. Heard L.D.F. glackman/P.J. Dunn L.C.P. Blackman/F. Seehnfer E, Rittershaus/P,M. Denton C.J,P. de Siqueira F. Seehofer/A,L. Heard

Wednesday 12th 5 p.m. Joint meeting with Marketing. The theme will be that, in marketing terms, product innovation is only relevant if it contributes to a real or perceived consumer benefit. #he aim will be to identify clear consumer needs and preferences in the major markets, and then to agree jointly a l~umbe~ of major_~y~.dgct~ese]~pmen~ oRportunities that should be Rursued with urgency within the Group. A con%e~uence of the conference should be the ca%iogalisation of.p[oj#c~s (whether stemming from Marketimg or R&Di, ensuring that the allocation of R&D time and resources to product development is in line with agreed priorities relevant to consumer needs. Social Evening L Thursd~ 13th a.m. p,~l. Joint Marketing/R&D continued - Agreement ojZ~Jl]~tes of Joint Meeting Research~ Brief summary of GR&DC organisation and current expenditure followed by consideration of the proposed revision of Group R&D Programme in the light of previous discussions. (M.J. Hardwick) p.m. General discussions, but to include : + ÷ past and future specialist meetings techno_l_ogy_excha~ge staff exchange pub~icaPions poLi~ final agreement of R&D Conference minutes Depart ~b C~

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( SUMMARIES OF RECENT TECHNICAL EXCHAKGE MEETINGS - BIOLOGICAL - NICOTINE - SMOKING BEHAVIOU~ MARKETING - FLAVOURIST - STRUCTURED CREATIVITY - NEAR INFRA-RED C Note : The remorts on each of these meetlngs wil~ De available al the Conference. Gm

• BIOL0GICAL CONFERENCE~ SOUTHAMPTON~ 9th-11th APRIL~ 1984 The 1984 Biological Conference covered three themes: a) Project RIO b) Biological activity of nicotine c) BAT needs in the future This note sum~arises the main conclusions and actions required, I. The Ames test is the main screening assay and from the results to date it is clear that: (i) Cigarette brands can be readily distinguished. This is in contrast with the earlier mouse skin painting results. An unfortunate side-effect is that the sensitivity increases the probability of an Ames League Table appearing. A further unfortunate examination is that, to date, it is not uncommon for BAT brands to have a higher result than those from the opposition. (ii) Important fractionation work in Montreal indicates that the Ames ac%~yJty is associated with the~basjc-materials]n cigarett___ e_cp~densate, Again, this is in contrast to the mouse skin painting results, where the bulk of the activity resides in the neutral fraction. Any response to this observation must wait until the initial work in Montreal has been completed. (iii) Initial results indicate that reduction in circumference reduces act j_v_i~ y,, (iv) Early results from Hamburg indicate that the addition of casings and f]#yours can increase the Ames activity. Obs'egvations from Montreal~uggest that--c~rtain other casimgs bring about a reduction in Ames activity. (v) Ventilation brings about an increase in mutagenicity which with Canadian cigarettes was not significant. German cigarette} however s_howed a significant increase, It could ~e ~portant to evaluate changes in desig~fe~tures with a number of cigarette types as the interaction with the tobacco blend could well be important, (vi) Montreal is to produce a review examining variations in design parameters and mutagenicity. Contd/,.. :) Om

C Contd/... -2- 2. 35 Clearly we need tests in addit1"on to_the ~es test and Southampton is obtaining encouraging results with an enzyme induction assaz. There was general agreement that the wor~h~l~ b'e activ-e]~ pursued. Similarly it was agreed that the "yeast system" showed promise as a useful assay and should be followed up. The eventual need for a long-term bioassay, preferably based on inhalation, was considered. The significance of such a test to the tobacco industry was discused, particularly if the animals used were pre-treated with a known initiator such as radon. No firm conclusions were reached but it was agreed that Southampton should explore the feasibility of a long-term assay. I. 2. 3. i 5, Nicotine At normal dose levels, there is no problem with nicotine with regard to mutagenicity. A possible gap concerns chromosome aberrations and Southampton will prepare a protocol for circulation to Hamburg and Montreal. Although the cocarcinogenic effect of nicotine is still unresolved, no further ac~-i~fs prop~.dT--- The role of nicotine and cardiovascular disease was outlined, in particular the role of smoke in decreasing prostaeyclin and increasing thromboxane levels. Hamburg will prepare a review paper for discussion at the 1985 Biological conference. There is a need for a 'teratology type' study examining nicotine. A review of smoking and teratogenicity is to be prepared by Southampton. A review of the role of nicotine and effect on the foetus will be prepared by Southampton, D' Opb~lr~ >," ;i Future Needs l. It was pointed out that there were advantages in publishing some of our toxicity work. It was agreed that this complex question should be raised at the Research Conference. C.9 2. It was thought prudent to ensure that the Company could show no ~.a adverse effects op_sjdestream toxicity for a product de_~gned~o h~lower visible sidestream. P-~ 3. It was agreed that where possible all work on additives should be carried out in BAT laboratories. ~l 4m~ 4. Work should be initiated, albeit within existing resources, on the evaluation of smoke/condensate generated by human smoking conditions. Contd/...

C Contd/... - 3 - 5. Southampton should review the work on chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD). 6. The pryotJngeffect of tobacco smoke isgaining momentum and Southampton shDuId prepare a review for the 1985 Biological conference. 7. Southampton should similarly review the ~os_ition on clearance mechanisms. GO C~

NICOTINE CONFERENCE: SOUTHAMPTON~ 6th-Sth JUNE, 1984 The main conclusions reached were;- a) Plasma nicotine/cotinine measurements can give reliable estimates of the nicotine uptake by groups of smokers, and with suitable precautions, by an individual smoker. Many smokers appear to obtain 12-14 mg. of nicotine per day from their cigarettes. b) Cigarettes which have a delivery of less than 0.7 mg. of nicotine per cigarette as measured on a smoking machine, do not achieve large volume sales. Providing smoke is inhaled - even shallow inhalation - 95% of the nicotine is retained. d) Intuitively it is felt that "satisfaction" must be related to nicotine. Many people believe it a "whole body response" and involves the action of nicotine in the brain. e) Although many smokers appear to approach a plateau or constant level of nicotine in the blood, it is not known: (i) whether a smoker feels the need for another cigarette when his blood level falls significantly below this plateau level Ol or (ii) whether the smoker is seeking the more transient peak levels super-imposed upon the general plateau level. ~.w f) If level in the brain is the key feature, we have little idea ~t J-~ present on the relationship between blood levels/pattern and those 0"~ in the brain. g) An immediate sensory affect associated with nicotine is the "impact" ~ on inhaling. Is this sensation a genuine part of the reward a smoker is seeking, or is it a "cue", i.e. a smoker has learnt by experience, that if he perceives a particular level of impact, he will receive an acceptable degree of satisfaction~ b) If we are to make better use in product terms of the levels of nicotine in smoke currently available - and even more so if we are forced to market cigarettes with reduced levels of nicotine - then i% is important to significantly increase our understanding of impact/satisfaction, There is an urgent need for experimental cigarettes in which the levels of nicotine in smoke (and smoke pH) are carefully controlled.

OBJECTIVE: C ( SMOK[I{G BEH~VIOUR/~AEYETE~CG CQIIFERENCE. MONTREAL 9th-12th July, 1984 To promote a discussion among the delegates on the most appropF1ate future dlrectlons and feasible mean~ of ¢o~unication within/between divisions and Companies. The following five general topics were used to guide the discussion and to Tevlew/rev~slt points raised ear, Ear in the conference. 1. KNOWLEDGE OF CONSUMER RELATING ID SMOKING BEBAVIDDR II. KNOWLEDGE OF PRODUCT Ill. HLIMAN SMOKING BEHAVIOUR RESOURCES IV. COMMUNICATION V. FUTURE CONFERENCES These notes are ±o be used as a guide for the key discussion points raised. mnd are presented in no specific order of priority. K~O~LEDGE OF THE CONSUMER RELATING TO SMOKING BEHAVIOUR ~ TheTe was general dls~usslon regarding ~onsumer s~Itohlng tniormablo~. how this information is gathered, on what basis and whether it is used O~ to full advantage. clJ |t was suggested that m~rket~g switch~ng models should be ~nvestlgated to see if they provide direction to smoking behavioural Fesearch and Facilltate its link wlth the marketplace/consumer. It was pointed out that particular care should be taken to ensure that the needs

perceived by the consumer are properly related to the needs interpreted from both switching data and other consumer information. We must further ensure when conducting smoking bedavlour research, that swltch~ng data is adequately translated In total brand terms (product, pack, Image[y, advertising, etc.}. For exampTe, there are indications that Marlboro smokers may stay within the Philip Morris product group when switching. It is unknown whether these consumers maintain Philip Morrls loyalty due to product characteristics, advertising, imagery, or some other reasons. Consideratlon should also be given to whether smoke elasticity Information as well as tolerance band widths In behavloural terms afford opportunities wlth regard to assessing and interpreting swltch%ng Inforn~tlon. It was noted that Infor~tion exists related to tolerance band widths wlth respect to subjective evaluation for high, medium and low tar smokers (see the Bromley study In the U.K. market), but no :omparabl~ data exists in smoking behavloural terms. Such Information may give rise to better planning of contingency product development, which was felt to be erltlcal in catering to switchers out of their own existing products. There is some information relating to quitters but an inadequate data base on starting, Since our future business depends on the size of this starter population set, it was considered important that we know why people start to smoke and this may be more important than why they continue to smoke. f/~e must better understand short-term quitters (taking account of / ~,? ~ormatlon available from B & W) and wlth what brands they restart wltb

( ( It was felt that consistent smoklng behavloural styles could play a role |n terms of the direction of switching. This point was considered worthy of further investigation. The question was posed: Can we develop models of how smoking careers unfold; why people switch? What they switch to? What they switch from and more Importantly, why those people who try to switch do not always succe~sfvlly a~commOdate that switch in ~rodvcts. F~rther ~s~aroh, both in consumer and behavloural terms, is re~ulred to explain sWltchlnq action i.e. is it for image or product reasons? or Is It related to smoking beh~vloural style? As a flnal point it ~as agai~ reiterated that consumer ~esearch a~d smoking behavlour research should consld~r using total proposltlon %estlng technlques, as all brand variables (image, product, etc,) influence acceptance or rejection. New statlstlcal models are avallable ~o assist ~n the analysls of total product tests, ~owever, th~ major bra~d components should be tested separately as blind 9roduct tests, especially If there is a major product d~fference or unusual variables relating to the product; as an example; In some of our markets smokers switch from dramatically dlffeYent tobacco based cigarettes i.e, flue cured to blended products, ~ow is this change accommodated by behavloura] chan~es? Also, what ~mpact does imagery have on these behavloura] changes? Is there any consistency in these changes? As may have been anticipated the general discussion produced more ~uestlons ihan answers. Two key ones which required further in depth consideration are:- l. Ho~ can smoking heha~lour research take better advantage of tnarket research data/consumer tnforn~atlon? C~ C~ c~ On

What aspects of smoking behaviour research tan he taken advantage of by marketing/market research. If. KNOWLEDGZ OF PRODUCT C The role of nicotine as a motlvatlng source was discussed, Rowever, it was pointed out that the slgniflcance of this role'should not be evaluated in isolation of other smoke components. Reference was made to the Nicotine Conference in GR & DC (6-8th June) and it was noted that our specific knowledge of nicotine in current products is limited. It was Judged difficult to provide clear guidelines regarding direction for- future nicotine research within a smoking behaviour context. The Significance of other smoke components either in isolation or % comblnat%n w~th nicotine was discussed in connection wltb the possibility of a lo~ retention cigarette. There ~as some marketing potential seen For products of this t~pe. SubseRuemt di~ouss}~a centred upon bo~ such a product could be marketed, specific points being: market segmentation Ma "target market third party endorsement? C~) com~unicatlon of th~s product attribute. Ma The ~AT (~amburg) huc~n smoklng studies (Kippa) suggest that on the German market, smokln~ habits change with increasing price i.e. products were smoked more Intenslvely. It was the opinion of the group that it is very important to understand any trigger points relating to behavlcur and product desi~ especially when cohsumers are faced ~Ith a oost-deneflt trade-off. In this conte~t, the example of tailor-made smokers switching to ro11-your-own products should be further investigated with respect to smoking behavlour changes. It was recognlsed that such a study would be problematic glven the variable

nature of roll-your-o~ products. There was discussion concerning the viability and relevance of smoking behav~our research to such novel products as smokeless tobaccos, nlcotlne gum andnon-llt smoking devices as alternate means of delivering nicotine. It was concluded that at this stage such research should be directed at establlsh~ng the slgnlfIcance of nicotine. There was also discussion on technological Innovatlon In relatlon to novel cigarette and filter developments. It was consldered that these developments offer potential albeit perhaps limited to specific markets. It was the general view that marketing should conslder the merlts/means of co~unIcatlng novelty to the consumer. However, the point was also made that there are llmltatlons to consumer acceptance of novelty. It was suggested that another option that should be explored is the notion of creating "natural products" i.e. tradltlonal, back to old value systems. It was a general view that greater attempts should be made to utillse smoking behavlour research in product development. Ill. HUMAN SMOKING BEBAVIOUR RESOURCES CA The dlscusslon focused on two topics: The advantages and disadvantages k#j C~ of CRA or Dupont-llke centres, and the group allocation of resources ~.~ assigned to smoking behavlour. In summary, £RA provldes an opportunity to develop and test consumer research techniques (research on research). It is currently llnkcd wlth R ~ D, but it can provide ~ny opportunltles in marketlng for total brand development, i.e, the linking of advertising, pack design and product design. The CRA group also generate a great Peal of insight on the marketplace and the consumer. It is also a benefit for product developers to have another quantlflable

a source of input in addition to the traditional national sample of COn$UmeF$. Ibe CRA work programme and research should be communicated to all companies continuously and not on an ad hoc basis. The B & W Dupont centre is mainly used for product development/product modlflcatlons. BAT Hamburg are studying tbe feasibility of contractlng out to several independent laboratories, who will recruit and conduct tests. Tbls w111 expand their lab facilities and move them closer to the consumer. Each country estimated thelr allocation of resources !priority. people and budget) to smoking bebavloural work as follows: Canada 5% Germany 2-3% U.S.A. 2-3% 6R & DC 25% including research in spln-off development work. It is felt that a 5% target allocation of resource In tb~s area is adequate. Associated companies can build on and add to the GR & DC con~Itment. It was reported that major competitors work in the smohlng behavloural area, but that their allocation of resources is unknown. IV. COERUIC]CATION The conference concluded that the co~munlcatlons between R & O and Marketing must continue to be developed and improved, thus R & D can learn more about the r~rketlng proces~ and consumers. Marketlng w~ll kno~ more about the products they market, oppoFtunlt~es for ne~ buslness 52101GS1,3

. ' " ~n the short term a~d options to f~]l longer term gaps. The conference delegates recommended that the question of R & O/ Marketing communications should be d}scussed at the joint conference in September. Several ideas on con~unIcatlon between the two disciplines were discussed: ~e~ter lhformailon coordination between companies and within companies. Informal e×change of Informatlon and ideas. Harketlng delegates to attend selected R & g conferences. R ~ D delegates to attend s~}ected Marketing conferences, The posslbil~ty of havlng Market~ng personnel at GR & DC for a ~erlod of a year or ±we, to act ~n an advisory OF a consul%ant role. EheIwood courses? Product seminars? The following model was pFesenied as a means of fo~terlng the best commu~Icatlon Detween R ~ D and ~arket~ng. People. ~ J / J Basic Process ~-- of Marketing --) "" ~ More Deta%led Consumer/ Product Knowledge T Ba$1c Understandlng of Product 11 i/ WHO? ~ HOW? F-~ :m WHAT? SHARED? INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY? FORMAl? WHAT? SHARED? INTER~IATIONAL ETC. ETC.

Q All of the above outlined ideas were deemed to have merit, however the conference reco~cnded three specific topics for discussion at the Joint Narket~ag/R & t c~nference ~n September: ~'1) tonslderatlon should be given whereever possible of having conferences w~th Joint Marketlng/R & D part~clpatlon. 2) Suggested ~aterchange of Marketing and R & D people and measures to increase R & D know-how ~ the group at tra1~ag and m~ddle management ]eve]. I_ 3) ~arketlng research seminars to be scheduled with representa±~on from R&B. It was also recor~nended that, at the September conference, the following " questlons should be discussed relating to the beneflts Df smoking. ~,~ Should the bencf,ts of smoking be comus,cared ~ ill) If so, to whom and ~a~? Can u~ in any way make use of this informatiQn in our present co~un~catlon to our consumers (imagery, pack design, etc.)?

C V. FUTURE CONFERENCES All delegates consldered that It was very worthwhile to have had Jolnt Marketlng and R & D representation at this conference and that this should continue In the future. It was ¢onsldered that the next smoking behavlour conference should be held in approxlmate]y 18-24 months. Ho~ever, there uas no firm co~Itment regarding location. It was the vlew of the delegates that the merits of the Marketing/ Smoking Behavlour Conference were such that Joint Marketlng/R & D conferences should be considered for other areas of research. CLOSING REMARKS Or. P.d. Punn closed the conference on behalf of the host country. He thanked the delegates for the quality of their presentations and the open exchange of Ideas and information. He proposed that the conference achieved its objective of bringing R & D and Marketing people together, of sharing in a vocabulary and updated awareness of available techniques and developlng methodologies, and where their applications are seen In the future. As well examples of the background relating to our recent successes and failures have provided better direction for both Marketing aBd R & D for the future. He restated his opening cements that we sell brands that are made up of Image, advertlslng and product znd that R & D/ ~arketlng group must focus on a balance of these areas, without takin~ one area out of context relative to the total. It is In this way that We can betteF Identlfy and successfully meet our consumersp needs. Ob Gm :b

C FLAVORISTS WORKSHOP II~ LOUISVILLE~ 7th-9th NOVEMBER~ 1983 The Workshop was attended by delegates from Hamburg, Southampton, Montreal and Louisville. The purpose of the meeting was to: 1) exchange information on new flavor materials from both internal and external "sources, and 2) exchange information on techniques and procedures which flavorists use in their day-to-day development of flavors, Overall, the Workshop was considered to be a success. Delegates were updated on the latest developments from flavour houses, and they were informed of potentially useful new materials being generated internally. Nonvolatile flavor precursors was one area discussed in some detail. This is an area that the delegates believe is of potential future importance. Examples of both internal and external materials were evaluated, and some were considered to be quite promising. While reaction was a bit mixed, several of the fractions which have been produced in the joint work between GRmDC and Svenska Tobaks provoked considerable interest among the attendees. Some delegates felt one or more of the fractions could be put to immediate use if com.mercially available. Interestingly, there is no universal approach to flavor development among Group flavorists. While some similarities do exist, approaches tend to be individualistic. Most flavorists evolve their own particular technique over the years. This underscores the difficulty in quickly training f]avarists. Attendees expressed a keen interest in implementing an INTERBAT-type system that would allow Group laboratories to share evaluatory results on con~ercial flavor submissions. Four research areas of particular interest were identified by the attendees. One is the current work with Svenska Tobaks. Two are suggested new areas for Group research: i.e., organosulfur compounds and nonvolatile flavor precursors. The last area involves tobacco volatiles; attendees expressed a desire for Group research to provide individual compounds for on-cigarette assessments. In general, there ~=~ was firm agreement by attendees on the first three areas, Views were mixed on the last area. Ob During a critique of the Workshop, several major points emerged. First, delegates agreed that a third workshop should be held in six months time. Since experience with and results of flavor development cannot -~I be readily disseminated in written form, a workshop is the best way to exchange relevant information within the Group. Contd/...

Contd/... -2- A second major point was a consensus that far too much time was devoted to a discussion of f~avor research during the meeting. It was felt that separate meetings'should be called when it is deemed necessary to provide guidance to Group research; workshops should be devoted exclusively to a technical exchange on flavors among flavorists. Thirdly, there was some concern that the size of the group (15) for this meeting was too large. It was generally agreed that discussions could be better focused with a smaller number of participants, M~ Om Qm

Q STRUCTURED CREATIVITY CONFERENCE. SOUTHAMPTON 25th-28th June, 1984 i ( The Conference objective was: 'To bring key marketing and product application thinker5 together in a situation which is sufficiently creative be stimulate genuinely innovative product-based project ideas, but sufficiently structured to examine these ideas against realistic technical feasibility and marketability constraints". The objective was achieved within a structure where delegates (list appended, List A) presented detailed project propositions to the group on the first day and each project was discussed in detail on the second day. Following this discussion each presenter re-cast his original projects to reflect more tightly specified project objectives and technical/ marketing feasibility. The project proposals (together with the strategic objective) identified and evaluated during the Conference are shown in List C. During the evenings, each delegate was interviewed individually and his judgmental criteria for defining commercially applicable projects were identified. On the morning of the third day, the criteria generated by the delegates individually were amalgamated in a group session resulting in 8 major criteria, shown in List B. The afternoon of the third day was spent by the group evaluating each of the re-structured project proposals against these 8 judgmental criteria. Conclusion: Project propositions, duly rated against the judgmental criteria, were treated with the type of analysis now familiar from DELTA, and GR&DC's strategic project selection method. The top-line results of the analysis indicate that the projects can be roughly grouped in three categories. 1. Large market potential, hlgh behavioural validation (evidence of need) but potentia]]y high associated risks to the business: i} Low sidestream ii) Elastic response cigarettes iii) Nicotine (least risk element) 2. High return on investment, high co~nunicability and high cost savings in manufacture but lower market size potential: iv) Individual wrapped cigarettes v) Slim/short and high ET cigarettes 3. Interesting and potentially useful concepts hut lacking behavioural validation at this stage: vii) 'Traditional' high taste cigarette. viii} Greater satisfaction in early puffs. ix) Modified menthol (aniseed, spices etc.}

-2- Next S~: (a) The detailed outcome of this Structured Creativity Conference will be reported prior to the September Conference. (b) Based on this report, the M.R.L.G. will identify projects which merit further investigation and the Product Applications Group will conduct feasibility studies on these projects. (¢) Projects with potential commercial applications will be presented to the M.P.O.C. for approval at the November Meeting. Future Development: The develogment of a less constrained, more freely creative approach for generating innovative product propositions could now be considered, however, it is apparent from techniques used to date that the scope for genuinely novel innovation is limited. The application of structured creativity within specific Operating Companies cou]d be a particularly fruitf~l development (not least in synergising Marketing/R&D relationships).

LIST A f LIST OF PARTICIPArlTS BOB BEXUN TED PARRACK IAI~ ROSS N]FE SCOTT IiALIRICIO WUFdlSER GEOFF BROOKS DAVID CRE]GII!OU (CONVEYOR) ROB FEERIS COLIN GREIG IAJ IIIRJ1 II~PERIAL TOBACCO LIMITED, CAI~AOA BROWN AND WILLI ";SO/ , US;~ SU~iEt~ TUPAKKA, FIIdG,.ND B.A:T. UK & E, ENGLAND IAOACAIVARIA, CARARY ISLES IIARKETING DEPARTI,1Ef~T, t,IILU3A~tK PROOUIgT APPLICATIONS GROUP, BE ~ DE PRODUCT APPLICATJO~JS GRUUP,GR 8DC 'PRODUCT APPLICATIUNS GROUP,GR &DC PRODUCT APPLICATIOIJS GROUP,GR ~DC fial C~

( C LIST g 1. Return on investment (by time scale) 2. Fase of communication 3. Scale of the target market 4. Lead time to manufacturability 5, Positive/negative manufacturer cost impact 6, Degree of behavioural validation (evidence of consumer need) 7. Degree of external risk 8. Degree of commercial applicability Ca ~D Cb t~

C LIST C Modified Menthol/Spice flavoured products "To develop a product which would offer something extra to current and potential menthol smokers who require either menthol plus an overt modifier or a cooling/spice alternative to menthol." The 'Ameliorated' Ciqarette "To capitalise on the potential for a cigarette which produces less of the unpleasant after effects of smoking i.e. irritation, aftertaste, d~ness, " 3. Shorter Length/Reduced Tobacco content "To offer consumers value for money through our technical ability to provide the same taste/satisfaction as convemtional cigarettes with a considerable reduction in tobacco content." 4. Individually Heat Sealed Cigarettes "By offering cigarettes in peak smoking condition in any unit volume, to increase: a) Total sales tbrough ,increasing price accessability. b) Market share through genuine product benefit. c) Profitability through reduced variable cost, reduced F & SV costs and control of distribution up to the end user." 5. Front End Lift "To improve the taste and flavour of the first few puffs on cigarettes." 6. Compensatable Filters "To mak~ it easier for smokers to take what they require from a cigarette. This means in effect'that the filter will be compensatable and implies a high taste to tar ratio." 7. Free Base Nicotine "More efficient utilisation of in situ nicotine in cigarette smoke." 8. Ultra Slim Cigarettes ~0 I.~ "To develop a new, higher margin, low price cigarette offering." 9. Moist Snuff "To capitalise on the potential downtrend of the smoking habit as CO the only means to achieve nicotine satisfaction by participating in a parallel product market free of sociai/health concerns and with attractive profitability."

- 2 - ( C 10. Full Flavour Product "To capitalise on a potential return to full flavour by offering a cigarette with markedly superior smoking characteristics at physiologically acceptable delivery levels." 11. Low CO "To understand how to design ~ow CO/tar ratio products and make them acceptable to smokers in the event that they are required for league table CO." 12. High Expanded Tobacco Cigarette "To maximise financial return by use of lower amounts of tobacco while maintaining consumer attributes of the product." 13. Low Sidestream/Ameliorated Aroma Product "To pre-empt potential volume decline from smokers under pressure in social and work environmemts by providing them with an offer which combines re-assurance in social smoking with taste and satisfaction," ~q

< C NEAR INFRA-RED ~JORKSHOP, SOUTHAMPTON 26th-29th March, 1984 The principal objective of the workshop was to share the experiences ef NIR users. The timing was chosen because GR&DC was ceasing any further work on the NIR as am industrial/routine laboratory tool, as it was considered that sufficient progress had been made for Operdting Countries to apply the technique directly. Eight Operating Companies were represented (W.D & H.O. Wills, Brown & Williamson, BAT (UK&E) Corby, BATCF Germany, Export Lcaf Tobacco Company U.S.A., BAT Zimbabwe, BAT Indonesia and Cigarrera Bigott, Venezuela) as well as Leaf Department (Millbank) and GR&DC. The meeting was concerned with the principal and potential uses of the NIR technique : tobacco analysis, for nicotine, ~ugars, pebex, total nitrogen, volatile bases (especially for leaf buyers) determination of stem/lamina ratios in blends prediction of tar delivery rapid analysis of smoke condensate ¢hemometric mapping, for grade oharacterisation, brand ¢haracterisation and for following processing changes, The five Operating Companies currently applying the NIR technique are in a position to develop their ovln uses, and to assist others wishing to adopt it. Whilst GR&DC is no longer evalmating devices, it is using the technique for chemometric mapping purposes, and remains in a position to give advice and technical assistance when required. Ol Gm

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( SUMNARY OF GR&DC ACTIVITIES ( k • .L Note_ : - E[DESTREAM Both the Psychologj WOrK and the SidesLream wor~ in GR&DC is soreaa over a qUmDeY of Groups. The Duroose of ~nese summaries is to briefly describe ~ne totality of work on edcn of the activities•

SIOESTREAM RESEARCH AND DEV[IOPMENT Strategic objectives remain as follows: I. Develop cigarettes with reduced sidestream yields and/or reduced odour and irritation, 2. Conduct research to anticipate and refute claims about the hea]th effects of passive smoking. Resources to meet these objectives involve several disciplines in a number of groups within GR,SDC, The purpose of this note is to give a guide t~ sidestream related activities within the published GR~DC Research Programme and Status Review Notes. The majority of the work programme aimed at meeting the first objective is contained within work area 02, Smoke Research. Additionally, work area O5(c), Novel Cigarette Technology, has as one of its objectives the reduction of sidesbream yields through more radic~l, longer time scale, changes in cigarette composition and construction, These programmes are supported by test systems, develoued under work area 06, Analysis and Test Method geve]opment, for the measurement of sidestream yields and cubicle tests of odour and irritation levels. An HPDC fLmded Product Applications Group project ccoperates closely with the above researcb programme to develop viable products with satisfactory mainstream deliveries, taste and ash characteristics. Additional support for the !4PSC product is pro,'ided by work area Og in the deve!opmest of consumer product testing methodology for low sidestream products. It has been hypotbesised that the smoker, rather than the cigarette smoke, plays a key role in determining non smoker reaction to sidestream smoke. An alternative to modifying the cigarette may there- fore be to encourage more "acceptable" behaviour by the smoker. Work area 02 contains a programme to study variamles which may infl~er, ce this. Turning to the second objective, evidence about the alleged health effects of passive smoking can be classified as follows: 1. Claims based on smoke component concentrations in rooms. 2. Claims based on measuring body uptake of various smoke components. ~ 3. Clinical studies, such as lung function measurements of non smoking~ subjects exposed to tobacco smoke over a period of time. 4. Epidemiclogical studies, e.g. claiming increased ~ung cancer risk ~SJ for non smoking wives of smoking husbands. The rate of publication of papers in these areas, particularly 3 and 4, continues to increase. Papers are reviewed regularly in the Smoking Issues Literature Review.

Our own research programme is restricted to the first two topics. The programme to investigate smoke concentrations in rooms is divided between work areas 02 and 26. 02 is responsible for the study of build up and decay of ambient smoke under carefully controlled conditions in the GR~DC environmental rooms. "Real iife" monitoring, such as in bars etc. is the responsibility of work area 06, which of course requires smaller scale equipment. Human umtake studies are the responsibility of the Smoker Behaviour Group, work area 03, and this programme will also use the environmental rooms. Smoker Behaviour Group also has responsibility for developi~g rourr based +es:s for odour and irritation, as an extension to the existing routine cubicle test system. As noted earlier, clinical and epiderliological testing of the effects of ambient smoke are not part of the GR&DC programme. However, the Biological Rm~earch Group (work area 01) has, as one of its objectives, the development of in vitro and in vivo tests to model the effects of ambient smoke on hqmans. ~rl Stllllil]clry, tBe sidestream research and development programr~e is spread across work areas 01, 02, 03, 25, 06 and 07. It is not the purpose of this note to report progress which can be found in the Status Review Notes. However, the MPBC funded Product Applications Group Project is not reported in those notes and a brief summary follows. The primary MRDC objective has been to develop a product with a noticeable reduction in visible sidestrea~, whilst retaining satisfactory taste, ash and other physical properties. Consumer test experience has shown that this requires a 527o reduction in the rate of sldes~ream PM~,'RF emission, as achieved +y Ecusta's magnesium oxide filled cigarette paper. However, the ash and taste properties of this paper are unsatisfactory as judged by UK based eonsummr tests. The prograllme has therefore concentrated on developing alternative paper specifications in conjunction with Papeteries de Mauduit (PDM). A paper using a cembinatiorl of 8% potassium citrate additive, found by PBM to reduce sidestream visibility, in combination with !1% r;aonesiull oxide in a 302.m"2 paper gave a 40% reduction in sidestream PMWNF emission but with good ash and taste properties. This product performed fairiy well in a UK based consumer test but further red[iction in sidestream was recuired. A recent hatch of papers, with higher Ioadings of potassium citrate and/or magnesium oxide and at the s~.me or higher basis weights are being analysed. Preliminary results indicate that SOmO of them ma~ch Ecusta's sidestream performance but ash and taste properties ha~'e not yet been evaluated. 1984 EFFORT ALLCCATI2~ Work Area Graduate Years Assistant Years ................................................................. Ol - Biological 0.1 0.2 02 - Smoke Researc+ 1.7 3.8 03 - Smoker geh~vicur 0,2 - 05 - Novel Cigarette Technology 0.I 0.5 05 - Test Method Development 1.i l.O Product Applications 3roup 1.1 Total : 4.3 5,5 ................................................................ W~ C~ k~ O~

GR~DC RESEARCH PROGIIAMME 1984-1986 PSYCHBLOGY RESEARCH GeReral I. From the outset of 1984, Psychology group activities were re-aligned to provide support to the activities of the newly formed Product Applications Group, Psychology resources are now distributed 65% to the mainstream Research ProgramT,e, and 35% to Product Technology (application). 2. The strategic objective of the group is now three-fold: a) TO research means of measuring consumer needs, attitudes and motivations, and develop models to relate these to product development and marketing activity. b) To research means of optimising comalunication of product features to the consumer, particularly in the context of restricted advertising. c) To interface Product Applications and Research group collaborative activity with the development and 3pplication of novel product testing methodology and psychophysical models. In support of these objectives the Psychology research programme is organised around three areas: Attitudinal, Communications, and Product Testing/Psychophys!cal Research. Attitudinal Research Activities in this area are consolidated in Project NARINERS which is referenced to Work Area 03. Nariners is the natural development of projects LIBRA and ARIES which were concerned respecbively with the problems of ~easurement of consumer attitudes to smoking and he0]th and social pressure. Bariners was designed in late 1981 to amalgamate sample populations from projects LIBRA, ARIES and NILE into a ROpUlation which could be monitored at regular (approx, 4 ~nthly) intervals from 1982 to 1984 using a combination of postal and persona] intervlews. NA~INEBS has two objectives: i. To measure smoking ~careers~ of a population of smokers (i.e, their quitting/switching history over time) and to relate 'careers' predictively to a~titudina] measures of smoking and health, social pressure and price sensitivity, ii. %o explore the relationship of consumer segments based on smoking 'career' to smoking 'style' (i.e, the actual measured smoking behaviour of smokers drawn from these segments). The strategic/advantage of understarlding the career/style relationship wo~Id be to best predict product developments most likely to capitalise on smoker career pathways through the marketplace. Data collection for NARINER5 terminates October" 1984, 'careert segments are current]y being ~8

C -) IZ ¢haracterised amd a collabdrative 9roject with ITT (Europe) is examinin~ the utility of expert systems for data anlaysis. During the final data collection stage, smoking behaviour measures of individuals in 'career' segments will be taken by Smoking Behaviour group. Late 1984 and early 1985 will be spent on detailed analysis of NARINERS findings, from which further projects are likely to develop. It is planned that a full-scale report will be produced in mid 1985. During the final NARINERS contact, data wil] also be collected to pilot the feasibility and utility of a lifestyle based approach to consumer segmentation. Comparisons between lifestyle and attitudinal prediction of consumer behaviour will be carried out in 1985. Communications Research Throughout 1984, conventional tachistoscopic testing of individual pack designs has been in progress. The work is now completed and will be reported i~ the last quarter of 1984. The aim of the research has been to set guidelines of the methodology necessary for tachistoscopic research. Effects of illumination level, learning, and famillarl~~en determined (the latter in a cross-cultural study with Finland). A final study of familiarity effect is planned for 1985 in a culture nob subjected to Western influence regarding reading style (Singapore is the likely target market). Parallel to setting up tachistoscope methodology, developments have been made in computerislag the method of presenting packs, using high resolution computer graphics which allow the design of realistic pack mock-ups on a micro-computer. A fully computerised design/tachistDsc~p~ package should be availabl~ mid 19~5. The experiments conducted thus far have allowed construction of ground rules for pack design. In 1985 it is grogosed to examine ways of measuring the visual impact of packs versus other designs at the point of purchase. This will be approached with the use of a projection tachistoscope in a study the objective of which is to measure the correlation between recognisability of the pack on an individual basis and the visual prominence of the pack at the point of sale, whilst controlling illumination, pack location and pack layout variables. Eye gaze monitoring has been used to measure consumer responsiveness to poster advertising. This project is complete and under report. Analysis of eye gaze films b~s been technically problematic since a great d~al of information is contained within them, a system has therefore been developed to overcome this using a combination of infra red technology and computerised digitization. The system will be available im the last quarter of 1984 and a report describing its development will be issued at the same time. CJI Within 1985 a series of eye gaze experiments are anticipated using a controlled gantry/store layout. ~his work will provide baseline measures k=W against which to assess effects of lay-out, pack design, add-on P.O.S. materiel etc. on visual scanning behaviour. The objective of this research ~.~ is to attract maximu~ eye gaze to o~n prod~ts on th~ display. Sinc~ this research is technically advanced, general uptake of the system itself by Operating Companies is not anticipated, therefore the end product of the research should be viewed as a handbook on maximising the potential of point of purchase for displaying our products. Again, cross cultural °°/°.

/3 validation of guidelines is critical, therefore eye gaze behaviour will be considered within the planned tachistoscope study for the Far East in 1985. The major thrust of product communication research to this point has been in establishing and validating techniques for measuring visual prominence of pack, point of sale, and advertising material. Most ef the necessary technological advances have now been achieved and are being communicated. A major shift of emphasis is now planned to consider the broader problem of how best to communicate product innovation to the consumer in terms of message content, medium of presentation, and consumer responsiveness. Conjoint or 'trade-off' analysis is now being considered to develop a markeL segmentation approach based on responsiveness to product benefits. The objective will be Co characterise consumer groups an the "importances whicb they attach to particular product attributes, and ultimately the media and degrees of informatinn which they are mosL receptive to, It is unlikely that this research, commencing from 1985, will be fully elaborated before end-19~6. Product Testin~/gsycho~hysical Research New product test methods have been developed to support sldestream and novel filter research procrammes under Work Area 02. The objectives for esta~lisflment of a sidestream product testing methodology were: a) Develop an attribute vocabulary through qualitative techniques. b) Investigate the impact of consumer levels of awarenoss of the sidestream reduction concept on perception of products, c) Develop a scale of test methodology which would be intermediate between in-house and large scale pro-launch testing, These objectives bare been fulfilled in two applications of the method to date and the mebhodm}ogy will be reported as a technical memorandum in 1984. A product testing methodology has been developed to evaluate innovative product developments using filters which modify smoke flow patterns (Project KILT). The KiLT objectives were: ~J1 To develop cigarettes w~th improved sensory characteristics ba~ed on~ changing the SnlO~e patterns emanating from the mouth end of the cigarette, More specifically, for a given delivery to produce higher sensory magnitudes, ideally without compensation. ~he comQ]eme~tory objective for Psychology Group was: ~ To develop a methodology suitable for innovative product testing which is time and cost effective for small scale consumer testing,

( /4 The method is now fully developed and has been validated on three trials. Because the researcher is present at every stage of product assessment, both quantitative and qualitative data can he collected in parallel. Also incorporated are absolute levels of measurement (DELTA attributes) and recall data (free scale test) as a check on relative product positioning. The method is time/cost effective and can he run by arty suitably trained agency researcher. The flexibility of the method means that additional product characteristics can be incorporated at both smoking and recall stages, where appropriate, tailored to assess idiosyncratic product features. Details of the method are being produced in a technical memorandum, The sidestream research programme, Work Area 02, also receives technica] support from Psychology Group in studies of the effects of sidestream on human performance, altitude to the smoker and annoyance. A r~port on the effect of passive smoking on human performance will be issued in 1984. This report describes studies supporting Lhe hypothesis that it is the smoker, rather than the cllemlcal status of cigarette smoke ibselF which plays the key role in determining the non-smokers psycho-physlological response to the passive smoking situation. Throughout 1985 the foHowinB variab]es will be considered for their effect on social discomfort attributed to sidestream and ambient smoke: a) Smoking manner. b) Degree to which the non-smoker has perceived control over• the passive sr[1okirl~ situation. c) Effect of ~ame sexed and different sexed pairs of smokers versu~ noI/-ShlOkers, Currently a series of performance task measures are being devised to act as the dependant variable in these situations. Signal Detection Theory wil] be used to analyse data from these computerised tasks, the advantage of this approach being that iL allo~is one to deLermine whcLher any observed change in perfornance is due to a change in response bias or in the true physiologica] sensitivity of the subject. Clearly, if it is suggested that physiological passive smoking effects are social, raLhmr than chemical in origin, it is to be predicted that any change in performance over smoky and non-smoky CorlditJo~]s will be due to a change in response bias rather than sensitivity. Additiona] Activities i. ]t is plafmed to coop]eta the recruitment of a psychophysicist to this group within 1984. The role of this individua] will be to work at the interface of Product Applicatiens group and key R & D group C21 areas (notably Smoking Behaviour and Flavour groups), putting in place test methodologies for measuring and understarlding unusual sensory phenomena associated with innovative product designs, and relating ).~ these to objective measures of product chemistry/physics. (Sr;~ke body, smoke swirl, dry mouth syndrome, aftertaste, flavour perception C~ and irritation, fiat profile, are all examples of little understood C~J sensory phenomena,) r.~ I°/,,

( ( J 15 2. 3, 4, Activity continues in the area of researching the functional significance of smoking in everyday life, current emphasis being placed on the role of personality in relation to nicotine dependance and personal requirements of the product. The development of strategic judgemental tools for senior management. based on repertory grid techniques, has now received application in project selection and structured creativity exercises within the UK (the latter using an internationally selected R&D/Marketing group to explore potential future product projects and the type of commercial applicability criteria that should app]y to their evaluation). On recruitment of the psychophysicist, activity in the area of determining consumer responsiveness to product variability will be re- opened beginning in 1985 with a consideration of perceived firmness and hot collapse. O0 co

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( C Research Conference, September 1984 GR~DC Research Programme PR0POSED REVISIONS FOR 1985 - 1987 Work Area O] Biolo?ical Research General The basic objectives of the Biological Programme are unchanged, i.e. to develop acceptable cigarettes with minimum biological activity. In order to achieve this, the factors that influence biological activity must be determined and evaluated using an acceptable battery of tests. The emphasis of the work is now in the direction of ~sing existing tests whilst being aware of progress in the area of short term tests. Collaborative studies using human subjects are continuing under contract, such projects often being a natural progression of animal studies. Programme Revisions I, Parameters affecting the biological activity of smoke - Project RIO The next immediate step is to cross-compare the most active cigarette products, using the cigarette construction data for each cigarette, This win allow more confident comparisons between the various products. The design of experimental cigarettes will draw upon the observations of the samples plus previous experience. Projects for the immediate future include variable circumference, smoke pattern and aspects of primary processing. In the majority of these projects, the Ames test will be backed up by other short term tests and inhalation tests. 2. Development of short term tests The yeast system being developed will hopefully increase the width of the "in-house" test battery, However, expertise in contract laboratories Is also to be used to evaluate other short term tests. This route has advantages in not committing limited in-house resources to a technique that may, in the light of experience, be of no value to the company. The test based ~-pme~JCBn~ta] induction of enzymes is continuing to show promise/~d willI be u~ed~--~evaluate experimental cigarettes. m In the area ~f inhalation toxicity, ~he dosimetry will be critically examined to eF~ure confidence in de ermining the dose received by the animals. Gm C~ "4

C 3. Human/~stuclies~" ,~ The smoking* In pregnancy project~t St. Mary's Hospital London, is near completionCaad should be repor~early in 1985. The effec~~ of smoking on food ut~.Lison t~L~6isation, on t ther hand, has only just started, wxth the appointment o-T-~-a--#os-c~octoral assistant; this work is being carried out at Southampton University. General IProject SHIP has been added to the programme and very promising assays, based on toxicity of smoke to paramecium and daphnia, are being developed. l To date, the measured response closely mirrors the subjective irritancy// score of humans. Cal Ob Om Ca Om

C Research Conference. S~tember 1984 GR~DC Research Programme PR0POSED REVISIONS FOR 1985 - 1987 Work Area 02 Smoke Research General 1. This work area was formed in October 1983 by an amalgamation of the former combustion, filter, sidestream and nitrosamine work areas. The work objectives and broad thrust are unchanged from those given in the GR&DC Research Programme. 2. Aerosol formation and behaviou~ within the cigarette is a new area of study which began in December 1983 when a new Ph.D scientist in aerosol physics joined the group. This study is concentrabing on determining the combustion factors that are important in the formation and properties of the smoke aerosol. Possible means by which the aerosol properties may be modified wil) also be Sought. 3. The effort in sidestream-reduction studies has been increased in recent months at the expense of work on ambient smoke. This will be rectified by the recruitment of a research scientist to study the build-up and decay of ambient smoke components in the GR~DC e~vironmental rooms. 4. Following initial discussions at the GR&DC Programme Review in June 1984 a short (1-2 days) BAT technical conference on the s~oke swirl emerging from no~l_f_i.i_ter_des.igns, vL]]-.be_he~_Louisv~J_le i~ October__L98~. The objective of the meeting will be to obtain a basic u~de~standing~f~L_j_t a.fz[e~ s__ ensory~. 5. In accordance with recommendations of the 1983 Research Conference, the direct effort into selective filtration at GR&DC has terminated and no further work is planned. Programme Revisions I. Chemical reaction mechanisms ~ ~0 (a) As part of the effort on the effect of processing conditions on mitrosamine levels, some joint work with Biological Research (Work Area 01) is being initiated to assess whether reduced nitrosamine levels through processing lead to reduced biological activity. Ca (b) Following preliminary work in ]984, work will be extended on how processing can affect nitrosamine levels i~l both BAT and competition tobacco blends.

-2- ~) (c) As part of Pro~eazt~l~, reac~pns between carbonyls and amines will be studied as a poss~b]e basls for the chem~~ flue-cured and Burley tobaccos to reduce irritation. (d) The work on nitric oxide formation has not yet begun and will not be initiated until 1985. 2. Combustion, includin~ aerosol formation (a) In the a~rosol formation studies, joint ~ork will be undertaken with ~c~/~ the Smoker Behaviour Group (Work Area 03) in which relationships will #~,xt~, be sought between aerosol properties (size, pH, chemical properties) A~ :^p~ and taste perception. (b) In the aerosol formation studies, joint work will be initiated with BAT Hamburg in which predictions from a computer model of stable aerosol growth are compared to the behaviour of cigarette smoke. This will test the applicability of classical aerosol equations for stable aerosols to the cigarette smoke aerosol, which is ~ot in equilibrium with the vapour pbase. {c) In general, more emphasis will be placed on applying the computer models to problems of practical interest, e.g. using the Multicell Model to predict the manufacturing tolerances for the B&W Gemini J filter. (d) Amalgamation of the Puff-by-Puff Delivery model with the Hamburg Filter Design Model will now be undertaken as a joint project with BAT Hamburg. (e) Joint work will also be undertaken with BAT Hamburg for: {i) the transfer of a version of the Mult~cell Model to Hamburg - this model predicts flow characteristics in novel cigarette and filter design; (ii) the use of the one-dimensional combustion zone model to optimise burn rate~ during puffing and smouldering. (f) ~oint work will be undertaken with Work Area 05 (Process Research - Physical Properties of Tobacco) on calculation of tobacco rod impedances, im.mplic~ions-in--smaLLdiame~er__c~gaEetteS and incorpora- tion into bhe Per Puff Model. {g) AS part of Pr~Egject SHIp. t~ct~s of using stem and recons~ZLtuted stem will be ~mpared for. ae~o~a~_~dJ.st~ aeros~~pe~t~ces, _smoke g~neLaLion,--pyro]ysis and f-i]~_~a[am~, and temperature distribution. C~ 3. Sidestream l~ (a} In parallel to work om reducing sidestream ~isibility, work on O~ reducing sidestream vapour phase components and irritation/annayance/ ~'~ aroma will be done.

- 3 - ~ Cb) In conjunction with the Flavour Research Group (Work Area 04), work will be initiated on examining the aroma and smoke components associated with fresh and a~ed cigarette butts. This will be a preliminary examination of the factors associated with the aroma of stale smoke. (c) It is planned to appoint a consultant to examine the role of building design and ventilation in reducing/elimi~atiag the social problems associated with passive smoking. 4. Smoke Piltration (a) As part of Project SHIP, the filtration c])aL~a,c_~r~_~stics of p ar_tic~es, g~t~m- s~nd~__t~ted stem to_ba~oTs-wTfT-ie compared. v C~ GO 4~

Research Conference, September 1984 GR&DC Research Proqramme PROPOSED REVISIONS FOR 1985 - 1987 Work Area 03 Smoker Behaviour General The major objective of the Group will be maintained. Howe~er, there will be some changes in research emphasis in a number of identified areas. There will be a consolidation of the fundamental studies. The research findings will be used for product modification and consumer assessment as a means of identifying product improvements. 7 (b) Programme Revisions I. Behavloural studies (a) The laboratory techniques for determining puff-by-puff deliveries during smoking are under evaluation. A research programme is being developed to utilise both the laboratory measurements of smoking behaviour and observational monitoring techniques. This should help the estimation of smoking behaviour data under naturalistic condi- tions of product assessment Attempts w be mad%tto~tde~t~f,~ vhy consumers s~±tc~L_~_arLdS_natural]~d~t~-i~ma-F~et research~and segmentation studies will be initiated. S e~ific ~ttenLi.oru will be focussed on nicotine to identify its contribution to product attrib~ic'~'gg~Tac~e~bilit~ and satisfaction. A range of de-nico~i~eGL_t~o~cco~blends, ~_up.plemented with varying levels of nicotine, will be prepared. Tbese will be used in studies aimed at assessing the specific sensory properties of nicotine and the relationshi~ between tar and nicotine in tecms--of pro uct accept~3j3_ty. The studies w111 provl-ed-~-a~an inltlal oppor- t~u~ni~parate immediate product acceptability from longer-term satisfaction. Psychological research with Gale has been concerned with the sig- nificance of smoking as a coping mechanism and its role in social interaction. The programme is being extended to investigate the relationship between smoking, smoke intake and the electro-cortical correlates of the central nervous system. The research programme will attempt to identify the 'psychological state' that precedes a smoking event and the changes occur[ing during the smoking process. (d) The market segmentation techniques based on a smoker's motivation and attitudes to predict market place smoking behaviour will be extended to include smoking behaviour monitoring as an objective measure within these studies. C~ Gm

( -2- C ( 2. Smoke-smoker interaction Ca) These studies will continue as planned. They will be extended to i~¢lude a series of animal studies to determine the distribution of upper respiratory tract nerve reflexes. They will also be used to characterise the profile chemicals capable of eliciting nerve response. Where possible, there will be parallel human studies to validate the animal findings in relation to subjective assessment. (b) Product differences, in terms of particle size distributions, have been identified and the significance of this for subjective product assessment is being determined. Joint work with the Smoke Research Group will attempt to determine the relationship between particle size, numbers and subjective assessment. However, product improve- ment through aerosol modification is limited by available resources, The experimental cigarettes used in 1(b) will also be used to improve the efficient use of smoke nicotine tth]zou~h._pH modification. These stud~ll identify the re~p_between~nJ~t~n~-~ dose--and nicotine-related-subjec~i.v~Rr~ememt, This will further help to i~##~if~h~"~-relationship between product acceptability and smoker satisfaction. (c) No specific changes are planned other than developing more tangible links between in-house research and clinical studies in terms of product modification and consumer response. Smoke pharmacology Ca) The work will continue to identify_the_mechanisms of nicotine__£nte~- a~L-L÷he--ceICr_a]~Lv~us~teem. It will be extended to determne the specific and changing brain concentration of~e using the positron emlsslo~to~r[aIJ y~techni~ues. ~-- The human nicotine pharmaco-kimetic study is progressing well, although sample analysis is the rate-limiting step. Within this context, alternative radio-immune assay techniques will be evaluated and implemented where appropriate, The human studies at the U.O,S. Clinical Pharmacology Department will be extended to establish the m~imum dose of s~oke hi_ cotine that can provide pharmacological saris af~-t]~_n--f6~e smoker (these (b) No speci~J_Q modifications a~c_e p~a~ned for th~euge]]~ol ~harmacological research programme. (c) The salivary studies are proceeding as planned. However, within the programme .... of research, the__ i~ Erelationshi between~m_____smoke ~uality and saliv.ataofl_~]ll].~_be i~c]uded. Where sulta~ly sensltlve methods are developed these will be made available to operating companies as a means of improving specific product attributes. Cd) No modifications. ~l¸ G~

- g - / Smoke retention (a) The techniques for quantifying smoke retention are essentially & complete and are being used to assess the smoke retention ¢harac- (b) teristics of a range of products designed to evaluate the effect of delivery, product design end b]end type on retentiD~. The fundamental studies required for the development of novel, low retention products are limited by available resources to progress this area. (¢) The ambient smoke retention studies at AER~ Harwell are progressing satisfactorily, albeit s~owly. It is considered that these studies will provide the necessary information to establish ambient parti- culate retention from known ambient cencentration and duration of exposure.

Q Research Conference, September ]984 GR&DC Research Programme PROPOSED REVISIONS FOR 1985 - 1987 Work Area 04 Flavour Research General Whilst the present d~visicns of the programme will remain, a shift in the balance of effort towards fundamental tobacco and smoke studies is antici- pated. Within this topic there will be a change in emphasis: (aI Away from leaf studies of flavour precursors; (b) Towards smoke nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, sulphur comRounds and the role of structural components. Programme Revisions I. Fundamental leaf and smoke studies Work on leaf terpenoids will be terminated =s current studies are comple- ted, with the exception of external commitments Oll cembranoids (to end 198B) and carotenoids (to 1987) at Nottingham and liverpool Universities, Preliminary observations on sulphur compounds will be followed up, probably by joint studies with PFW, to include comparisons of selected commercial brands. Chemometric techniques will be used for the improved characterisation of tobacco and smoRe. Grade substitution and processing studies will be pursued where clear needs are defined. The project at Birmingham Uqiversity on transfer of leaf cbarecters will not be pursued. Support for plant cell transformations and genetic inputs for this area will be sought at Southampton University. The collaborative work with Svenska Tabaks on flavour enhancers from tobacco gum fractions will continue into early 1985. At that time, sufficient information should be available to decide on prospects for its utilization. As an alternative, an assessment will be made of abienol as starting material, to include preliminary costings. With the contraction of effort on terpenes, a programme of work will be developed to examine aspects of nitrogen heterocyclic comRounds in smoke and the role of tobacco structural components in relation to the balance of smoke sensory p~operties, 2. Chemorecept.ion research The programme wiH continue as planned, subject to the availability of suitable compounds for probing and assessing smoke sensory properties. ~q Gm

-2 - ( 3. Development of blendinq and flavourin~ methods Nmrk on additive stability and enhancement of mainstream smoke transfer of flavourants will take lower priority in relation to the basic studies on additive transfer and degradation required in respect of legislation. 4. Validatien of processes, censtituents and formulations As indicated earlier, chemometrics will be applied to the Chemistry of Processin9 studies (Work Area O5(B)). Extraction investigations using approaches developed at AERE will got be pursued in 1985 unless samples produced are judged to have commercial interest.

Research Cnnference, September 1984 GR&DC Research Programme PROPOS2D REVISIONS FOR !985 - 1987 Work Area 051A) Process Research - Physics of Tobacco General The main objectives of the programme are unchanged. The total effort is proposed to continue for two years at the actual level for i984. The programme should be completed in 198G. Several of the modifications suggested at the Programme Review have been incorporated into the plans for the remainder of 1984. However, to give a complete picture, these are included below alongside the longer term revisions which extend into 1985 86. Programme Revisions la. Relation of cigarette properties to particle properties Computer models for predicting cigarette density and pressure drom from properties of blend components will be ~pd~ted to include the latest results (e.g. on firmness-density relationships) and made available to operating comRanies. Predictions of ends stability will be included when the relevant data has been collected. The effects of cigarette circumference on firmness and pressure drop will be investigated experimentally and the results included in computer models. The effects of cigarette paper on firmness will be studied. Past work on hot collapse will be reviewed and a further programm~ of work will be planned in consultation with operating companies. Work on the effects of particle geometry of reconstituted tobacco on cigarette proRerties will be continued to include the effects of particle thickness, crimping, and mixtures of particle shapes. The principles will be applied to understanding the effects of different treatments of stem (shredding, cutting in various ways, etc.) and lamina (shattering, cutting, etc.) G~ Gm

-R - < lb. Relation of particle properties to process conditions The laboratory simulation of heating, wetting and drSng of individual tobacco particles will continue to be a major area of study. Three immediate priorities are: - effects of different drying gases apart from air and steam (e.g. helium and nitrogen). - effects of different expansion agents. - effects on different anatomical components of stem and lamina. Although there is no shortage of ideas for further experiments, suggestions from operating companies will be welcmme. The laboratory shnulation of tobacco degradation will continue with a more systematic study of the effects of tobacco type on the transition from flexible to brittle behaviour. The effects of cycles of wetting and drying and the addition of humectants will also be investigated. The pattern of particle breakage under different conditions will be studied. Ic. Relation of process conditions to plant settings The previous modelling work on dryers will be applied to a classification of drying processes in terms of the conditions experiericed by the tobacco. The aim of this work is to provide the essemtial link between our increasing understanding of how tobacco particles respond to known conditions and the practical considerations of equipment design and operation. A parallel study of the practical implications af tobacco degra- dation is also planned. This will involve a review of the mecha nical stresses to which tobacco is subjected at various stages of processing, the extent to which it is broken (deliberately or accidentally) at each stage and, finally, relating this to the results oP laboratory experiments under controlled conditions. The ultimate aim is, of course, to minimise waste and to control the particle size and shape of tobacco to give improved physical properties in cigarettes.

/ Research Conferenqe, September 1984 GRSDC Research Procramme PROPOSED REVISIONS FOR 1985 - 1987 Work Arem 05{5>. Process ~esearch - Chemistry of Processi~ General The strategic objectives remai£ uncha£ged hut, ~ithi~ these objectives, a shift of emphasis away from the dominance of long term, fully compre- hensive investigations is proposed to a]lcw more scope fop shorter term, more innovative (but still systematic) studies to improve the progra~ne balance. Pr~amme Revisions i. S SYstematic studies at different contact conditions It is anticipated that more specific guidelines on the types of tobaccos and indicators of product quality will result from consultatiors with Operating Companies fo]Iowir, g the 1984 Research Review. These will be used to direct the future Chemistry of Processing programnle and ensure that it ~s m~st approRriete to the Cemp~y's ~eeds. The new Tobacco Processing Cylinder (TPC) has been commissioned. Its capabilities, and tiTe work carried out with it, have been described in a note issued to delegates following the 1984 Research Review. It is expeGted to feature prominently in the revised programme. Statistical mapping techniques, while sometimes discriminatin9 different treatment ccnditions, have not significantly facilitated the identifica- tion of cause-and-effect relationships and have therefore proved of somewhat limited benefit. Therefore, emphasis on the exhaustive aRolic- ation of mappitlg and scan techniq'Jes in thle longer-term work wi]] be reduced. Subjective evaluation will continue to figure prominently in the pro- gramme, but DELTA testing (which is of limited value in comparing results between tests) will be replaced by OHEGA procedures. Effort on shorter-term, more innovative, studies such as investigating the effects of additives (such as aminating agents) and determining the feasibility of TPC processing with inert gases (e.g. steam, nitrogert, C02) and active gases (e.g. ammonia) will be increased. Specific studies which are relevant to Project SHIP and to the Biological Research and Smoke Research programmes have begun and will continue. It is expected that stem, and possibly stalk, tobaccos which have signi- ficant scope for im;rovement will be included in both long- and short- term studies. O1 Oo

, - B - f 2. Reductien of carbon monoxide Studies are continuing to try to discover why shredded stem reduces CO and to see if similar effects can be achieved with l~mina. The use of additives to reduce CO will also be considered. In arder to accelerate progress, it is proposed to increase effort in this area. 3. Brazilian Programme No changes are proposed, G~ U1

f ( Research Conferemce, September 1984 GR&DC Research Programme PROPOSED REVISIONS FOR 1985 - 1987 Work Area 05(81 Process Research - Tobacco Expansinn General The overall objectives remain unchanged, Revisions in tbe work programme follow from the progress made in 1984 regarding synergistic effects in tobacco expansion processes. Programme Revisions The discovery of synergistic effects using a number' of agent mixtures in a lamina expansion process requires that work in this area be extended as follows, to obtain the maximum benefit: Fundamental studies on agent "mixtures will be continued and will be extended to inorganic agents. The modified vapour pressure release apparatus, incorForating in situ vapour applicatiorl, will be evaluated using single agents and mixtures, A hazard analysis, followed if appropriate by an outline economic feasibility study, will be carried out for two possible commercial expansion processes in conjunction with an engineering consultancy. Any back-up experimental data required for this study will be obtained as necessary. &1 0 O~ &1

Research Conference. September 1984 GR~DC Research Proqramme PROPOSED REVISIONS FOR 1985 - 1987 Work Area 05{C) Proces~ Research - Novel Cigarette l'echnolo~v General The broad objectives of the programme remain unchanged. The total effort in the group will be increased by one graduate and two assistants to reinforce the effort available for research into novel tobacco and filter materidls, e.g. highly-expanded extruded tobacco. There will be changes in emphasis in the programme structure in accordance with recommendations made by the CAb companies as a result of the circulation of the booklet explaining the role of the Nova1 Cigarette Technology Group, and the recent programme review. Greater emphasis will be pieced on research into products designed to enhance smoker reaction, at the expense of some work on low weight/cosl opportunities. It is anticipated that the current large volume of sponsored work on products for the CAC companies and the RAG will continue. Programme Revisions I. Improved smoker reaction The key tasks shown in the 1983-84 programme were g~neralised to cover the investigation of the performance of a large number of structured pro4uets and, as such, remain unchanged. Annular, variable density and variable composition tobacco rods have the greatest short term interest and will receive continuing support in 1984-5. In addition to the filter concepts aimed at meeting the MPDC requirements, mew work is anticipated on products providing a modified puff-by-puff profile. 2. Low weight/low cost products O1 Initially promising work using a food extruder, at the Food Research Insti- ~K~ tube, IIorwich, produced highly expanded tobacco materials with low density and reasonable smoke character. Lower CO/tar ratio and sidestream smoke levels were recorded in prototype products. Significant effort will be ~ allocated to this activity during 1985-86 and it is hoped the work will be underpinned by the acquisition of a suitab]e extrusion facility for GR&DC. ~I t~ Contract work previously performed by RAPRA on closed/open cell foams will be transferred to Brunel Univer£ity.

-2 - ( ( Otherwise, there are no changes to the programme. Time scales will reflect the reduction of effort as a whole for this project and the inclusion of the new work on extruded tobacco products. 3. Reduced biolo~!ical acti~!~ During ]984, studies were made an the effect of changing cigarette combus- tion/pyrolysis temperature profiles by using thermal conductors. Unexpected observations of reduced CO/tar ratios, especially in sidestream smoke, have encouraged a wider investigation of products employing the principle, as it is thought that there may be accompanying changes in specific activity. The rate at which specific ideas from the Novel Cigarette Technology Group can be evaluated by the Biological Reserarch Group will continue to depend upon the work load in the latter area. Current arrangements permit 5/6 submissions per year. C- C~ C~ C~

( Research Conference, September 1984 GR&DC Research Programme PROFOSED REVISIONS FOR 1985 - 1987 Work Area 06 Analysis/Test Method DeveloRment General The principle has been establisiled that Method Development" work will be carried out according to the demands and the priorities o~ the Research Areas 01-05, The recent Review Meeting confirmed the soundness of this approach. The relatively modest effort put into Test Method Development is judged to be appropriate and it is anticipated that it will continue at this level in the immediate future. As on-going projects co111e to completion (e.g. sidestream machine, simulta- neous nicotine/cotinine analysis) new method development prmjects will be initiated, bearing in mind the overall needs of the Reseat-oil Programme. G~ C~ 5@ Gl

C ~c--i

: [ : • •

1982/1983 CONFERENCES Tobacco Processing Seminar U.S.A. January 1982 Research Conference Canada August 1982 Production Conference U,K. November 1982 Combustion - Fundamental Mechanisms U.K, December 1982 Environmental Smcke U.K. March 1983 INTERBAT/Teleccmmunications U.K, March 1983 Smoker Behaviour U,S,A. April 1983 Tobacco Processing Seminar Germany May 1983 Biological Studies U.K. May 1983 GR&DC Programme Review U.K, May ]983 Computer Modelling U.K. July 1983 Research Conference Brazil August i~83 Production Conference Kenya November ]983 F1avourists' Workshop U.S.A. November 1983 1984 CONFERENCES Near Infra Red W~rkshop U.K. March 1984 Biolegical Studies U.K. April 1gO4 Nicotlne U,K. June 1984 GR&OC Programme Review U.K. dune 1984 Structured Creativity Conferer;ce U.N. June 1984 Smoking Beh~viour/Marketing Canada July 1984 Research Conference U,K. September 1984 Swirl Conference U.S.A. October 1984 Production Conference Malaysia November 1984 PROPOSED 1985 CGNFERENBES C~emo[netrics Biological Research/Marketing (theme to be determined) Flavourists' Workshop, or Flavour Applications GR&DC Programme Review Research Conference

I 521016858 i t

RESEARCH C0NFERENCE - SEPTEMBER 1984 SUM~RY OF FORECASTED RES0URCE ALLOCATIONS RESTRICTED Revenue Expenditure Effort (CO00) Work Areas Ol Biological Research OB Smoke Research 83 Smoker Behaviour 84 Flavour Research 05 Process Research: Physical Properties of Tobacco Cher~istry of Processing & Export%ion Studies Novel Cigarette Technology 06 Analysis & Test Method Development Specialist Resources (Effort Total Central Group Research Progran~e ( (Cost ~ o30) Product Technology & Technical Services Cost (£000) Gross Budget Estimated Gross Expenditure (Near End) All cost figures are in constant 1984 terms. Notes:* 1984 1985 1985 1986 1987 Grad. Asst. Grad, Asst. Years Years Years Years 3 14 3 14 953 6 12 7 ii 1144 7 9 7 7 1081 8 13 8 13 1389 5 6 3 5 498 6 4 5 4 647 1 6 2 8 568 2 6 2 8 503 4 - 4 1 526 41 70 41 71 7088 7309 1911"**{i) 1918 ~227"*** G994"**(8) 9151"*** 9230 9230 **** Difference (#76) These figures show the number of man-years specifically allocated - or forecasted - Do Work Areas. Seconded personnel, Administration and Technical Support Staff are excluded. Total forecasted Central Group Research Programme Expenditure (Gross Expenditure less Product Technology and Technical Services Expenditure) has been allocated to Work Areas based on forecasted specific effort together with other specific costs e,g, contracts, leaf, cigarettes and Technical Support. The costs of Administration Support, Mains Services and depreciation, etc., have beerl applied pro-rata over both the Central Group Research Prograi:~e and Product Technology and Technical Services on the basis of staff directly allocated, Adjusted to cover transfer of Patents be Legal Department. OriGinal budget figures: 92151(1), t9234(8). mainly due to knock-on of 4% salary scale adjustment effective from April 1984.

RESEARCH CONFERENCE - SEPTEMBER 1984 FORECASTED STAFF ALLOCATION (Actual plus commitments) RESTRICTED CENTRAL GROUP RESEARCH PROGRAMME PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNICAL SERVICES DIRECT EFFORT TECHNICAL SUPPORT (1) MANAGEMENT SUPPORT NON-TECHNICAL SUPPORT (ALLOCATED) DIRECT EFFORT SUPPORTING EFFORT (3) 1984 GRADUATES ASSISTANTS 41 70 4 23 4 6 (2) 5 69 TOTAL 54 162 11 Ii 5 40 TOTAL 16 51 1985 GRADUATES ASSISTANTS 41 71 4 24 4 4 4 60 53 159 13 12 4 43 17 55 TARGET ESTABLISHMENT TOTAL ! 70 213 70 [ 284 214 NOTES: (i) Technical support provided by Central Analytical Services, Statistics, Computing, Sample Manufacture and Library/Information. (2) Non-Technical Support from Accounts, Administration, EiTgineering/Worksbops, Catering, Security and Stores. (3) Includes Management to~ether with Technical Support (I) and allocated Non-Technical SupporP (2).

iipr~ ( f L-- g~ L--.

r. f" GR&DC ORGANISATION r~ . K,~ PATENTS (Reportin9 to Legal Dept.)l..' K.J,H. WacLean PRODUCT RESEARCH BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH G, Smith SPOKE RESEARCH I R,R, Baker SMOKER BEHAVIOUR G,A, Read FLAVOUR RESEARCH R.A. Crel]in Future -- Technologies K.D. Kilburn Special Projects W.G, Horsewell * Deputy Manager ACTING GENERAL ~t~NAGER GR&DC - PLANNING P.H. Gannaway I PROCESS RESEARCH M.J, Hardwick* PROCESS RESEARCH -Physics R.G. Hook -Chemistry -Expansion R,W, Hedge -Novel Cigarette Technology J.A. Luke Secondary Automat i on/ Physical Testing R,G. Bryant COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS I A.L. Heard 1 SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT R. Binns ANALYSIS TEST METHOD -- DEVELOPMENT Library and I nformation F. Marsh Computing --O.B. Mullen Statistics --E,B. Wilkes SMOKINg ISSUES R.E. Thornton INTERNATIONAL & SPECIALIST COMMITTEES S,R. Eve]yn T,G. Mitchell SITE ADMINISTRATION M,J. Hardwick* Administration --I.C.L. Milne Engineering R. Smurthwaite Personnel ~M.S,R, Douglas Sample Manufacture D,J.L. }leather Sensory --Testing B.C. llarding F] avour Manufacture J.B. Preston PRODUCT-- TECHNOLOGY I Product --Development T. Hirji Psychology R.P. Ferris Sidestream/ --Special Projects W.D.E. Irwin

S GR&DC PROFESSIONAL STAFF ACTING GENERAL MANAGER: L°C.F. BLACKMAN PRODUCTS RESEARCH RESEARCH MANAGER: BmLOGICAL RESEARCH Group Leader: Dr, G. Smith Dr. P,M.H, Godden Dr. E.D. Massey SMOKE RESEARCH Group Leader: Dr. R.R. Baker Dr. N. Egilmez Dr. D.P. Robinson P.D. Case Dr. D.A. Matkin Dh, M.G, Duke A.N. Other SV°KER BEHAV IOUR Group Leader: G.A, Read R.B. Richardson Or. W,W. Templeton Dr, M.J, Weaver Dr, M. Dixon Dr. C.I. Ayres PLAVOUR RESEARCH Group Leader: Dr, R.A. Crcllln T.G. Mitchell A.G, Barnes Dr. P.O. Bevan Dr. G,A. Few Dr. J,D. Green Or, P,S. Stewart Dr, T.W. Tolman SPECIALIST RESOURCES Future Technologies: Dr. K.D. Kilburn Special Projects: B.G. Horsewell PROCESS RESEARCH RESEARCH MANAGER: Dr. M.J. Hardwick PROCESS RESEARCH Group Leaders: Physics: Chemistry Expansion: Novel Cigarette Technology: Dr. R.G. Hook R.W. Hedge J.A. Luke A.W,E, Weeks J.W.P, Phelpstead O. Jones Dr. R.L, Prowse O.J. Molyneux I.C. Brown O.B. Naylor A.N, Other SECONDARY AUTOMATION R.G. Bryant F.W, geIlchambers

Y? GR&_. PROFESSIONAL STAFF (CONT'D). SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT RESEARCH MANAGER: Dr. R, Binns ANALYSIS & TEST METHOD DEVELOPMENT Group Leader: H.F.D. Oymond Or. C.L. ProcCor N.J, Roles STATISTICS E.g. Wilkes COMPUTING D.B. Mullen B,M. Watts LIBRARY & INFORMATION Or, F. Marsh SENSORY TESTING F~VOUR MANUFACTURE PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY MANAGER: A.L, Heard PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Manager: Dr. T. llirji ~. 3ruce-Miller Dr. C.C, Greig D.E. Creighton Dr, C.R. Jenkins A,G. Stephenson D. Pickett PSYCHOLDGY* Manager: R.P. Ferris Dr. L. Miller Or, L. Sumiga A.N. Other SIOESTREAM/SPECIAL PROJEGT~ Manager: W.D.E. Irwin * A siRnificant proportion of staff time will be allocated to research in close association with Smoker Research, Smoker Dehaviour and Plavour Research groups, ~!~0~ SPECIALIST RESOURCES (see also Products Research) INTERNATIONAL & SPECIALIST COMMITTEES SMOKING ISSUES PLANNING Dr. S.R. Evelyn (T.G. Mitchell) Or. R.E. Thorntor P,H, Gannaway PATENTS (~Reporting to Legal Department) K.J,H, MacLean SITE ADMINISTRATION F#~AGER: ON. M,J, M~rdwick ADMINISTRATION & ACCOUNTS I.C.L. Milne P.R. Pattinson J.A. gyrom PERSONNEL M.S.R. Douglas ENGINEERING SERVICES R. Smurthwalte SAMPLE MANUFACTURE