Philip Morris
Tobacco Industry Efforts Subverting the International Agency for Research on Cancer's Secondhand Smoke Study
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- 2505646310-6418 Tobacco Industry Efforts Subverting the International Agency for Research on Cancer's Secondhand Smoke Study
- 2505646347-6368 Tobacco Industry Efforts Subverting the International Agency for Research on Cancer's Secondhand Smoke Study
- 2505646369-6388 Tobacco Industry Efforts Subverting the International Agency for Research on Cancer's Secondhand Smoke Study
- 2505646415-6418 Tobacco Industry Efforts Subverting the International Agency for Research on Cancer's Secondhand Smoke Study
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syndrome,I with recent research adding breast cancer to this list.298 The strenuous effort mounted
by the industry to subvert the IARC study and prevent au IARC monograph is perhaps the most
compelling justification for IARC to prepare such a publication that considers not only lung cancer,
but all the diseases that secondhand smoke causes.
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Figure 1: Philip Morris' IARC Task Force Structure.96
The Center for Indoor Air Research (CIAR), responsible for producing studies to offset the IF.RC
study, would communicate with PM Science and Technology in Neuchatel (HR is likely Helmut
Reif) and Research and Development in Richmond (Virginia) (RAC is likely Richard A.
Carchman). These scientific departments would report to MW (likely Matthew Winokur, PM's
IARC Task Force team leader), who would communicate with the legal resources (AA is likely
Anthony Andrade of Shook, Hard}Fand Bacon; SP is likely Steve Parrish, PM Senior Vice
President and General Counsel) and PM Corporate Services in Brussels (DG is likely David
Greenberg, DB is likely David Bushong). The line above the DG box suggests reporting to
superior executive branches in PM.
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Robert Nilsson Professor, Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate
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Figure 2: 1989 PM Public Opinion Surve}239
A large multinational survey conducted by PM International demonstrates broad public support for
regulating smoking all over Europe, to a greater degree than in the US. The 1989 survey was
conducted in 10 European countries with a random sample representative of each population using
1000 smokers and 1000 non-smokers in each country.
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opposition to controversial report. The Ottawa Citizen 1998 March 9.
48. Corcoran T. Ban Anti-tobacco Activists. The Globe and Mail 1998 March 17.
49. Moulson G. UN Defends Dangers of Passive Smoke. Associated Press (Washington Post) 1998
March 9.
50. Chapman S. The hot air on passive smoking. BMJ 1998;316:945.
51. Bradbury J. New data on passive smoking cause media uproar. The Lancet, 1998: 807.
52_ Fox M. Study finds secondhand smoke risk, but not to kids, 1998.
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54. Woods B. 1998. [Transcript of Australian GPR radio show]. November. Bates number: Woods
is with the Australian Hotels Association.
55. Meister J. [personal communication], 1999.
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58. Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation. 1999. The National Smokers Alliance:
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63. Hagen P. No proven risk. Chicago Tribune 1999 April 7.
64. Bates C. Re: Sunday Telegraph reports on passive smoking, 8-15 March 1998 [complaint to
Press Complaints Commission], 1998.
65. Lawson D. 1998. Press Statement in Response to Complaint Made to PCC by ASH. London.
March 27. Bates number:
66. Press Complaints Commission. 1998. Adjudication.. Bates number: 980513.
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67. Bates C. WHO passive smoking study- tobacco industry and Sunday Telegraph disinformation
nailed, 1998.
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number: www.ash.org.uk/papers/telegap3.htm1.
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March 15.
70. Macdonald V, Matthews R_ Focus Cancer and the Risks: Behind the smokescreen. Sunday
Telegraph 1998 March 15.
71. Matthews R_ Suspending the rules of science. Sunday Telegraph 1998 October 11.
72. Macdonald V. Study fails to link passive smoking with cancer. Sunday Telegraph 1998
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73. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation. Brown & Williamson says study finds minimal
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1998;88(10):1503-9.
75. Riboli E, Haley N, Tredaniel J, Saracci R, Preston-Martin S, Trichopoulos D. Misclassification
41
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Dr. Alfred P. Wehner
President, Biomedical and Enviromnental Consultants Inc., Richland, WA
Dr. John J. McKetta, Jr.
Joe C. Walter Chair in Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin
Dr. Henry I. Miller
~ Visiting Fellow, Institute for International Studies; Visiting Scholar, Hoover Institution,
Stanford
University
Dr. Michael Karmrin
Professor, Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing
Dr. Karl Maramorosch
Robert L. Starkey Professor of Microbiology and Professor of Entomology, Rutgers University,
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Dr. Joel W. Hay
Associate Professor and Chair of Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles
Dr. Richard Wilson
Mallinekrodt Professor of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge Massachusetts
Peter Samuel
Contributing Editor and Environmental Writer, National Review, Libertytown, Maryland
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190. Reif H. 1994. Monthly activities. May 4. Bates number: 2028363615-6- www_pmdocs.com.
191. Dempsey R. 1994. Swedish lifestyle surveys. June 1. Bates number: 2026222517.
www.pmdocs.com.
192. Thomas H, Gagliardi J. Smoking Guns. South China Morning Post 1999 January 18.
193. Rylander R. 1994. [Memo to Dempsey regarding PM confounder proposal]. June 20. Bates
number: 2028381513-222 www.pmdocs.com.
194. Eisenberg M_ 1994. Proposal from Dr_ Ragnar Rylander. August 11. Bates number:
~ 202 83 8 1 480-95. www.pmdoes.com.
195. Koo L, Kabat G, Rylander R, Tominaga S, Kato K, Ho J. Dietary and lifesiyle coorelates of
passive smoking in Hong Kong, Japan, Sweden, and the U.S.A. Social Science Medicine
1997;45(1):159-69.
196. Hausen V. 1994. IEMC/ETS study proposal. July 7. Bates number: 2025471275.
www.pmdocs.com.
197. Mueller L. 1995. Confounder pilot study in Germany. February 6. Bates number:
www.pmdocs.com.
198. Fink W. 1989. Minutes of the VDC Science and_Industry Policy Committee (WPA meeting
held in Hamburg on January 12/13, 1989. March 14. Bates number: 2023536531.
www.pmdocs.com.
199. Fink W. 1990. Minutes of the VDC Science and Industry Policy Committee (WPA) Meeting
held in Bremen on May 9, 1990. June 28. Bates number: 2023535983. www.pmdocs.com.
200 Burson-Marsteller. 1993. Preparedness plan for the announcement of the IARC study.
December. Bates number: 2025493265-78. www.philipmorris.com.
201. Office of RA Walk. 1994. IARC Tools_ . Bates number: 2029059645-52. RA Walk files.
www. philipmorris.com.
202. Kraus M. 1993. [Letter to PM Director of Communications re: TASSC]. September 23. Bates
num ber: 2024233677-8 2.
203. APCO Associates. 1993. Revised plan for the public launching of TASSC. October 15. Bates
number: 20459 3 049 1-504. www.philipmorris.com.
204. PR Newswire. Science watchdog group celebrates third anniversary with renewed
commitment exposing use of junk science. 1996 December 3.
205. U.S. Newswire. National watchdog organization launched to fight unsound science used for
public policy decisions. 1993 November 24.
206. PR Newswire. Sound Science Coalition Names Former Congressman Mickey Edwards to
Lead Advisory Committee. 1995 August 16.
207. Helvarg D. The big green spin machine: corporations and environmental PR (public
relations). The Amicus Joutnal, 1996.
208. 1994. Partial Listing of Selected International Involvement of TASSC Scientists. April 26.
Bates number: 2025493195-200.
209. Office of David Cooper. 1995. Consumer Issues Program. October. Bates number:
2046039183 (2046039179-94).
210. 1999. junkscience.com. Milloy, S. 1999. www.junkscience.com.
211. Public Citizen Congress Watch. 1996. A Million for Your Thoughts: The Industry-funded
Campaign Against the FDA by Conservative Think Tanks. Washington, DC. 29-32. . Bates
number:
212. Levy R, Marimont R. Lies, Damned Lies, & 400,000 Smoking-related Deaths. Regulation
1998;21(4):24-29.
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. June 5.
289. Tobacco litigation: AFCO v_ TIA, the case against passive smoking. Redfem, Australia: Legal
Books, 1991.
290. New Zealand Department of Health, prepared by J. Reinken. 1990. Through the smokescreen-
A critique of environmental tobacco smoke: A review of the literature by the Tobacco
Institute of New Zealand. Welington. . Bates number:
291. European Working Group. 1996. Environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer: an
1 evaluation of the risk. 1996. Bates number:
292. New Zealand Department of Health. 1988- Creating smokefree environments. Wellington. .
Bates number:
293. Schlesinger J. Secondhand-smoke study ruled invalid; federal judge says EPA overstated
cancer link; agency likely to appeal. Wall Street Journal 1998 July 20.
294. Dyer C. Tobacco firms win a hearing. The Guardian 1998 July 7.
295_ Oliver J. Finns must tell secrets on smoking. The Express 1999 July 25.
296. World Health Organization. WHO appoints outside experts to review alleged industry
attempts to "undermine" UN-wide tobacco control efforts [press release], 1999.
297. Bouma .L Secret WHO report in hands of tobacco lobby. Trouw 1999 October 4.
298. Lash T, Aschengrau A. Active and passive cigarette smoking and the occurrence of breast
eancer. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999;149(1):5-12.
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148. Wahren J. 1993. [Report to Reif of discussion with Pershagen]. July 13. Bates number:
2028376955. www.philipmorris.com.
149. Wahren J_ 1994- [Report to Reif of discussion with Pershagen]. April 11. Bates number:
2028376656. www.philipmorris.com.
150. Wahren J. 1995. [Report to Reif of discussion with Pershagen]_ February 1. Bates number:
2028379202. www-philipmorris_com.
151. SCR Associati. 1993 Informal meeting of the IARC research groups on "ETS and Human
-= Cancer". January. Bates number: 2501349504-7. www.philipmorris.com.
152. SCR Associati. 1994. 47th WHO World Assembly, Informal meeting of some members of the
IARC study group "ETS and the Lung Cancer". May 5-6_ Bates number: 2501347143.
www. philipm orris. c om.
153. Castiglioni F. 1993. SCR Associati [reports]. November 19. Bates number: 2028376877.
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154. Reininghaus W. 1994. Re: IARC Questionnaires. May 27. Bates number: 2050751952.
155. Walk R. 1994. IARC Study Evaluation, "Lee". August 26. Bates number: 2028340548-60.
156. Friedman M. 1997. First report of partial results of IARC multicenter study. July 15. Bates
number: 2063608696. '
157. Tricker A. 1997. Re: The Munster Epidemiology Meeting. September 16. Bates number:
2063668690-1. "
158. 1994. Suggested IARC centers and investigators_ May. Bates number: 2028363742-3. Helmut
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159. PMCS Brussels. 1994. IARC study. . Bates number: 2501347168-73. Sullivan, J files.
www. philipmorris.com.
160. Boffetta P. 1999. [Electronic mail to Elisa Ong]. February 26. Bates number:
161. Shane S. Center tied to tobacco industry; Indoor Air Research funding is questioned. The Sun
1998 May 17;1A.
162. Winokur R. 1994. CIAR and IARC: Next steps and options. September 12. Bates number:
2028 3 8 1 587-8. www.philipmortis.com.
163. von Maerestetten C. 1993. IARC. July 26. Bates number: 2025493295.
www. philipmorris.com.
164. Pages R. 1993. Update 2: IARC study of ETS and lung cancer. August 2. Bates number:
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165. Tozzi J. 1994. Agency Control Over IARC Studies. June 8. Bates number: 2025493365.
166. Pages R. 1992. CIAR Budget lssues. August 19. Bates number: 2023593215-6.
www. phi lipmo rris. c om.
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www_philipmorris.com.
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169. Jenkins R. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in 16 cities. Journal of Experimental
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170. Phillips K, Howard D, Browne D, Lewsley J. Assessment of personal exposures to
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171. Phillips K, Howard D, Bentley M, Alvan G. Measured exposures by personal monitoring for
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workers resident in Bremen, Germany. IntArch Occup Environ Health 1998:71:201-212. rn
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Sctmnwry
The industry's greatest concern was that the IARC study and potential monograph would
lead to increased smoking restrictions. Regulatory bodies could label secondhand smoke as a
human carcinogen, and legislators could subsequently produce smoking restrictions. PM targeted
the regulators and legislators with messages that the science behind secondhand smoke did not
-present convincing evidence requiring their action.
In conducting traditional lobbying activities, PM tracked public opinion about smoking and
developed industry briefing materials about secondhand smoke. Surprisingly, PM's 1989 internal
survey of European public opinion demonstrated a greater desire for smoking restrictions than the
American counterparts. Europe had the potential, with the added impact of the IARC study, to
regulate secondhand smoke exposure. When PM realized IARC's work could not be re-directed
through its funding agencies, regulators and legislators became the targeted audience.
PM developed a program on "Qood Epidemiology Practices" to set standards for
epidemiological studies and to brief regulators and legislators about conducting risk assessments.
This "offensive strategy" would help PM create an analytical framework for secondhand smoke
studies like the IARC study. From this framework, policyrnakers could be lobbied to not take
action on secondhand smoke. With various GEP activities conducted from 1994-1999, PM
employed the industry's consultants and recruited the participation of other scientists and
policymakers. As with previous projects, PM's role and sponsorship was downplayed to establish
credibility. Although PM successfully conducted at least four major GEP projects, the difficult
implementation and effectiveness of the program as a tool for criticizing the IARC study came into
question. PM decided to withdraw support for the GEP program in 1998.
With the IARC study's publication, the current industry strategy has been to continue
misrepresenting the IARC study's results. The industry's actions have been demonstrated in the
media, regulatory hearings, and legislative efforts around the globe. The continued
misrepresentation falls back on the industry's well-established strategy of generating doubt and
controversy about the science behind secondhand smoke.
The tobacco industry has proactively attempted to shape the scientific standards and
processes utilized by the scientific community and policymakers. While PM's GEP program met
with mixed results, the sophistication of the novel "bffensive strategy" did manage to reach a wide
audience and develop supporters in the scientific community. The industry's potential for
influence is not limited to traditional scientific, communications, or government relations
activities. The capacity to develop and adapt new programs promoting the industry's interests
remains strong, even in an era cvhen tobacco control efforts are now at the forefront of many
policymaking agendas and consciences.
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