Philip Morris
Tobacco in Health Education
Fields
- Attachment
- 2501070290/2501070700
- Type
- REPT, REPORT, OTHER
- FOOT, FOOTNOTES
- LIST, LIST
- Area
- LEGAL DEPT/EEMA ARCHIVE
- Litigation
- Stmn/Produced
- Site
- E35
- Master ID
- 2501070290/0700
- 2501070290
- 2501070290A-0293 Plaintiff Pensioner Pentti Kalevi Aho, Tampere, Represented As Before by Professor Erkki Aurejarvi and Attorney Juha Sivenius Defendants Suomen Tupakka Oy, Helsinki Represented As Before by Attorney Robert Liljestrim Oy Rettig Ab, Espoo, Represented As Before by Attorney Mikko Tulokas S 88/1623 Claim of Damage
- 2501070339-0391 Suomen Tupakka's Brief No. 11 the Tobacco and Health Controversy and Education
- 2501070392-0396 Affidavit of Bea J. Van Den Berg
- 2501070397-0400 Biographical Data: Barbara J. Van Den Berg
- 2501070401-0403 Affidavit of Rodger L. Bick
- 2501070404-0447 Curriculum Vitae Roger L Bick, Md, Facp
- 2501070448-0450 Affidavit of Jack Matthews Farris, M.D.
- 2501070451-0459 Curriculum Vitae Jack Matthews Farris, M.D.
- 2501070460-0461 Affidavit of Mariano F. La Via, M.D.
- 2501070462-0471 Curriculum Vitae Mariano F. La Via, M.D.
- 2501070472-0474 Affidavit of Raymond Harrison Rigdon, M.D.
- 2501070475-0495 Curriculum Vitae Raymond Harrison Rigdon, M.D.
- 2501070496-0497 Affidavit of Henry Rothschild, M.D., Ph.D.
- 2501070498-0508 Curriculum Vitae Henry Rothschild, M.D., Ph.D.
- 2501070509-0510 Affidavit of John Edmond Salvaggio, M.D.D.
- 2501070511-0527 Curriculum Vitae John Edmond Salvaggio
- 2501070528-0529 Affidavit of Gerhard N. Schrauzer, Ph.D.
- 2501070530-0535 Affidavit of Carl Seltzer, Ph.D.
- 2501070536-0545 Curriculum Vitae Carl Coleman Seltzer
- 2501070546-0549 Affidavit of Theodor D. Sterling, Ph.D.
- 2501070550-0574 Curriculum Vitae Theodor D. Sterling
- 2501070575-0669 Plaintiff's Brief in the Case of Pentti Kalevi Aho Vs. Suomen Tupakka Oy and Oy Rettig Ab the Twelfth Hearing of the Case 910321
- 2501070670 Aho / Suomen Tupakka and Rettig, Testimonies
- 2501070671
- 2501070672 Pentti Aho / Suomen Tupakka Oy Ja Oy Rettig Ab
- 2501070673
- 2501070674 Aho V. Suemen Tupakka Oy and Oy Rettig Ab
- 2501070675-0676 Exhibit 15 471 Aurejarvi Statement
- 2501070677 Exhibit 16 471 Tulokas Statement
- 2501070678-0682 Exhibit 16 823 Witness Jorma Johannes Gustafsson
- 2501070683-0690 Exhibit 17 471 Witness Keijo Olavi Valdemar Solman
- 2501070691-0695 Exhibit 18 471 Witness Mauri Hannu Kulo
- 2501070696-0700 Exhibit 19 471 Witness Olli Luukkanen
Related Documents:
Document Images
Exhibit 1 * 471
Jyrki Mantere
Tobacco in Health Education
March 1991
Table of Contents:
1. Introduction 3
2. Health Education in Various Sectors 5
2.1 Schools 5
2.2 Temperance Organizations 15
2.3 Public Health Organizations 27
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2.4 Athletic Organizations 31
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2.5
Church
36
2.6 The Military ` 37
3. Conclusion 38
4. List of Exhibits . 42
1. introduction
At the request of the Law Offices Tulokas & Pinomaa I have studied
substance abuse and health education as it relates to tobacco. My
objective has been to research the contents as well as the extent
of educational information on tobacco. For this purpose I have
compiled material on tobacco and-studied its content.
The study has been limited to the time before 1978 except for some
special situations. With good reason this year can be considered a
turning point in health education focused on tobacco. At that time
the Tobacco Act (639/76) came into effect and resulted in a flood
of information that must have reached all smokers as well as non-
smokers. The Substance Abuse Education Committee came to the same
conclusion in its report in 19801. One example of the information
flood is the proliferation of articles on tobacco in the newspaper
Aamulehti in 1976-78.2 Furthermore, after 1978 tobacco awareness
was further advanced by various public bans on smoking as well as
by labels attached to cigarette packaging which warned about
[1] Substance Abuse Education Committee 1980:22, p. 4 (Exhibit 2)
[2] Tobacco in the Press, 1989.
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the harmful health effects of tobacco.
At the other end of the spectrum, the study has gone back in time
as far as it has been possible to find archived material. In order
to get a comprehensive picture, material has been sought from
various health education sectors. Thus the study has covered much
the same areas as the Substance Abuse Education Committee Report
1980: 22 which includes an extensive review of the history of
substance abuse and health education. The committee did limit
itself to discussing tobacco education only when it was
contextually necessary.3 In spite of this limitation, there are a
number of references to tobacco in the report.
The actual survey material has been compiled at random. As an
example, the magazine articles included in the study were found
mainly by leafing through various publications. For this reason
there is probably considerably more material on tobacco than what
is included here. Thus this material can by no means be considered
exhaustive. Yet it is justified to say that this compilation of
material is extensive and comprehensive enough to render a thorough
overview of the subject at hand.
[3] Substance Abuse Education Committee 1980:22 p.4 (Exhibit 2)
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2. Health Education in Various Sectors
Health education as it relates to tobacco has been discussed
separately in the following sectors.
2.1 Schools
The schools adopted a very strict attitude toward tobacco in
earlier years. Until 1951 school students were unconditionally
prohibited from smoking. This meant that if a teacher encountered
a student who was smoking, not-only at school or on the way to or
from school, but also during the student's free time, he was
obligated to punish the student.4. 5 In 1951 the.prohibition was
relaxed so that it no longer applied to the students' free time,
only to schooi hours and travel to and from school.' Not until the
1970's was smoking permitted in some secondary schools in
separately designated areas.
The beginning of alcohol and substance abuse education dates back
to the end of the last century. In 1890 a prominent organization,
The Teachers' Health and Temperance Society, was founded for this
purpose. The organization even published text books. Furthermore,
at a vacation camp for elementary school teachers in 1894, a
unanimous decision was reached to
[4] Records of the Parliamentary Session, 1958, page 3637.
[5] The 1941 Code of Regulations of Tampere City Vocational
School, Annual Report p. 47.
[6] Finance Committee Report # 5, 1961 (Exhibit 3).
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request that all schools begin alcohol and substance abuse
education. In a letter dated September 9, 1904, the Board of
Education did mandate that it be included in science and'health
education.7 This can be considered the official beginning of
substance abuse education in schools.
At the beginning substance abuse education concentrated on
distributing information about the effects and risks of alcohol
use. Soon also tobacco established itself as an inseparable part of
the substance abuse education. Health and substance abuse textbooks
published after the 1930's contain a section on stimulants which
invariably include tobacco.
In time substance abuse education expanded into other school
subjects and was discussed whenever the occasion arose.8 Science
was one such subject. For instance the Tampere City Elementary
School Annual Report from the school year 1937-38 indicates that in
regular elementary education science was taught 1-4 periods a week
in 3rd through 6th grade. The textbook used was ElementarY School
Science by K.E. Kivirikko, which contained a thorough discussion of
both substance abuse and health
L7l
Commission on Substance Abuse Education, Report 1962
(Exhibit 1).
[8J Finance Committee Report #5, 1961.
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education,including a section on tobacco.9 According to the above
mentioned Annual Report, in special education classes science,
substance abuse and health education were combined in such a way
that they were taught two periods a week in 3rd through 6th grade.
The 1939 Secondary School Act required that substance abuse
education be taught as a separate subject. In new regulations
passed two years later, however, substance abuse education was
combined with health education and divided into several classes, to
be taught in connection with a variety of educational units. A 1948
letter from the Board of Education ordered that fifth grade have
one period a week of health education which would also include
substance use. In 1967 a subject called citizenship was
established. It combined health and substance abuse education which
had been rather scattered up till that time.
In order to examine tobacco information distributed in schools, I
have studied the following textbooks for this report:
Artturi Salokannel: Health Book, 1929
K.E. Kivirikko: Elementary School Science, 1930
[9] Elementary School Science, p. 421-422 (Exhibit 16).
8
Salokannel-Vartia: Healthy Life, 1931
K. Kari-KL.U. Suomela: Secondary School Health,
1933, 1938, 1943
Salokannel-Vartia: Health Education, 1933
All above mentioned books have been used as Board of Education
approved textbooks for health and substance abuse education. The
only exception is the Health Book by Artturi Salokannel, M.D.,
which is mainly intended for use by voluntary organizations in
their educational activities. All of these books contain a section
on tobacco.
The Health Book, published in 1929, discusses tobacco rather
extensively. According to the book tobacco contains nicotine, a
very strong toxin. The book has the following example of the
effectiveness of the toxin: If a frog is placed under a glass dome
into which tobacco smoke has been blown, it will become paralyzed
and die soon. The book further states that tobacco has a
detrimental effect on performance and reduces the ability to work.
Furthermore, tobacco causes several health problems according to
the book. For first time users it causes poisoning symptoms such
as nausea, dizziness, vomiting, a feeling of pressure in the chest,
and so on. Problems caused by long-term use are listed as follows:
The smoker suffers from irregular heart beat
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and uncomfortable pressure in the chest. Smoking also promotes
arteriosclerosis. In respiratory organs tobacco smoke causes
smoker's cough and inflammations of mucous membranes. In digestive
organs it causes gastritis. Problems of the nervous system are
headache, general irritability, absentmindedness, and insomnia.
Rare ailments of the nervous system are atrophy of the spinal cord,
inflammation of the optic nerve, blindness, etc.
The book contains a rather interesting chapter titled "Fight
Against Tobacco" which relates how governments in different
countries had taken up arms against the destructive effects of
tobacco by adopting bans, threats and penalties. In Russia, for
instance, the sale and smoking of tobacco was strictly prohibited
in 1634. Whoever disobeyed the prohibition, had to have his nose
cut off. He was also flogged, and in worst cases banished to
Siberia. In Turkey a smoker's punishment was that his nose was
pierced and a pipe stem was stuck through it. Thus decorated he was
then paraded through the streets.lo
Health Education, 1933, and Healthy Life, 1931, authored by
Salokannel and Vartia, contain slightly shorter
[10] Salokannel, Health Book, 1929, p. 189-195 (Exhibit 15).
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sections on tobacco. Nevertheless, the list of health problems is
almost identical to the one in the Health Book. The books note that
the more serious health problems do not appear until later, perhaps
even decades after smoking. Healthy Life exhorts its readers to
seriously consider whether it makes sense to take up smoking. The
following factors should be taken into the consideration in that
decision: "1) Tobacco harms your health and shortens your life, 2)
smoking tobacco spoils the air in your house, 3) smoking costs a
lot of money, 4) smoking enslaves its user."il
The 1933, 1938 and 1943 editions of Secondary School Health by
Kaarina Kari and KL.U. Suomela contain similar sections on tobacco.
The book states that tobacco contains a strong toxin called
nicotine. A beginner will feel the toxic effects of smoking as
nausea, dizziness and headache, but the body will gradually get
used to it. According to this book the health effects of moderate
smoking to an adult are not very great. The danger of smoking is
the fact that moderation is an elusive concept and in most cases
leads to excess. Excessive smoking then results in many health
problems such as smoker's cough,
[11] Salokannel-Vartia, Healthy Life, 1931 p. 84-87 (Exhibit 14).
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