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for fewer usual-brand. cigarettes to be smoked in the denic cig + nicotine patch condition relative to the denic cig + placebo patch condition. Craving for cigarettes decreased upon switching to the denic cigarettes (Study 1 p=.03 for the session X cigarette type interaction; Study 2 p=.0001 for effect of session; in Study 3 there was a session X patch interaction (p=.05), with less craving being reported in the nicotine patch condition).

a THE USE OF DENICOTINIZED CtGARETTES TO REDUCE NICOTINE DEPENDENCE Jed E. Rose, Ph.D., Eric C. Westman, M.D., and Frederique M. Behm Duke University and Veterans Affairs Medical Centers Presented at the meeting of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Seattle, Washington, March 24, 2001 Address correspondence to: Jed E. Rose, Ph.D. Nicotine Research Program 2200 West Main Street, Suite B-150 Durham, NC 27705 919-416-1515 jerose@duke.edu N O CD N W ~ ~ tD ~

CONCLUSIONS The results from the three studies conducted suggest that cigarettes with selective reduction in nicotine yield may have promise for reducing smokers' dependence on inhaled nicotine. In contrast to conventional low tar & nicotine cigarettes (which maintain a high nicotine:tar ratio), use of cigarettes with selectively lowered nicotine yield does not seem to engender compensatory increases in smoking behavior. Concurrent nicotine replacement may enhance compliance and ease withdrawal symptoms, facilitating the transition from conventional cigarettes to reduced-nicotine cigarettes. Reduced-nicotine cigarettes merit further investigation to assess their usefulness as a weaning tool to promote smoking cessation.

STUDY 2 SALIVA COTININE USUAL BRAND DENIC qGS + NICOTINE PATCH

A different approach to reducing cigarette nicotine yield has been explored in recent years, using tobacco from which nicotine has been selectively removed [7,8] or tobacco genetically engineered not to contain nicotine. In contrast to conventional low tar & nicotine cigarettes, these products selectively reduce nicotine yietd while maintaining smoke delivery and accompanying sensory factors. Thus, there is less motivation for smokers to compensate, and to the extent that nicotine is absent from the tobacco, compensatory smoking may be ineffectual. In three studies we examined the effects of switching smokers to denicotinized cigarettes on smoking behavior and on one commonly used questionnaire measure of nicotine dependence, the FTND (Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence).

SSTMDY I EXPIRED AIR CARBON MONOXIDE* SCREENING END OF WEEK 1 TIMEPOINT END OF WEEK 2 -~- USUAL BRAND -~- USUAL BRAND+PATCH ® DENIC * Values normalized due to ba eline differen es between ~ s c - DENIC+PATCH groups O N w rn N 00 ~ 0

STUDY 3 CRAVING FOR USUAL BRAND CIGARETTE TIMEPOINT m - DENIC + NIC PATCH 0- DENIC

STUDY 2 CRAVING FOR USUAL BRAND CIGARETTE

STUDY 2 EXPIRED AIR CARBON MONOXIDE TIMEPOINT

STUDY 3: In this study smokers were asked to switch to a reduced nicotine cigarette manufactured from a strain of tobacco low in nicotine content. This was a preliminary version of cigarette developed by Vector Tobacco Co., and delivered (in ten 40 cc puffs) approximately 0.5 mg nicotine, 17 mg tar. Nicotine: tar ratio=0.03. Subjects (n=21) were randomly assigned to wearing nicotine skin patches vs. no patches. Subjects wearing patches were switched abruptly from their usual brands of cigarettes; subjects not receiving nicotine patches had the daily number of usual- brand cigarettes gradually reduced and the number of reduced-nicotine cigarettes increased over two weeks so that by week 3 they were provided only with reduced-nicotine cigarettes. After completing the transition to the reduced-nicotine cigarettes, subjects in both patch and no-patch conditions were asked to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked each day to 2/3 of baseline and 1/3 of baseline.