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Human Papillomavirus in Esophageal Cancer 563 archival esophageal cancer tissues of Alaska natives. Abstracts of Papillomavirus Workshop; 1991; Seattle, Washington, 1991:155. 43. Brooks LA, Steyn LM, Renan MJ. Oesophageal carcinoma- - search for a possible viral aetology using molecular hybridisation techniques. South Afr Med J 1987;71 SuppL•Cr8. 44. Kiyabu MT, Shibata D, Arnheim N, Martin WJ, Fitzgibbons PL. Detection of human papillomavirus in formalin-fixed, invasive squamous carcinoma using the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Surg Pathol 1989;13:221-4. 45. Loke SL, Ma L, Wong M, Srivastava G, Lo I, Bird CC. Human papillomavirus in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 1990;43:909-12. 46. Chang F, Janatuinen E, Pikkarainen P, Syrjanen S, SyrjSnen K. _ Esophageal squamous cell papillomas: failure to detect human papillomavirus DNA by in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991;26:535-43. 47. zur Hausen H. 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J Virol Meth 1986; 14:293-304. 55. Widehn S, Kindblom LG. A rapid and simple method for electron microscopy of paraffin-embedded tissue. Ultrastruct Pathol 1988;12:131-6. 56. Class ECJ, Melchers WJG, van der Linden HC, Lindeman J, Quint WGV. Human papillomavirus detection in paraffin- embedded cervical carcinomas and metastases of the carcinomas by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Pathol 1989;135:703- 9. 57. Syrjanen S, Saastamoinen J, Chang F, Hongxiu JI, Syrjanen K. Colposcopy, punch biopsy, in situ hybridization, and the polymerase chain reaction in searching for genital human pap- illomavirus (HPV) infections in women with normal Pap smear. J Med Virol 1990;31:259-66. 58. Southern EM. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol 1975; 98:503-17. 59. Weitzner S, Hentel W. Squamous papilloma of the esophagus: case report and review of the literature. Am J Gastrocnterol 1968;50:391-6. Received 6 December 1991 Accepted 24 January 1992 60. Shibata DK, Arnheim M, Martin WJ. Detection of human papilloma virus in paraffin-embedded tissue using the poly- merase chain reaction. J Exp Med 1988;167:225-30. 61. Ni FE, Luo DY, Xiao HY, et al. Detection of human pap- illomavirus DNA sequences in esophageal precancer lesions and carcinomas from Yanting of Sichuan province. Abstracts of the Chinese Congress on Esophageal Cancer; Beijing, 1990:24. 62. Li Y. Huang GQ, Xiao IIY, et al. The physical states of human papillomavirus DNA in esophageal precancer lesions and carcinomas. Abstracts of the Chinese Congress on Esophageal Cancer; Beijing, 1990:24. 63. Durst M, Kleinheinz A, Hotz M. Gissmann L. The physical state of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in benign and malignant genital tumors. J Gen Virol 1985;66:1515-22. 64. Schneider-Maunouroy S, Croissant O. Orth G. Integration of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA sequences: a possible early event in the progression of genital tumors. J Virol 1987;6L:3295- 8. 65. Loning T, Ikenberg H, Becker J. Gissmann LG, Hoepfer 1, zur Hausen H. Analysis of oral papillomas, leukoplakias, and invasive carcinomas for human papillomavirus types related DNA. J Invest Dermatol 1985;84:417-20. 66. Maitland NJ, Cox MF, Lynas C, Prime SS, Meanwell CA, Scully C. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in biopsies of human oral tissue. Br J Cancer 1987;56:245-50. 67. Maitland NJ, Bromidge T, Cox MF. Crane IJ, Prime SS, Scully C. Detection of human papillomavirus genes in human oral tissue biopsies and cultures by polymerase chain reaction. Br J Cancer 1989;59:698-703. 68. Roman A, Fife K. Human papillomavirus DNA associated with foreskins of normal newborns. J Infect Dis 1984;153:855-8. 69. Sedlacek TV, Lindheim S, Eder C, et al. Mechanism for human papillomavirus transmission at birth. Am J Obstet Gynccol 1989;161:55-9. 70. Smith EM, Johnson SR, Cripe TP, Pignatari S, Turek L. Peri- natal vertical transmission of human papillomavirus and sub- sequent development of respiratory tract papillomatosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1991;100:479-83. 71. Zhou J. Detection of HPV-DNA in the biopsies from the patients with esophageal cancer [abstract]. J Henan Med Univ 1988;2:60. 72. Gaukroger J, Chandrachud L, Jarrett WFH, et al. Malignant transformation of a papilloma induced by bovine papillomavirus type 4 in the nude mouse renal capsule. J Gen Virol 1991;72: 1165-8. 73. zur Hausen H. The role of viruses in human tumors. Adv Cancer Res 1980;33:77-107. 74. Rawls WE, Tompkins WAF. Consideration of the role of viruses in human cancer. Progr Med Virol 1975;22:72-87. 75. Potter CW. Some aspects of the role of viruses in cancer. Postgrad Med J 1975;55:150-8. 76. Gaffey MJ, Weiss LM. Viral oncogenesis: Epstein-Barr virus. Am J Otolaryngol L990;11:375-81. 77. Scully C. Viruses in the aetiology of cancer. Br Dent J 1988;164:362-4. 78. Dagleish AG. Viruses and cancer. Br Med Bull 1991;47:21-46.