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IEASE LUNG CANCER 157 cation). New ~r increasing sure to geno- ts and muta- ~sphoribosyl- ~rt-mutations I and general ~ridges et al., "es extending ogic studies. air pollution ~v studies are onstitute the ~gic method- ~s in parts of :ation under ential radon me countries on ly large and ral decades. on passive statistically nonsmokers ~xplained by ee of under- influence of sources may common in .i for further to a greater tues may be he exposure lations. The ,uld increase mechanisms REFERENCES Archer, V. E., Wagoner, J. K., and Lundin, F. E., Uranium mining and cigarette smoking effects on man. J. Occup. Med., 15,204, 1973. Axelson, O., Andersson, K., Desai, G., et al., Indoor radon exposure and active and passive smoking in relation to the occurrence of lung cancer. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 14, 286, 1988. Blot, W. J., Xu, Z. Y., Boice, J. D. Jr., et al., Indoor radon and lung cancer in China. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 82, 1025, 1990. Bos, J. L., Ras oncogenes in human cancer: A review. Cancer Res., 49, 4682, 1990. Bridges, B. A., Cole, J., Arlett, C. F., et al., Possible association between mutant frequency in peripheral lymphocytes and domestic radon concentrations. Lancet, 337,1187,1991. Carstensen, J. M., Pershagen, G., and Eklund, G., Mortality in relation to cigarette and pipe smoking: 16 years' observation of 25000 Swedish men. J. Epidemiol. Com- mun. Health, 41,166, 1987. Cederl6f, R., Friberg, L., Hrubec, Z., et al., The relationship of smoking and some social covariables to mortality and cancer morbidity, Department of Environmental Hygiene, The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 1975. Coggon, D., Pannett, B., Osmond, C., et al., A survey of cancer and occupation in young and middle aged men. I. Cancers of the respiratory tract. Br. J. Ind. Med., 43,332, 1986. Damber, L. and Larsson, L. G., Lung cancer in males and type of dwelling -- An epidemiologic pilot study. Acta Oncol., 26, 211, 1987. Doll, R. and Peto, R., Mortality in relation to smoking: 20 years' observation on male British doctors. Br. Med. J., 2, 1525, 1976. Gao, Y. T., Blot, W. J., Zheng, W., et al., Lung cancer among Chinese women. Int. J. Cancer, 40,604, 1987. Garfinkel, L., Time trends in lung cancer mortality among nonsmokers and a note on passive smoking. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 66, 1061, 1981. Garfinkel, L. and Silverberg, E., Lung cancer and smoking trends in the U.S. over the past 25 years. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 609, 146, 1990. Greenberg, R. A., Haley, N. J., Etzel, R., et al., Measuring the exposure of infants to tobacco smoke. N. Engl. J. Med., 310, 1075, 1984. Hammond, E. C., Selikoff, I. J., and Seidman, H., Asbestos exposure, cigarette smoking and death rates. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 330,473, 1979. He, X. Z., Chert, W., Liu, Z., et al., An epidemiological study of lung cancer in Xuan Wei county, China: Current progress. Case-control study on lung cancer and cooking fuel. Environ. Health Perspect., 94, 9, 1991. Hemminki, K., Randerath, K., Reddy M. V., et al., Postlabeling and immunoassay analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon adducts of deoxyribonucleic acid in white blood cells of foundry workers, Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 16, 158, 1990a. Hemminki, K., Grzybowska, E., Chorazy, M., et al., DNA adducts in humans environ- mentally exposed to aromatic compounds in an industrial area of Poland. Car- cinogenesis, 11, 1229, 1990b. Henderson, F. W., Reid, H. F., Morris, R., et al., Home air nicotine levels and urinary cotinine excretion in preschool children. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 140, 197, 1989.

158 ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY: EXPOSURE AND DISEASE LUNG Hollstein, M., Sidransky, D., Vogelstein; B., et al., p53 mutations in human cancers. Science, 253, 49, 1991. Husgafvel-Pursianen, K., Sorsa, M., Engstr6m, K., et al., Passive smoking at work: Biochemical and biological measures of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 59,337, 1987. IARC., Monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans: Tobacco smoking, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 1986. IARC., Cancer incidence in five continents. Volume V, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 1987. ICRP., Lung cancer risk from indoor exposures to radon daughters. Report No. 50. Ann. ICRP, 17, 1, 1987. Idle, J. R., Is environmental carcinogenesis modulated by host polymorphism? Mutat. Res., 247, 259, 1991. Jarvis, M. J. and Russel M. A. H., Measurement and estimation of smoke dosage to nonsmokers from environmental tobacco smoke. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 65, 68, 1984. Koo, L. C., Lee, N., and Ho, J. H. C., Do cooking fuels pose a risk for lung cancer? A case-control study of women in Hong Kong. Ecol. Dis. 2, 255, 1983. Lee, P. N., Misclassification of Smoking Habits and Passive Smoking, Springer, Berlin, 1988. Liu, Q., Sasco, A. J., Riboli, E. et al., Indoor air pollution and lung cancer in Guang Zhou, Peoples Republic of China. Atn. J. Epidemiol., (in press). Mumford, J. L., He, X. Z., Chapman, R. S., et al., Lung cancer and air pollution in Xuan Wei, China. Science, 235,217, 1987. NAS., Radon and other internally deposited alpha-emitters. BEIR IV, National Acad- emy Press, Washington, D.C., 1988. NRC., Environmental tobacco smoke: Measuring exposures and assessing health effects, U.S. National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1986. Pershagen, G., Wall, S., Taube, A., et al., On the interaction between occupational arsenic exposure and smoking and its relationship to lung cancer. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 7, 302, 1981. Pershagen, G., Hrubec, Z., and Svensson, C., Passive smoking and lung cancer in Swedish women. Am. J. Epidemiol., 126, 17, 1987. Pershagen, G. and Simonato, L., Epidemiological evidence on air pollution and cancer, in Air Pollution and Human Cancer, Thomatis, L., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Heidel- berg, 1990. Pershagen, G., Causes of lung cancer in Sweden, in Health Morbidity and Mortality by Causes of'~Death in Europe, Juozylynas, A., Ed., Vilnius, Lithuanian Ministry of Health, 1990. Pershagen, G., Passive smoking and lung cancer, in Epidemiology of Lung Cancer, Samet, J., Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1994. Pershagen. G., Liang, Z. H., Hrubec, Z., et al., Residential radon exposure and lung cancer in women. Hea. lth Phys., 63, 179, 1992. Pinto, S. S., Henderson, V., and Enterline, E E., Mortality experience of arsenic exposed workers. Arch. Environ. Health, 33,325, 1978. Radford, E. P. and St Clair-Renard, K. G., Lung cancer in Swedish iron miners exposed to low doses of radon daughters. N. Engl. J. Med., 310, 1485, 1984. Redmo in Pr Rogot, ye Ruoste~ Fi Ryland sn S~ Samet, Schoen ra Simon~ at Sobue, W, Tates,, O( TiJchse St' V~ih~ik~ Wald, to World J. Wu, A lu Wu -W e[

DISEASE LUNG CANCER 159 in cancers. g at work: al tobacco to humans: m, France, ,gency for ~rt No. 50. m? Mutat. dosage to ,68, 1984. ~g cancer? 3. ;er, Berlin, • in Guang in )hal Acad- ng health ashington, cupational d. J. Work cancer in nd cancer, g, Heidel- Mortality ~ Ministry g Cancer, ' and lung c exposed Redmond, C. K., Epidemiological studies of cancer mortality in coke plant workers, in Seventh Conference on Environmental Toxicology 1976, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C., 1976. Rogot, E. and Murray, J. L., Smoking and causes of death among U.S. veterans; 16 years of observation. Public Health Rep., 95,213, 1980. Ruosteenoja, E., Indoor radon and risk of tung cancer: An epidemiological study in Finland, Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety, Helsinki, 1991. Rylander, E., Pershagen, G., Curvall, M., et al., Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and urinary excretion of cotinine and nicotine in children. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 78,449, 1989. Samet, J. M., Radon and lung cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 81,745, 1989. Schoenberg, J. B., Klotz, J. B., Wilcox, H. B., et al., Case-control study of residential radon and lung cancer among New Jersey women. Cancer Res., 50, 6520, 1990. Simonato, L., Vineis, P., and Fletcher A. C., Estimates of the proportion of lung cancer attributable to occupational exposure. Carcinogenesis, 9, 1159, t988. Sobue, T. R., Suzuki, R., Nakayama, N., et al., Passive smoking among nonsmoking women and the relationship between indoor air pollution and lung cancer inci- dence. Results of a multicenter case-control study. Gan No Rinsho, 36,329, 1990. Tates, A. D., Grummt, T., TSrnqvist, M., et al., Biological and chemical monitoring of occupational exposure to ethylene oxide. Mutat. Res., 250,483,1991. Ttichsen, F. and Nordholm, L., Respiratory cancer in Danish bakers: A I0 year cohort study. Br. J. Ind. Med., 43,516, 1986. V~h~ikangas, K. H., Samet, J. M., Metcalf, R. A., et al., Mutations of p53 and ras genes in radon-associated lung cancer from uranium miners. Lancet, 339,576, 1992. Wald, N. J., Nanchahal, K., Thompson, S. G., et al., Does breathing others people's tobacco smoke cause lung cancer? Br. Med. J., 293, 1217, 1986. World Health Organization histological typing of lung tumours. Second edition. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 77, 123, 1982. Wu, A. A., Henderson, B. E., Pike, M. C., et al., Smoking and other risk factors for lung cancer in women. JNCI, 74, 747, 1985. Wu-Williams, A. H., Dai, X. D., Blot, W., et al., Lung cancer among women in north- east China. Br. J. Cancer, 62, 982, 1990. 'sexposed