Philip Morris
Smoking and Health Modifying the Risk for the Smoker
Fields
- Author
- Ashwanden, P.
- Gori, G.B.
- Hoffman, D.
- Mushinski, M.
- Stellman, S.
- Wynder, E.L.
- Gori, G.B.
- Area
- CARCHMAN,RICHARD/OFFICE
- Type
- SCRT, REPORT, SCIENTIFIC
- BIBL, BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Site
- R530
- Named Organization
- 3rd World Conference on Smoking + Health
- Ahf, American Health Foundation
- Bross Gibson
- Ftc, Federal Trade Commission
- NCI, Natl Cancer Inst
- Univ of Waterloo
- Ahf, American Health Foundation
- Named Person
- Abelin, T.
- Aronow, W.S.
- Astrup, P.
- Ball, K.P.
- Battista, S.P.
- Bock, F.G.
- Bross, Idj
- Brunnemann, K.D.
- Castelli, W.P.
- Cherry, W.H.
- Conning, D.M.
- Dalhamn, T.
- Dawber, T.R.
- Diamond, L.
- Dontenwill, W.
- Feinleib, M.
- Garfinkel, L.
- Gordon, T.
- Gori, G.B.
- Guerin, M.R.
- Harke, H.P.
- Hecht, S.S.
- Higgins, Itt
- Hill, P.
- Hjern, L.
- Hoffman, D.
- Holland, W.W.
- Kannel, W.B.
- Keith, C.M.
- Kensler, C.J.
- Koch, A.
- Kuhn, H.
- Kuls, H.
- Lam, J.
- Lenfant, C.
- Mattina, C.F.
- Mcgill, H.C.
- Mcmillan, G.C.
- Mushinski, M.
- Owen, T.B.
- Parker, E.
- Paul, O.
- Reddy, D.B.
- Reid, D.D.
- Rope, E.
- Rylander, R.
- Schievelbein, H.
- Schmahl, D.
- Schmeltz, I.D.
- Selke, W.A.
- Sillett, R.W.
- Stellman, S.
- Stern, K.
- Tigglebeck, D.
- Tso, T.C.
- Turner, Jam
- Vanduuren, B.L.
- Wald, N.J.
- Williams, R.W.
- Wynder, E.L.
- Zilkey, B.F.
- Aronow, W.S.
- Document File
- 2063597279/2063597765/Epi 570000 - 960000, Tar, Smoke Constit Ftc 960000
- Attendee (Organization)
- Univ of Mi
- Univ of Tx
- Univ of Uppsala
- Univ of Waterloo
- Usda, U.S. Dept of Agriculture
- Veterans Administration Hospital
- Aarhus Univ
- Adl, A.D.Little
- Agriculture Canada Research Station
- Ahf, American Health Foundation
- Amer Cancer Society
- Austria Tabakwerke
- Boston Univ
- Brent Health District
- Calgon
- Celanese Fibers
- Central Middlesex Hospital
- Central Toxicology Lab
- Dept of Clinical Chemistry
- Div of Environmental Carcinogenesis
- German Cancer Research Center
- German Heart Center
- Guntur Medical College
- Hri, Health Research Inst,Roswell Park
- Inst for Clinical Chemistry
- Kimberly Clark
- London School of Hygiene + Tropical Medi
- Natl Heart + Lung Inst
- NCI, Natl Cancer Inst
- NIH, Natl Inst of Health
- Northwestern Univ
- Ny Univ Medical Center
- Oak Ridge Natl Lab
- Radcliffe Infirmary
- Research Inst for the German Cigarette
- St Thomas Hospital Medical School
- Univ of Bern
- Univ of Gothenburg
- Univ of Heidelberg
- Univ of Ky
- Univ of Tx
- Author (Organization)
- NCI, Natl Cancer Inst
- NIH, Natl Inst of Health
- Pan Amer Health Org
- Public Health Service
- Uk Health Education Council
- Who, World Health Org
- Amed, American Medical Association
- Amer Cancer Society
- Amer Heart Assn
- Amer Lung Assn
- Hew, Dept of Health Education and Welfare
- Intl Union Against Cancer
- Natl Clearinghouse for Smoking + Health
- Natl Heart + Lung Inst
- Natl Interagency Council on Smoking + He
- NIH, Natl Inst of Health
- Characteristic
- ILLE, ILLEGIBLE
- MARG, MARGINALIA
- Litigation
- Iwoh/Produced
- Date Loaded
- 23 May 1999
- UCSF Legacy ID
- abp67e00
Document Images
r
SMOKING AND fIEALTH
I.
MODIFYING THE RISK FOR THE SMOKER
Sponsored Uy
American Canccr Society
National Gtnccr Institute
WYNIIEK
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GORI
U.S. PEl'ARTMF-NT OF HEM-iH, FIIUCGI flON, \NU tt'F-l.F'ARC
I'uhlrc Ncilth Scr'rcc
N.ttrunal Inttrtutc% rrl Ilc,rllh
Natiunal Canccr Insiilutc
DNEW Publication No. (NIFIJ7b-1221 //,, /(
i
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD WORLD CONFERENCE OF
SMOKING AND HEALTH
New York City, /une 2-5, 1975
WORKSHOP II
h1ODIFYING THE RISK FOR TlIE SMOKER
{i'orkshop Chairman: Ernst L. Wynder, h1.D.
Sponsorcd in cooperation with
American Heart Association
American Lung Association
American Medical Acsociation
Health Lducation Council (U.K.)
fntcrnational Union Against Canccr
National Canccr Institute of Canada
National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health
National (Icart and Lung Institute
National Intcrat;cncy Council on Smoking and Health
Pan Amcrican ttcalth Organization
World Health Organization
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SMOKING AND HEALTH
I.
MODIFYING THE RISK FOR THE SMOKER
EDITED (lY
Ernst L. Wynder, M.D., Dietrich Hoffmann, Ph.D.
and Gio Q. Gori,.Ph.D.
W
0
04
W
~
~
Coordinating Editor: Penny Ashwanden 4~-
Grote(u/ochnowledgcment to the
Amcricon lleolth Foundation
for its ossistoncc in the dcvclopmcnt
of these proceedings
PARTICIPANTS
Theodor Abelin, M.D.
Inst. for Social and Preventive Medicine
University of Berne
CFI3012 Bcrne, Switzerland
Klaus D. Brunncmann
Div. of Environmental Carcinogenesis
American Ilealth Foundation
Naylor Dana Inst. for Disease Prevention
Valltalla, New York 10595
Wilhcrt S. Aronow, M.D.
Chief. Cardiology Section
Veterans Administration Hospital
Long Beach, California 908 15
Dr. Pool Astrup
Drp.trfinent of Clinical Chemistry
Ril;shospitalct
DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Keith P. 6a11, M.D.
Brcnt llcalth District
C.entral tiliddrescx 1-tospital
London NNrld 7NS, England
S.tm P. Dattista, Ph.D.
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Acorn Park
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
I red G. Bock, Ph.D.
Dircctor, Orch.vd Park Lab.
Rus,cll Park C.lcmorial Institute
666 Clm Street
Butfalo, New York 14263
Irwin Bross, Ph.D.
Director of Biostatistics
Roswell Park Memorial Institute
666 LIm Street
Buffalo, New York 14263
W.P. Castelli, M.D.
National Hcart Institute
123 Lincoln Street
Framingham, Massachusetts 01701
W.H. Cherry, M.D.
Department of Statistics
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G I
D.M. Conning, M.D.
Dcputy Direc., Imp. Chemical Ind., Ltd.
Central Toxicology Laboratory
Aldcrly Park, Macclesfield
Cheshire SKIt) 4TI, Ertgland'
Tore Dalhamn, M.D.
Institute of Hygiene
University of Uppsala
Box 587
751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
Thomas R. Dawber, M.D., M.P.H.
Boston University School of Medicine
80 East Concord Strcct
Boston Massachusetts 02118
Louis Diamond, Ph.D.
Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology Div.
University of Kentucky College of
Pharmacy
Lexington, Kentucky 40506
V
I
VI
Ur, Walter Dontcnwill
Rescarch Inst. for the German Cigarette
Garctlcnkarnp 38
2000 Hamburg 54, West Germany
Manning Feinlcib, M.D.
Epidemiology Branch
Natiunal Ilcart and Lung Institute
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Lawrence Garfinkcl
Amcric.in Cancer Society
777'ihird Avenue
New York, New York 1001 7
Tavia Gordon
Biometrics Research E3 ranch
National Heart and Lung Institute
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Gio 0. Gori, Ph.D.
Deputy Director
Division of Cancer, Cause and Prevention
National Cancer Institute
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
M.R. Guerin, Ph.D.
Tnhacco Smokc Research Program
Analytical Chemistry Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
Dr. H.P. Harkc
Thcodor Fahr Strasse 27
2 Hamburg 62, West Germany
Stephen S. Hecht, Ph.D.
Div. of Environmental Carcinogenesis
American Health Foundation
Naylor Dana Inst. for Disease Prevention
Valhalla, New York 10595
P. (PANTS
Dr. I.T.T. l liggins
Professor of Epidemiology
School of Public Health
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
Pr.tcr Hill, Ph.D.
Hcad, Section Lipid Metabolism
American Health Foundation
Naylor Dana Inst. for Disease Prevcntio;
Valhalla, New York 10595
Or. L. Iljcrn
Swcdish Tobacco Industry
P.O. Oox 17007
5-104 62, Stockholm, Sweden
Dictrich Hoffmann, Ph.D.
Chief, Div. of Environ. Carcinogenesis
American Health Foundation
Naylor Dana Inst. for Disease Prevention
Valhalla, New York 10595
Walter W. Holland, M.D.
Prof. of Clinical Epid. and Soc. Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
St. Thomas' Hospital Medical School
London, SE I 7EH, England
William B. Kannel, M.D.
National Heart and Lung Institute
123 Lincoln Street
Framingham, Massachusetts 01701
C.I1. Kcith, Ph.D.
Cclancse Fibers Company
E3 o c 1414
Charlotte, North Carolina 28232
Charles J. Kcnsicr, Ph.D.
Senior Vice Pres. Professional Operations
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Acorn Park
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
PARTICIPANTS
Hubert Klus, Ph.D.
Chemist
Austria Tabakwerke AG
Vienna, Austria
Andreas Koch, M.D.
Medical Clinic
University of Heidelberg
Heidelberg, West Germany
H. Kuhn, Ph.D.
Research Laboratory
Austria Tabakwerke AG
Vienna. Austria
J¢rgen Lam, Ph.D.
Chemical Institute
Aarhus University
DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
Claude Lenfant, M.D.
Director, Division of Lung Diseases
National ticart and Lung Institute
Bethcsda, Maryland 20014
Charles F. Mattina, Ph.D.
Peter J. Schweitzer Division
KirnbcrlyClark Corporation
Lee, Massachusetts 01238
tlenry C. McGill, Jr., M.D.
Department of Pathology
University of Texas Health Science
Center
San Antonio, Texas 78229
Gardner C. McMillan, M.D., Ph.D.
Div. of Hcart and Vascular Diseases
National Heart and Lung Inst.
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Margaret Mushinski
Division of Epidemiology
American Health Foundation
1370 Avenue of the Amercias
New York, New York 10019
Thomas B. Owen, Ph.D.
National Cancer Institute
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Oglesby Paul, M.D.
Vice President for Health Sciences
Northwestern University
Chicago, Illinois 60611
D. Bhasakara Rcddy, M.D.
Principal and Professor of Pathology
Guntur Medical College
Guntur (A.P.) 522001, India
D.D. Rcid, M.D.
London School of Hygiene and Tropical
Medicine Kcppcl Street
London 1VC1, England
Ragnar Rylander, M.D.
Dept. of Environmental Hygiene
University of Gothcnburg
5400 33 Gothcnburg 33, Sweden
FI. Schievclbcin, M.D.
Institute for Clinical Chemistry
German Heart Center
Lothstrasse 11
8000 Munich 2, West Germany
Dietrich $chm5hl, M.D.
Inst. for Toxicology & Chemotherapy
German Cancer Research Center
Im Ncucnheimcr Feld 280
D6900 Heidelberg 1, West Germany
Vii
PAR . NTS
Irwin D. Schmeltz, Ph.D.
Div. of Environmental Carcinogenesis
American Health Foundation
Naylor Dana Inst. for Disease Prevention
Valhalla, New York 10595
J.A. Turner
Brent Health District
Central Middlesex Hospital
London NW10 7N5, England
W.A. Setkc, Ph.D.
Peter J. Schwcit7er Division
Kimberly-Clark Corporation
Lee, Massachusetts 01238
Steven Stcllman, Ph.D.
Division of Epidemiology
American Health Foundation
1370 Avenue of the Americas
New York, New York 10019
R.W. Sillctt
Brent Health District
Central Middlesex Hospital
London NW 10 7NS, England
Donald Tiggtcbcck
Dir. of Marketing, Activated Carbon Div.
Calgon Corporation
Calgon Center, Box 1246
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230
T.C. Tso, Ph.D.
Agricultural Research Service
Northeastern Region
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Beltsville, Maryland 20705
B. L. Van Duuren, D.Sc.
Professor of Environmental Medicine
New York University Medical Center
New York, New York 10016
Nicholas J. Wald, M.D.
Cancer Epid. and Clinical Trials Unit*
Dept. of the Regius Professor of Medicine
Radcliffe Infirmary
Oxford OX2 HE6, England
R.W. Williams
Epidemiology Branch
National Heart and Lung Institute
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Ernst L. Wynder, M.D.
President and Medical Director
American Health Foundation
1370 Avenue of the Americas
New York, New York 10019-
Bryan F. Zilkey, Ph.D.
Agriculture Canada Research Station
P.O. Box 186
Delhi, Ontario N48 2W9
Canada
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book is made up of five parts representing the whole spectrum of
current scientific knowledge about the Less Harmful Cigarette, what it is, why it
is needed, how it can be manufactured and its effect on cancer, cardiovascular
disease and chronic pulmonary disease. Expert contributions have been made
covering every aspect of the development, chemistry, biological activity and
tobacco technology and results of the Less Harmful Cigare:te.
I am greatly indebted to each of the participants for the time and effort
they put into their papers and, in particular, to the sub-session chairmen and
co-chairmen for moderating the sessions so well: Dr. Dietrich Hoffmann and
Gio B. Gori (Relation of Smoke Components to Cancer); Gardner C. McMillan
and Wiibert 5. Aronow (Relation of Smoke Components to Cardiovascular
Disease); Claude Lenfant and Walter W. Holland (Relation of Smoke Compon-
ents to Chronic Pulmonary Disease); and T.C. Tso and Hans Kuhn (Technologi-
cal Aspects).
Special thanks to my co-editors, Dr. Dietrich Hoffmann of the American
Health Foundation and Gio B. Gori of the National Cancer Institute and to my
coordinating editor, Penny Ashwanden.
Grateful acknowledgcment is made to Ellen Rope, Ellen Parker and
Kate Stern who assisted in the preparation of these Proceedings.
Ernst L. Wynder, M.D.
Chairman - Section II
New York City, June, 1976
x
PREFACE
As has been known for decades, smoking, especially cigarette smoking, is.
leading cause of unccessary illness in our society. In spite of intensive cduca-
tional efforts which have resulted in a broadened awareness of the health haz-
ards caused by smoking and led to a significant increase in the numberofPeople
who, have given up the habit, many people continue to smoke and many young
people continue to adopt the habit.
It is our belief that as long as smoking is condoned by society, people will
continue to smoke. It is for this reason that scientific investigators around the
world have become increasingly interested in ways in which to modify smoking
habits in order to reduce the risks to those who continue to smoke. Towards
this end, research has been conducted to determine which are the ingredients in
the tobacco smoke which contribute to carcinogenesis, cardiovascular disease
and chronic pulmonary disease, and which are the precursors in the tobacco
itself. With this knowledge at hand, one can then proceed to reducethe carcino-
genic and toxic substances from the tobacco and the tobacco smoke; and
through combined chemical and biological studies, tobacco products have been
produced which seem to be less harmful than those of a few decades ago as has
been shown by epidemiological studies.
This monograph presents the current state of the art in this scientific and
industriai endeavour. Much progress has been made; much remains to be done.
It appears to be a 'utopian' goal for man to ever be able to inhale any substance
into his lungs which would be as free from danger as unpolluted air. However,
since we live in the real world, in spite of continued health education and in
spite of improved programs in smoking cessation, many young people will start
and many adults will continue to indulge in this habit. It is for this reason that
efforts in the development of less harmful smoking products need to be contin-
ued in order to contribute to the day when tobacco-related diseases will no
longer occur.
Ernst L. Wyndcr, M.D.
i
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PARTICIPANTS .........................................v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................. ix
PREFACE x
PART I: GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE LESS HARMFUL CIGARETTE
The Epidemiology of the Less-Harmful Cigarette .................... 1
Ernst L. Wynder, Margaret Mushinski, and Steven Stellman
Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke. XXXVIII. The Physiochemical
Nature of Cigarette Smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Irwin Schmeltz, and Dietrich Hoffmann
Reduction of Nicotine and Tar in Tobacco and in Cigarettes Through
Agricultural Techniques ................................. 35
T.C. Tso;-Gio B. Gori, and Dietrich Hoffmann
Piltration as a Means of Reduction of Tar and Nicotine Levels in Tobacco
Smoke .............................................d9
C.h1. Keith
Whole Plant Flue-Cured Tobacco and Tobacco Sheet Cigarette Smoke
and Smoke Condensate Characteristics ....................... 57
Bryan F. Zilkey
Reconstituted Tobacco Sheets ................................ 6'1
Charles F. Mattina, and William A. Selke
Tar and Nicotine from U.S. Cigarettes: Trends Over the Past Twenty
years .............................................. 73
Thomas B. Owen
Changes in Smoking Patterns in the United Kingdom During the Last
Two Decades ........................................81
D.D. Reid
i
Reduction of Tar and Nicotine in German Cigarettes ................ 85
Dietrich Schm3hl
