Tobacco Documents Online

"Weak associations, particularly those with relative risks less than 2 and especially those with relative risks less than 1.5, are, however, much more likely to arise as an artifact arising from confounding. This is of particular importance when considering associations with environmental tobacco smoke exposure." Thornton, A., Lee, P. and Fry, J. "Differences Between Smokers, Ex-smokers, Passive Smokers and Non-smokers" J. Clin. Epidemiol. 47 (10): 1143-1162 (1994) "....an epidemiological association does not necessarily provide firm evidence of a cause/effect relationship. Quantitative exposure information necessary for establishing exposure/effect relationships is always difficult to obtain. Public health administrators and decision makers have to be made aware of these problems." WHO Positions on Guidelines for Epidemioloav Guidelines on Studies in Environmental Epidemiology Environmental Health Criteria 27, 1983, p. 342 On risk and media reporting: "In an effort to educate the public and attract readers and viewers, the media often overplay risks of dubious legitimacy. Scientific studies show that many of the alleged hazards the media trumpet are either misstated, overstated, nonexistent or that there just is not enough scientific evidence yet to yield reliable guidance on the true risk for the average American." David Shaw "Living Scared: Why Do the Media Make Life Seem So Risky?" Los Angeles Times September 11, 1994 On Smoking Restrictions in Restaurants "Our central thesis is that the food service industry already suffers greatly from excessive governmental regulation, and that each new item of regulation makes it more difficult for restaurateurs to operate their businesses. We believe that the question of smoking in food service establishments is, like most other similar questions, best determined by the people immediately affected: owners, customers, and employees." The National Restaurant Association Comments on OSHA's Proposed Rule on Indoor Air Quality August 17, 1994 11

"...OSHA notes that a growing number of businesses are adopting smoking policies on a voluntary basis (p. 16007). This supports our thesis that the best method to deal with the question of ETS is to let the persons directly involved make the decision, without the intervention of government in private business decisions. We believe that customers, employers and workers should make the decision about smoking in restaurants based upon their own mutual best interest. Nor are we alone in this view; 'the irony of federal manipulation of the science on secondhand smoke is that survey data show the marketplace continuing to adjust to its customers' desires."' The National Restaurant Association, Comments on OSHA's Proposed Rule on Indoor Air Quality August 17, 1994 "Assuming that smokers actually respond the way they said they would if a ban on smoking in the workplace is imposed, the economic impact on the food service industry in 1994 totals $18.2 billion in lost sales, representing 6.5 percent of total food service sales in 1994. These sales losses consist of fewer prospective visits, and shorter stays, which result in fewer purchases of before dinner drinks, wine with meals, coffee and other dinner drinks, and desserts." The National Restaurant Association, Comments on OSHA's Proposed Rule on Indoor Air Quality August 17, 1994 IA "... it's our observation, and I'll show other people who seem to agree with us, that even if we were to totally eliminate tobacco smoke from the workplaces tomorrow, you would have very little effect on sick-building syndrome and building-related illnesses in those buildings." Gray Robertson Healthy Buildings International, Comments on OSHA's Proposed Rule on Indoor Air Quality October 14, 1994 12

WHAT THE PUBLIC IS SAYING On Smoking Restrictions in the Workplace Switzerland 7/94 LINK Institute sponsored by Central Union of Swiss Employer Associations • 79% felt that smokers and non-smokers can coexist in the workplace relying either general freedom to smoke (18.9%) or by assigning smoking areas and breaks (60.9%) during the work day. United States 3/94 Gallup sponsored by CNN • 63% felt that certain areas should be set aside to accommodate both smokers and non-smokers. An additional 4% opposed any restrictions. Finland 6/92 Iltasonomat • 76% feel that decisions about smoking restrictions in the workplace are best resolved by the employees or through union negotiation, not by the government. Sweden 3/93 IMU TESTOLOGEN for Swedish Association of Wholesalers, Swedish Commerce • 69% felt that the decision about smoking should be made by the employees at the place of work. On Smoking Restrictions in the Hos itality Sector France 10/93 BVA sponsored by the CDIT • 71 % of those polled felt that the relations beween smokers and non- smokers should be handled among themselves; only 28% favored government intervention. United States 7/94 Gallup sponsored by CNN • 79% felt that smokers and non-smokers should be accommodated in hotels and motels. 68% felt that certain areas should be set aside and 11 % that there should be no restrictions. • 57% felt that smokers and non-smokers should be accommodated in restaurants by setting aside smoking and non-smoking areas. 13

Hungary 5/94 Multidata sponsored by Philip Morris • 83% felt that smokers and non-smokers can be accommodated by either separate sections (43%) or improved ventilation (40%). Sweden 3/93 IMU TESTOLOGEN for Swedish Association of Wholesalers, Swedish Commerce • 74% felt smoking in public places including restaurants, hotels, and places of entertainment should be allowed but subject to certain restrictions: 25% replied that there should be no-smoking zones and 49% replied that smoking should only be permitted in designated areas. • 66% felt that either the restaurant/hotel owner (42%), the employees (10%) or customers (14%) should decide about smoking. nr Italy 5/94 (TK) for Tolerance Observatory • 79% indicate that "the smoking issue is not important and that it is sufficient that smokers are courteous and non-smokers tolerant. (47% totally agree; 32% partially agree.) 14