Philip Morris
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Related Documents:- 2046342771-2772 Ets Manual
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- 2046343030 Horeca Hotrec Guidelines
- 2046343031
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- 2046343036
- 2046343037 Horeca Iha / Bha Courtesy of Choice Programme
- 2046343038 Lower Vat Says Study Distinctively Individual Unify Stars and Crowns Wales Means Business
- 2046343039 Smoking or Non - Smoking
- 2046343040 Workplace Belgian Employer's Guidelines / Belgian 930000 Royal Decree
- 2046343041-3053
- 2046343054-3068
- 2046343069-3070
- 2046343071 Translation of Belgian Royal Decree on Workplace Smoking 930331
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- 2046343080 16
- 2046343081
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- Althaus, W.J.
- Anderson, S.
- Ashford, J.R.
- Bailey, E.
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- Beates
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- Bush, G.
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- Churchill, W.
- Clin, J.
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- Connor, S.
- Dewolff, F.A.
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- Fry, J.
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- Huber, G.
- Huber, G.L.
- Jenkins, R.
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- Mcrae, H.
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- Meany, G.
- Milloy, S.J.
- Murrow, E.R.
- Philips, K.
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- Shaw, D.
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- Anderson, S.
- Date Loaded
- 05 Jun 1998
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QUOTABLE QUOTES
Some of the following quotes are from articles containing views
that are not consistent with the industry's positions. When using
these quotes, be sure to note that, for example, "on this point" the
author is in agreement with the industry or that, "while we do not
think alike on every issue, the industry and (the author)
believe..."
PAGE
A CRITICAL LOOK AT THE EPA REPORT ON ETS 1
0
A CRITICAL LOOK AT THE EPA 4
WEAKNESSES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY 5
WEAK ASSOCIATIONS 7
CONFOUNDING FACTORS 8
INDOOR AIR QUALITY 10
0
SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY - RISK ASSESSMENT 11
SMOKING IN THE WORKPLACE 16
SMOKING IN PUBLIC PLACES 18
AMERICAN EXTREMISM
19 Z,Z)
<=
4~;%
cn
~
~
r:
QUOTABLE QUOTES
A CRITICAL LOOK AT THE EPA REPORT ON ETS
" The totality of data on ETS and lung cancer does not support the claim
made in the draft EPA report that ETS is responsible for an increased
incidence of lung cancer in the United States .... There is no scientifically
valid basis for conducting a risk assessment on ETS or classifying ETS as a
known carcinogen or even probable human carcinogen. "
Dr. W. Gary Flamm, Science Regulatory Services International, Former
Director of the Office of Toxicological Sciences, The US. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA)
~ "The EPA report on the effects of ETS is not really a scientific document;
rather is it a selective summary and analysis of data available in the
literature up to September 1991 with the addition of a few studies
published between that date and July 1992. It presents no original data
but is an interpretation or re-interpretation of existing data. "
Professor Martin J Cline, Professor of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for
Cancer Research, University College and Middlesex School of Medicine,
UK
"In its report on ETS, the EPA did not comply with accepted principles of
toxicology, chemistry and epidemiology, nor with its own guidelines for
undertaking cancer risk assessment. In fact, the conclusions drawn by the
EPA are not even supported by the EPA's own statements. "
Dr. Gary Huber, et. al., Professor of Medicine at University.of Texas
Health Center in Smoke and Mirrors: The EPA's flawed Study of
Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Lung Cancer, Regulation, The Cato
Review of Business & Government - 1993 Number 3
"Since probable effects of bias and confounding have not been adequately
accounted for in the spousal smoking-lung cancer epidemiologic studies,
the EPA's conclusion that these studies support a causal inference is not
justified. "
"The ETS lung cancer epidemiologic data provide no scientific basis for
government regulation of smoking in the workplace. "
LeVois, M.E. et. al., Environmental Health Resources, Inconsistencies
between workplace and spousal studies of Environmental Tobacco
Smoke and Lung Cancer Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
19:309-316 - 1994
Quotable Quotes - A Critical Look at the EPA Report on ETS March, 96-Page l
" Among other unjustifiable gambits, this EPA report stands out for its
unorthodox insistence on one-tailed statistics and 90% confidence
intervals, for arbitrary and unproven adjustment procedures, and for its
. selective use of epidemiologic evidence. "
Gori G.B., The Health Policy Center, Bathesda, MD, Science, Policy and
Ethics: the case of Environmental Tobacco Smoke, Journal of Clinical
Epidemiology 47 (4):325-334 - 1994
0
"The reader of the EPA report gets the uneasy feeling that a certain
selectivity cannot be excluded ... this is a dangerous development against
which the scientific community must actively defend itself. "
Dr. F.A. de Wolff, Faculty of Medicine, University of Amsterdam,
Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde - March 5, 1994
"The statistical evidence does not appear to support a conclusion that
there are substantial health effects of passive smoking. "
Dr. Jane Gravelle, et. al., Senior specialist in Economic Policy,
Congressional Research Services, in testimony before the Subcommittee
on Clean Air and Nuclear Regulation Committee on Environment and
Public Works US Senate - May 11, 1994
"(A) closer look [at the EPA ETS risk assessment] shows that the EPA
manipulated data and finessed important points to arrive at a
predetermined conclusion. The agency compromised science to support the
political crusade against smoking. "
National Review - May 16, 1994
0 "Despite serious questions about the report's assertion that ETS causes
lung cancer and the process by which the EPA reached that conclusion,
leading US newspapers have treated this assertion as scientific fact. In so
doing, not only have they exaggerated what is known about the effects of
ETS, but they have missed an important story about the corruption of
science by the political crusade against smoking. "
Jacob Sullum, Forbes Media Critic - Summer 1994
"Faced with evidence that was weak, inconsistent and ambiguous, the EPA
finesses some important points and gave the data a vigorous massage to
arrive at the conclusion that ETS causes lung cancer. "
Jacob Sullum, managing editor of Reason magazine, quoted in - Passive
reporting on passive smoke, Mediacritic - Summer 1994
Quotable Quotes - A Critical Look at the EPA Report on ETS March, 96Page 2
"The EPA is attempting to prove that serious medical risks are created
by even casual exposure to secondhand smoke. In its effort to do so,
the EPA has manipulated selected portions of the existing literature
until it produced the desired result. "
Science, Economics and Environmental Policy: a critical examination, A
research report by the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution - August 11, 1994
0
"Critics in science, medicine and the nonpartisan Congressional Research
Service say the EPA ignored contrary studies, used unreliable
methodology, failed to consider such confounding factors as diet, health
care, poverty, heredity and consumption of alcohol and caffeine and
changed its statistical standards midstream to produce the politically
desired result. "
David Shaw in Living scared: why do the media make life seem so risky?,
Los Angeles Times - September 11, 1994
7 am adamantly opposed to smoking; I completely agree about the
magnitude of this health threat for people who smoke. But I think that the
EPA played very fast and loose with its own rules in order to come to the
conclusion that (secondhand) smoke is a carcinogen. "
Michael Gough, Senior Associate, Congressional Office of Technology
Assessment, quoted in Living scared: why do the media make life seem so
risky?, Los Angeles Times - September 11, 1994
Even when overall risk is considered, it is a very small risk (1.19) and it is
not statistically significant at a conventional 95% level.
Congressional Research Service, Report on Environmental Tobacco
Smoke and Lung Cancer Risk - November 14, 1995.
Quotable Quotes - A Critical Look at the EPA Report on ETS March, 96Page 3
A CRITICAL LOOK AT THE EPA
"EPA has not clearly conveyed to those outside or even inside the Agency
its desire and commitment to make high-quality science a priority. "
Safeguarding the Future: credible science, credible decisions, Report of
the internal Expert Panel on the Role of science at EPA - March 1992
0
"The science advice function -- that is, the process of ensuring that policy
decisions are informed by a clear understanding of the relevant science --
is not well defined or coherently organised within EPA. "
Safeguarding the Future: credible science, credible decisions, Report of
the internal Expert Panel on the Role of science at EPA - March 1992
"In many cases, appropriate science advice and information is not
considered early or of en enough in the decision making process. "
Safeguarding the Future: credible science, credible decisions, Report of
the internal Expert Panel on the Role of science at EPA - March 1992
"Some problems were much less serious than we thought they were.
Hazardous waste is the best example. We went much further than was
justified in terms of saving lives or protecting health ... We live in a
democracy, after all, and it shouldn't surprise us that we have set policy
according to what the public's been most alarmed about. "
Director William Reilly, former EPA Director, in an ABC programme -
25th April, 1994.
~ "The problem for many Democrats and Republicans is that the EPA
sometimes behaves as if facts matter less than political correctness. The
recent move to ban all indoor smoking for instance, rests on a deliberate
distortion of the research on the subject. "
Tony Snow, Washington Columnist for the Detroit News and former
speech writer for President George Bush, quoted in USA Today, Rein in
chicken littles running around at EPA - 16th May, 1994
"EPA science is of uneven quality, and the agency's policies and
regulations are frequently perceived as lacking a strong scientific
foundation. "
Michael Fumento, Investors' Business Daily, quoted in Passive reporting
on passive smoke by Jacob Sullum in Mediacritic - Summer 1994
Quotable Quotes - A Caitical Look at the EPA March, 96Page 4
WEAKNESSES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
"... an epidemiological association does not necessarily provide firm
evidence of a cause%ffect relationship. Quantitative exposure information
necessary for establishing exposure%ffect relationships is always difficult
to obtain. Public health administrators and decision makers have to be
made aware of these problems. "'
WHO positions on guidelines for epidemiology guidelines on studies in
Environmental Epidemiology, Environmental Health Criteria 27 - 1983
"One difficulty with epidemiology is its popularity with editors, both
medical and in the tabloid press. Epidemiological data make such easy
headlines, which everyone can understand and is entitled to have an
opinion about coffee causes cancer, breast cancer on the rise; and so on. "
Do epidemiologists cause epidemics?, The Lancet - 17 April 1993
"... an epidemiological association does not necessarily provide firm
evidence of a cause%ffect relationship. Quantitative exposure
information necessary for establishing exposure%ffect relationships is
always difficult to obtain. Public health administrators and decision
makers have to be made aware of these problems. "
WHO Positions on Guidelines for Epidemiology Guidelines on Studies in
Environmental Epidemiology Environmental Health Criteria 27, 1983, p.
342
"Many epidemiologists concede that their studies are so plagued with
biases, uncertainties, and methodological weaknesses that they may be
inherently incapable of accurately discerning such weak associations. "
0 Epidemiology faces its limits, Science - 14 July 1995
"People don't take us seriously ... and when they do we may unintentionally
do more harm than good. "
Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Head of the Epidemiology Department at the
Harvard School of Public Health, quoted in Epidemiology faces its limits,
Science - 14 July 1995
~
"Of all the biases that plague the epidemiologic study risk factors, the most ©
~
pernicious is the difficulty of assessing exposure to a particular risk ~
factor. " ~
~
Ken Rothman quoted in Epidemiology faces its limits, Science - 14 July
1995
~
~
..~
Quotable Quotes - Weaknesses of Epidemiology March, 96Page 5
"Today's bad for you was probably once a good for you - and vice versa.
Yet every new headline sends millions off on a search and destroy mission
in the pantry or a panicky visit to the doctor. We have become a nation of
nervous Nellies, ready to give up eating pleasures at the drop of a medical
report. "
40
"There's too much at stake for the health scare industry to admit to the
shortcomings of epidemiology. "
"Resist the temptation to incorporate a new finding into your health
regimen until it has been examined from many angles, for many years.
Wait out the long-term studies that actual test theories under controlled
conditions. Otherwise you may adopt a cure that's worse than the
disease. "
Philip E. Ross in Lies, damned lies and medical statistics, Forbes - 14
August, 1995
"There are myriad other examples of confusion or, worse, deliberate
distortion of statistics, but we find risk hardest of all to comprehend. "
How safe are our reactions? by Hamish McRae, The Independent - 14
September 1995
"The major sources of uncertainty for interpreting the epi results are
confounders - factors other than ETS which could explain the measured
risk values, and misclassification. This latter includes identifying current
smokers or recently quit smokers as never smokers (smoker
misclassification), identifying a person as exposed to ETS because her
spouse smoked when in reality she was not subject to any exposure
(exposure misclassification), and under or over estimating the amount of
ETS exposure (recall bias). "
Congressional Research Service, Report on Environmental Tobacco
Smoke and Lung Cancer Risk - November 14, 1995.
"As statistical studies, the interpretation of the findings in these studies are
subject to many limitations of statistical inference, and these limitations
have been the subject of considerable controversy in the debate on ETS
and lung cancer. "
Congressional Research Service, Report on Environmental Tobacco
Smoke and Lung Cancer Risk - November 14, 1995.
Quotable Quotes - Weaknesses of Epidemiology March, 96Page 6
WEAK ASSOCIATIONS
'A strong association between possible cause and effect, as measured by
the size of the risk ratio, is more likely to be causal than is a weak
association, which could be influenced by confounding or bias. "
Beaglehole, Bonita and Kjellstrom in "Basic Epidemiology", World Health
Organisation, Geneva 1993.
"Weak associations, particularly those with relative risks less than 2 and
especially those with relative risks less than 1.5, are, however, much more
likely to arise as an artifact arising from confounding. This is of particular
importance when considering associations with environmental tobacco
smoke exposure. "
Thornton, A., Lee, P. and Fry, J. in Differences between smokers, ex-
smokers, passive smokers and non-smokers, J. Clin. Epidemiol. 47 (10):
1143-1162 - 1994
"In epidemiologic research, relative risks of less than 2 are considered
small and are usually difficult to interpret. Such increases may be due to
chance, statistical bias, or effects of confounding factors that are
sometimes not evident. "
National Cancer Institute (USA), Office of cancer communications -
October 26, 1994
"Epidemiological studies in general are probably not able, realistically, to
identify with any confidence any relative risks lower than 1.3 (that is a 30
percent increase in risk). In that context, the 1.5 is modest elevation
compared to some other risk factors that we know cause disease. "
~ Dr. Eugenia Calle, Director of Analytic Epidemiology, American Cancer
Society, Washington Post - October 27, 1994
"In general, I think it's a general opinion, and my opinion, that if a relative
risk f gure goes below about three, then the significance of that results
becomes open to question. The relative risk we're talking about with ETS
are well below three, and most of them well below two. If it was anything
else but ETS I think people wouldn't bother with it at'all. They wouldn't
discuss it. The relative risks are far too low. "
Professor John Robert Ashford, Managing Director -of Exeter Health
Information Services, comments on OSHA proposed rule on Indoor Air
quality - 1995
Quotable Quotes - Weak Associations March, 96Page 7
CONFOUNDING FACTORS
"'Scientists in Hong Kong have linked certain Chinese food to lung cancer.
Their findings suggest that some of the most popular dishes, included cured
duck and pork, increase by 50% the risk of the disease. "
Nick Rufford quoted in Cancer link to Chinese Food, Sunday Times -
18th June, 1994
"At least 20 confounding factors have been identified as important to the
development of lung cancer. "
Gary L Huber, professor of Medicine at the University of Texas Health
Science Centre in Passive reporting on passive smoke by J. Sullum in
Mediacritic - Summer 1994
0
"The infinitesimal risk of developing lung cancer from second-hand smoke
(1.19 relative risk, according to the EPA) is actually lower than the risk of
developing cancer of the oesophagus from eating beef regularly (1.5) or
heart disease from eating one cookie a day (1.49). If risks were put in
perspective, Americans' support for costly regulatory schemes such as the
proposed public smoking ban would probably diminish. "
Cesar V. Conda in An environment for reform, The Wall Street Journal -
23rd January, 1995
"Studies in North America have shown that fine particle pollution from
cars and diesel at current levels are daily increasing mortality. "
Dr. Beates, Professor of medicine at the University of British Ontario,
quoted in Those car fumes can cut years off your life by Eleanor Bailey,
~ Daily Mail - 9th February, 1995
"The current death toll from all asbestos disease including mesothelioma is
about 3.000 a year. But that figure is expected by the Health & Safety
Executive, a government agency, to rise to between 5.000 to 10.000 a year,
which means there could be another 150.000 to 250.000 asbestos-related
deaths in store. "
A deadly toll, The Economist - 25th February, 1995
Quotable Quotes - Confounding Factors March, 96Page 8
'A study in the Journal of National Cancer Institute said radon, seeping
into homes from the ground, may cause about 14.400 lung cancer deaths in
the United States, and may be responsible for up to 30% of lung cancers
among non-smokers. "
Paul Recer quoted in Study blames Radon for lung cancer deaths, The
Record - 6th June, 1995
"In the non-smoking women who were exposed to husbands who smoked,
we saw a number of factors that could easily increase their risk of lung
cancer. This study indicates that we need to look at passive smoking and
diet together rather than trying to judge the influence of one factor alone. "
"Exposure to secondhand smoke includes many factors. The culture of the
home where there is a smoker includes not only smoking, but also other
lifestyle habits. Many of these, such as low vitamin intake and high
consumption of alcohol, also increase the risk of cancer. "
Genevieve Matanoski, MD, professor, epidemiology, Johns Hopkins
School of Public Health in Epidemiologic follow-up study with exposure
to spouses who smoke published in the American Journal of
Epidemiology - July 1995
"Some studies make considerable efforts to control for other factors and to
verify the classification of subjects into the proper categories; others do
little in that regard. Even the best of studies, however, face practical
limitations on their abilities to verify and control. "
Congressional Research Service, Report on Environmental Tobacco
Smoke and Lung Cancer Risk - November 14, 1995.
Quotable Quotes - Confounding Factors March. 96-Page 9
