Tobacco Documents Online

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.W KAMM ajogiCivc straia gauge atottnted on the tooth surfice or, i1,a,smati'pla.stic housing. In sudiusts. pressures in the opge of'20-1'30 toff have bdea; observed in normal ac- dvioersuc6 as speakang,and swaallbwing ,(Protrn, 1975): ©D Naantremta A'PPaM= to order to satitfy the smittretx requiretnen<s suted above: a miaiatut e: pressure-sensing element was de+ .eloped. This mieiature probe consists of a tliio -wailed Iioex rabber bulb. tararly spherical in shape (diam -' 0:15' cm). with a narrow tluva to aUow, attacltmetu to a ,eptxnt of 6ypot3et±mic aeemc tubing (Iettgth - r ani i.d. = 0:01 ctn),. The noodle tubin`, is connected to a Teflon catfieter (leogth -' s0 cm. i.d. - 0.05 cm) that l's to a low+ooatplistKe pressutr ttansdocer. The en- tare system (bulb to transdbcer) is filled with water to eiimina:e the eotop[ianae.due to fluid cotnpressiblity and tDerefore maximize the ttuble pressure range of ' the tkvice _ The bulb was moutnod oa the cigarette filter in one of two ways: tn otrc set otenperimeats (Series 1); dc bttlb was attarltiod diroctly eo &sttm[l exposed segment of the cellulose filter titatari.l at a distance of Ttnm from ttie tip of the filter usiss` a fast-acting contact adhesive: in tsye otber set (Scries II). the bufb was first mountbd otxo : a 1tm-1on= segmearof'thw-wallbd latex tube (nomittal ud. - 0.79 em) which coWd'bie slipped over the end of tbe filter to the desired ptssition. 71Ac laetet tnodif•ication was atlopted merely to facilitate ttbuatier of the probe. The assembled apparatus is shown in Figure i. When mounted in the fashion shown. a smoker's lips or filter boidcr ptas on the sensing ptiobe causing the uaetrui fluid pressure to increase. This is itnnediately sensed by the pressure tansducer and can be dispLyed I oo an osct7lt> .rMpe : screea. )ue wtho properties ~of ~ttte ~tinlb and Ito the distribution ox saasses oo the bulb, the recorded pressure (P,R) differs m jenerai kom the appliod pressure (P,,.). As, an ~ t71us- tration. eonsider a=cncrai functional relationship bawoett the volume of the sensing bulb N..a): the pressure d'iffer- eace actittg across the bulb (P.,,-P,.J. and the distri- riuuion of pressure acting on the external i surface of the bulb (D(ta,,whctt r, denoces position on the bulb surfacae]: V..1, - V.a.[P.a.,-P.. D(r.)I. (I1) Becausetlie volume o('iitcomqessible fluid within the measurernetx system it oans+unt. ch.npet io h•dh vnlume (QVr.n) and changes in trarudiiccr and tubing, volume (AVu...) must be of oqual magnitude but, opposite sign. 7lsorefpre. we can write: VY.D~ -' V%..1l., .. +~ OVbaft ~ ' VfrU~.. - OV@rar.,(2~) Note that AV,,,,,, is a functiioa only of the intertul'pres- surt ard the re fort can be sue:eC, Fis.rs I: Nteaaremer app.n.tus .ae awoeiaet da,i.nics: After ammbining Equations 1-3. the following futctioxul tedationship can be dbduced:~ Pa.. s' biPm., D(f.)I.. (4') Thcneforc.,to the estetxi ttut tltrdistra'bution of external pressure is either relatively constant or unimporunt. , P,., wt7l be.diroady related'to P,,,. Because the ex= form of'the function htP,K. D(c.)1 is not known. a~Calibration apparatus was developed and aaod with each indridtW'test. The device (Figure 2)was designed to tnitnic' as closely as possiblt the distribution of pressure produced by the lips, thus tnainnining, D(r,)) roughly, econstant. The calibration device consisu of two rigid Plcxijlas piates. each macfiinod to aaorpt a cigarette. anE a 10-cm !iratgth , of thin-waUed latex rubber tubing.. When asscmbled': the latei tube is positioned directiy over ttiesensing,bulbe andiprcswrx applied inside tlx tubc is direct(y exerted on the sensing bulb. We can assume that the pressure difference across the wall of the latex sleeve is small due' to the large local rrAui of curvature of the latex relatire to that oftlte sensing protie_ A calibration curve was obtained by inflating the Wtex tube to approat- atwely S' or 6 1 kvels of pr essurc within the range of in- tcncst: The relationship was plotted as E~ versus P..o M., is the output,vdtage o( the uansducrr associated with P„,) as in the samplc curve given in Figure 3. Proeocd for Up Prexsurr Measuranents In prvparaum for an cxpcruncns: dw sensing probe was ,i.W.....:; ~ _ _-- ~....,. - - ••V e%f the two ways dcscrtbcd.

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3t2 IGAM'M Tbbk 1 Oaa 5....r1c Lip he.orR Mr.wWseata UppK'Li. (i.1 >Ibaon.UR (A) oKnU (y) ) bb)W *I i SD HM 1km SD NM tfnu, SD Ligba+t w.i - fetia 1 I (be .rdW droU 2 17.0 U3 3 110.0 4t:7 3 96.5361 100.0' 1!7 3 40A 21.9 3 164 2.1 5 28.0 11.7' 33'0• 119 4 2.3~ 0.0 3 2.9' 0.9'. 4 2.7 0:3 13!0• 4111 S 10.0! 19.9 4 71A 16:3'. 3' 63A 17.7 100.0` 1.3 6 32.7 17s 4 6A 1.9 4 29.4 7L.6 11.3• 2.7 7 37.0! 110.7 3 3.91 2.1 3 30.5 78.9 ' 100`• 9.5 t 17.3 109.8 4 4.4 1.0 4I 43.9 93.9 3.4•• 5.3 9A 10.0' 1!3 .5 16A 3.6 4! 12.7 4.9 ta••' 3:11 911 3.1 0.7 3 10.4 9.2', 4! 7.8 6.3 173•• 1 13 10 16.7 4.6 7 IS.3 1.0 4 16:3 3.6 123° 1 1.6' 111 51.3 52.9 6 3.3 12 4I 27.3 46.6 3.100, 3.9 12 11.01 •10.1'4 23.01 21.8, 3'. 21i3 14.9 7.3'• 2:3' Am ye (SEl 40.7 (1:1) 23.71(4.6) i 341',(2.6) 2.9a(10:7/ 3.24 (0.61 Seriet II 1 7.9 2.3 4 18.9 7.9 3' 14.0 01 . t 2.1 2 (ql6brimoom ensrl 3 7.01 3.7 4 6'.7 1.6, 41 6:1 2.6 . t 1.3 4 3!3 9i!0 4 4.9 1.6 3 32.1 69.3 6.4•• 6.3 3 4.4 1.3 4 3.3 0.6 3! 4.0 1.1 2.51• 1.6 6 21.3 20.11 3 2.1 0.7 4 1,/a 11.9 .' t 3.4 7 124.0 43:1' 3 1+14-0 23.4 3' 133:0 37,2 133.0+ 1.3 t 10.7 2:1 4 373 25.3 4 22.6 ' 21.0 . t 2.6 9 93 23 4 2.6 13 4 5.7 4.1 1.0•• 1.6 10 14.9 Sa 4 6.7 6.5 3 9.7 7:2 4.10• 2.1 11i 51.8 33:6' 4 l.3 0.4 4 26:6' 34a 1 3.7 12 A.! npemel 13 Ola1 npeuxl 14 34!0 24.9 4 22.4 4.7 3~ 3E:1 211 20.3•• 2.3 IS 633 14.2' 4 11310 34.3 3 t2:9 41.0 37.1' 2.1 16 373 33A : 4 313 33.2 4 4R:6 44!0 . t 2.8 17 13t.0 40,4'. 6' 31.6 39.6 6 80.5 67.0 7,6•` 2.2 It 97.4 11.7 3 27.9 32.4 4 54,0 4318 S.1•• 1.9 I9 7,A 33 4 6_t 1!0 4 6:9 2:4' 12.70 1.t Avwatc (SE) 43.8 (3.31 29.0YE:11 33.t (3.11 23_1Kt4A1 2:46 /0:31 IYae-Nl p.rtaret t:.ea ia ro.r 1YM - Ar+nbi af awatrnarwo. ~iAn~ ..dl jrlb .4arRtr rpprr. JPy. ••LitAeua, w:r16ulb on lo.er GO: tDrffi sot asywu 4pp range with a, mean value of 34I turT: Tha pressurewas per or lower lip, we attempted to obtain a measurement 1bw= tAan that of the filter holders testod: but was closest: nrar the, maxiinal' point ofthis distribution. Due largeln lo the pressures produced by the Cambridge botder: to the considerable variability of insertion depth i from The scatter in the data rtporeed in Tabk l is due to a, smoker to :moker. 6owever, bulb: contact was often variexy of fxtors. Fitst, t!>ere are.obvious differences in difficult to accomptish. Failure of lip/bWb contact was iadiividuals' j#+w swcstres. muscle tone: and smoking be- trast vividly demoru;traced by the total absence of signal 6aiior. Erenthe sune indiwidu.l exhibited a wide degroe on the oscilloscope wllen the p.nelist's lips missed the of v.riabUiry from one draw to thr nettt: Thus. it is u5e. -prob€, altogetlxr. Thereforcft ths measurements must be ful to look at a eomprrisoo of the overall mean ipnossuric . aaki th: maRimum presswae for, ach subject (Table T). Typically. the maainwm pressurr was atiout twicr as fiigh, as the overall mean. Five subjocts., lrowever„ exhibited values of p.,, grur ttt.n four tinxs as Aigh as tAe mrin- We suspect ttiu thu was due to the pane.Jjsts' teeth com- ing into corti+cx with the scruin6 bulb. Another source of varnabiLty was the poumonung of the bulb bencath the lip:. The ea~acaa surss acxint bawocn the filter and lips was distaibwerd nonunifprmly botlt alrtnt the aus of the eWrzae and arvund the cucvmfcrertcc. By utsuucunt the pi to place the bulb squaneJ~ tpanstieither the up- viewed as approAimatr peak pressures and, based on the varial+ilitw of our tneaswements, the actual peak pressure during any particular puff may typically be two to three times as lar=e as the mean value giiven in Table I. T.Mc 2 t'1[e-Hoader t t...ns Fihe+ Holder l4at Ireuurt Mrawrrmonu Gmbner ~~ 47, 2 1 . •orrr-.ks i t I1II l i Filam SAD 1 S Mo+.-AU /..urn, r...~. w .on...

CONTACT STRESS (Tar) W W vss4sVgzoz

394' )LAMM were oomparabk to lbose exerted .vi(bin the . owouth ~ as mesmred by orber (ecbniques. but were Saerally lower dao tbroae produood by'dz varioNS types oftipu»e Mur' hoider oaed! for (esaoi purposes. Ooly the CarnDi 6oider, (=rcdyi rooomrneadad by 6e FTC) prodiucat Pcessur'a, that'.nc sim11.r to lip pneslues. RQ'fltE7aCM Lotuomsc. l. T.. FaacuL R! C.. [Houi D.. a Prt. , M. H. (1'9A): M'w.e d"ks liaxa+dois" mpuem aed indeaecuan: l1o4- Ilcntku of veeaLoae 6heia: .I4.r~ lorrwaf ef'r6Gt IfinoEdY. 76. 12m2-fZ09. lonrr. W. R. (1998); Mu.dc,p~wares .ed worL positioe: Txorta AAZTCM Svehes .od Au>aSli.n Abcx;Siem:.4q1e cinAoseaaa, 45. 1-1u. Trruoa. L. A:- a Otarwaa.l.1l. (197D). PiRmurndiac rRLoan- diipr fQ diaoc aibes aed tlteir ~11i aom ~o otriei. Ptn 1: T1~eu reocat ataoaehipa: JVfedind al aroresimt awwenal .s< cow r..iw=, lS. 11-17. TorowrExao. S.. a wooroWaY4L=Gn. S. (1969). Tlieorq dplres .d iibeIIt. fACkcnriq Saiery Mfowogrq~A. ?k. Yort Ms>r,unf l[ill. ATPENDIX' ttni : oi FiNter-Haldv Ttnaores The messurameat of f0oer-6oider pressure proved lto be ase- kl, oat only for aoatpetnscn to 6p peeswne. but atso n ats in dtpendeat tatxoa of, albr.ooe. Dena:e ~e jooareuy of U+e syma~eaic nw latires tnbe sotlSera. Filaooa aed 8oi , is ad!cidacivety saQi dtr ptss9ue they exaroao afioerdtxawn diaarerer can be predicrod .i& reasonable aonunry,. The elssric tubes n:ed in two two boidtrs aio utbjecand to bcth ati.) aad icum>mfereatid istraio i dmotad!b)r a aM t,,. respoc- tsvely: If the tube nla is asratmad to behave as a hotttogettoraw aod ixaoQic tEio-walSed membraae.,dm a#ieae sttains are :txlased a tse eircumfersamal teeiioe through (Tiiawsheaho t Woioo,~:ky*Kr6e;er; 196%: T - Eaoi + .ey(il' - .). (A-1) w6err E icthe Young; s modWus of the trrarerial. e is Poitsc9a's taoo and b is t#se ot6e wall tludmi axial srtsss saasfies: Q - Eb(c. + .e.N() - 4. (A'2). The prrssure difietena rrou the raernbrane is related to the'e membnae teazioa aod loca! I ndius of curvature in two rrweu- all3 PefiPendicuLar Planies and I ii pirea Ey: eP' - P. - P. - TIR, - QeR.. (IK-3) .6cre; R, aod R, are tbe radii of atrvaaue of tl+e : surfaer io a cou-ee.^i~+i»~ iii6or and axial plrne. tespoctively: whea the tvbe is racuat ed but befork a ca=arear is inserted ido the eowr_r: P. - P. am TIR. - Q/R.. When the cipraQe ir in piaae. 1R. -.land T - R,OP - El+(e. + .e,)/(1 - 0). (A-4) li[oreover: a+acoe . tbe , volume of 'avbe .vall rr,auias constant: SRL. M h.R.I ~., (A-S) v6ei e lE.. R:. and i- ane the thicknest, radius. and knSch of tbr uasaessad tube. Changes in rad"nu and knStli are related a the cvwmfeneaoai aod axall srraia aooorddia= to: .. ~ (R' - R)L a ~ (L - LJ/L,- These expressions can tie ooo+Dierd with Equation A-3 to yield: S - IL(w + 1M. + 11: Substituting ioco Equation A-1' we obtain: eP - Fh. (1 + eJ([(R' - R)K1 +viJIM1 - d)). (A-6) Of the p.ramerea otr the right io Equatioa A-6. only, c. is mtbtowrn but is esorrrted to be0:1S'toribrorh Aterla)derrtestedl P'loaiag OP as a/itncmon of a:id suaiin. we obsain Figure S! The above analysis assnrnes Dorh dut' the .call I is very thin and that the strsss-stnain brluvior of l.tex rubber, is linear. This is'. however. only an approximation. the accuracy of which decreases with increasing straia. Ao awlysis that relaxes both oialiese ooastraiats has been performed!by Taylor and Crerrard (1977) for the esse of uro axial strain. Their, resulti can bc wriaen: AP 2 E7t. ( _ R:1 (1 + 1.ltd~) . 3 @. '`ll R~ J 0 + ki (A-7) The value of aP wmputed Iby this equation is also shown in Figure 3. If we assurnei without proof. that ctian`es in aXaaW trrtiin atfea AP siinlarly for both cases. we obcainahe approar mae rxlaaiomhipc iodi~sated by the dash-0ot lines in the figure Maoa.ottipt ,wme;rad DaoeeMeri 21., 1Aar, aviyoa aeraeprd fa puD(rario. Noc S, 1AS5: )