Tobacco Documents Online

nitroso compounds, ascorbic acid and total bile acids in gastric juice of paticnts with and without pneattcctous conditions of the stomach. Carcinogenesis. 12:193 (1991). 48. R.W. Kneller, W: D. Guo, A.W. Hsing, J: S. Chen, W.J. Blot, J. Y. Li„D. Fotman, and J.F.J. Fratttnati, Risk factors for stomach cancer in sixty-Gve Chinese counties, Cancer Epidem. Biomarkers Prevenrion. 1:113 (1992). 49. P.L. Arroyo, V. Hatch-Pigott, H.F. Mowa, and R.V. Cooney, Mutagcnicity of nitric oxide and its inhibition by antiozidants. Mutat. Res. 281:193 (1992). 50. R.P. Bease'.y„Hepatitis B virus, Cancer. 61:1942 (1987). 51. E. Tabor and K Kobayashi, Hepatitis C virus, a causative infectious agenrof non- A, non-B hepatitis: prevalence and smtaure-sumtmry of a conference on hepatitis C virus as a cause of dqatouelltilar carcinoma, J. Nat1. Cancer Inst. 84:86 (1992). 52. M.-W. Yu, S: L You, A: S. Chang, S: N. Lu, Y: F. Liaw, and C: J. Chen, Association between hepatitis C virus andbodies and hepatoeellular carcinoma in Taiwan. CancerRes. 51:5621(1991). 53. J. Parsonnet, GD. Friedmatt, D.P. Vsndasteat, Y. Chang, J.H. Vogeltttan, N. Orentreich, and R.KC Sibley, Helicobacta pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma, N. Engl.l. Med. 325:1127 (1991). 54. C.P. Dooley, H. Cohen, PL Fitzgibbau, M. Bauer. M.D. Appletnan, G.L Perez- Perez, and MJ. Blaser, Prevalence of Helicobacter pyloFi infection and histologic gamitis in assymptoriatic persons, N. Eng1. J. Med. 321:1562 (1989). 55. Tl. Cover and M.J. Blaser, Helicobacter pylori and gastroduodenal disease, Ann. Rev. Med. 43:135 (1992). 56. C. Howson, T. Hiyama, and E Wynder, The decline in gastric canea: epidemiology of an unplanned triumph, Epidemiol. Rev. 8:1 (1986). 57. 1vL Chen, Progress in assessmcnrof morbidity due to Schistosoma japonicum infection, Trop. Dis. Bull. 85:2 (1988). 58. M. Chen and K. Mott, Progress in assessment of tnorbidity due to Schistosotna hactnatobium infection, Trop: Dis. Bull. 86:2 (1989). 59. P. Srivantanakul, S. Sontipong, P. Chotiwan, and D.M. Parkin, Liver cancer in Thailand: temporal and geographic variations,J. Gattroenterol.Xepatol. 3:413 (1988). 60. K. Shanmugaramam, Pritnary carcinomas of the liver and biliary aact; Br. J. Cancer. 10:232 (1956). 61. C.G. Fraga, PA. Motchnik, M.K. Shigenaga, HJ. Helbock. RA Jaeob, and B.N. Ames, Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative damage in human spam., Proc. Ntitl. Acaa. Sci. USA. 88:11003 (1991). 62. B.H: Patterson and G. Block, Fruit and vegetable consumption national sutveyy data, in: "Micronutrients in Health and in Disease Prevention,.° A. Bendich and C.E. Butterworth, ed„ Marcel Dekker, New York (1991). 63: B.L. Cohen, Catalog of risks extended and updated, Health Phys. 61:317 (1991). 64. M. Viczian, Ergebnisse von spetmattntetsuchungen bei zigarenentauchern,7schr. Hatu-Geschi. Krkh. 4:183 (1968). 65. HJ. Evans, J. Fletcher. M. Torrance, and T.B. Hargreave, Sperm abnormalities and cigarette smoking., Lancet. 1:627 (1981). 66. J. Crow, How much do we know about spontaneous human mutation rates?, Environ. Mol. Mutagen. (ln press). 67. J.B.S. Haldane,l3te rate of muntion of the gene for hemophilia and its segregation ratios in males and femaks., Ann. F.+Sgat.13:262 (1947). 68. M.J. Khoury, Maternal cigarette smoking and oral clefts: A population-based study, Ant. !. Public Health. 77:623 (1987). 69. JJ. Khoury. M. Gomez-Farias, and J. Mulinare, Does maternal smoking during pregnancy cause cleft lip and palate in offspring., AJ.D.C. 143:333 (1989). 70. G.W. Comstock and F.EJ. Lundin, Parental stnoking and perinatal mortality., Am. J. Qbsr. Gynec. 98:708 (1967). 71. L.C. Koo, J. Ho, and R. Rylander, Life-history oottelates of environmental tobacco smoke: a study on nonsmoking Hong Kong Chinese wives with smoking versus nonsmoking husbands, Soc. Sci. Med. 751 (1988). 72. CD. Heary, J. Ha:ris, M. Usatin, D. Epstein, H.K. Ury, and R.R. Neutra. Investigation of a cluster of anencxphaly and spina bifida, AmJ. Epidennial. 120:559 (1984). 73. G. Mau and P. Netter, Die auswirkungpn des vaeteriichen zigaiettenconsums auf die perinatale sterblichkeit und die nussbildungshaeufigkeit, Dtsch. Med. wociiensclu•. 99:1113 (1974). 1I1

74. D.A. Savitz, P. Schwingl, and MA. KeeL•, Influence of paternal age,smoking. and alcohol consumption on congenital anomalies. Teratology. 44:429 (1991). 75. J. Schmid, Rauchen, pille und schwangerschaft. Schweiz. Rundschau Med. 78:1(X) (1989). 76. F. Schmidt, Rauchen schaedigt die maennliche Zeugungsfaehigkeit, Andral.ogiu. 18:445 (1986). 77. D.S. Seidman, P. Ever-Hadani, and R. Gale, Effect of maternal smoking and age on congenital anomalies, Obstet. Gynecol. 76:1046 (1990). 78. E. Goid, L Gotdis, J. Tonascia, and M. SzJdo, Risk factors for brain tumors in children, Am. J. Fpidemtol. 109:309 (1979). 79. S. Grufferman, H.H. Wang, E.R DeLong, S.Y.S. Kimm, E.S. Delnell, and J.M. Falleaa, Environmental factors in the etiology of rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 68:107 (1982). 80. S. Grufferman, ES. Delzell, M.C Maile, and G. Michalopoulos, Parents' cigarette smoking and childhood cancet; Med. Hypotheses. 12:17 (1983). 81. E.M. John, D.A. Savitz, and D.P. Sandler, Prenatal exposure to parents' smoking and childhood cstNxr, Mt. J. Epidenuol.133:123 (1991). 82. H.E. Johnston, J.R Mann, J. Williams, JA.H. Waterhouse, J.M. Binch, RA. Camvright, G.J. Draper. A.L Hatrley, PA. Hopton, and CA. Stiller, The inter-regiottal. epidemiological study of childhood cancer (IRESCC): case- control study in children with germ cell tumours., Carcinogenesis. 7:717 (1986). 83. C Magnani, G. Pastore, L.Luz7atto, and B. Terracini, Parental occupation and other environmental factors in the etiology of leukemias and non- Hodgkin's lymphomas in childhood: a case-control study, Tumori. 76:413 (1990). 84. CL Neutel and C Buch, Effect of smoking during pregnancy on the risk of cancer in chiidren; J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 47:59 (1971). 85. S. Preston-Martin, M.C. Yu„B. Benton, and B.E. Henderson, Nitroso compounds and childhood brain tumors: a ease-control study, Cancer Res. 42:5240 (1982). 86. E.P. Sandler, RB. Everson, and AJ. Wildox, Cancer risk in adulthood from early life exposure to parents' smoking, Arn. J. Public Health. 75:487 (1985). 87: A. Stewart, J. Webb, and D. Hewitt, A survey of childhood mali'gnancies, Br. Med. !. 1:1495 (1958). 88. G. Block, B. Patterson„and A. Subar4 Fruit, vegetables and cancer prevcndon: A review of the epidettuologic evidence, Ntnr. Cancer. 18:1 (1992). 89. E. Bjelke (1973) Epidemiologic studies of cancer of the stomach, colon, and rectum; with special emphasis on the role of diet. (University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan) 90. G.R. Howe, T. Hirohata, and T.G. Hislop, Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: combined analysis of 12 case-control stttdies, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82:561 (1990). 91. CH. Hennekens, J.M. Goziano, J. Mattson, and J. Buring, Beta-carotene and cardiovascular disease, in: "Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.," ed. The New York Academy of Sciences, New York (1992). 92: B.H. Patterson, G. Block, W.F. Rosenberger, D. Pee, and L..L Kahle, Fruit and vegetables in the American diet Data from the NHANES II survey, AMt. J. Public Health. 80:1443 (1990). 93. W.P.T. James "Healthy Nutrition;" WHO Regional Publications, Copenhagen (1988). 94. B.H. Patterson and G. Block, Food choices and the cancer guidelines, Am. !. Public Nealth. 78:282 (1988). 95. G. Block, The data support a role for antioxidants in reducing cancer risk, Nutr. Reviews. 50:207 (1992). 96. G. Gridley, J.K. McLaughlin, G. Block, WJ. Blot, M. Gluch, and J. Fraumeni J.F., Vitamin supplement use and reduced risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer, Am. J. EpidemFoL 135:1083 (1992): 97. B. Frci and B.N. Ames, Small molecule antioxidant defenses in human extracellular fluids, in: "Ihe Molecular Biology of Free Radical Scavenging Systems," J. Scandalios, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York (1992). 98. A. Bendich and C.E. Butterworth Jr., Ed. Micronutrients in Health and in Disease Prevention. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1991. 99. S.K. Gaby, A. Bendich, V.N. Singh, and LJ. Machlin "Vitamin lntake and Heaith,° Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1991). 12

100. A.Z Reznick, Vitamin E and the aging process, in: "Vitamin E. Biochemistry and Clinical Applicatons:'t.. Packer and J. Fuchs. ed.. Mane) Dckkcr.Inc.. ,tiew York (1992). 101. N_1. Krinsky, Antioxidant functions of carotenoids, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 7:617 (1989). 102. EJ. Rousscau, AJ. Davison,wnd B. Dunn. Protection by 6carotcnc and rclatcd compounds against oxygen-modiated cytotoxicity and gcnotoxictty: implications for carcinogenesis and antiearcinogenesis. Free Rud. Rinl. Mcd. 13:407 (1992). 103. P. Palozza and N.1. Krinsky, b-earotene and a-tocopherot aresynergistic antioxidants, Arch. Biochent. Biaphys. 297:184 (1992). 104. B.N. Ames. R. Cathcatt, E. Schwius, and P.Nochstein. Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant- atd tadical-causeJ aging and cancer A hypothesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 78:6858 (1981). 105. B. Frci, M.C Kim, and B.N. Ames. Ubiquinol-10 is an effeaive lipid-soluble antioxidant atphysiologial concenttadons, Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:4879 (1990). 106. R. Stocker. Y. Yamamoto, A.F. MeDonagh, A.N. Glazcx, and B.N. Ames, Bilirubin is an antioxidancof possible physiological importance, Science. 235:1043 (1987). 107. R. Kohen. Y. Yamamoto, K. Cundy, and B.N. Ames. Antioxidant activity of camosine, homocarnosine, and anserine present in muscle and brain, Proc. Narl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:3175 (1988). 108. R. Stocker, V. Bowty, and B. Frei, Ubiquittol-10 protects human low-density lipoprotein moae efficiently against lipid peroxidation than does a)pha- tocopherol, Proc. Nntl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88i1646 (1991): 109. B.N. Ames. MK. Shigenaga, and LS. Gold, DNA lesions, inducible DNA tepair, and cell division: three key factors in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, Environ. Health Perspect. (In press). 110. B.N. Ames and LS. Gold, Chemical carcinogenesis: too many rodent carcinogens, Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci: USA. 87:7772 (1990). 111. B.E. Henderson, R.K. Ross, M.C. Pike, and J.T. Casagrande, Endogenous hormones as a major factor in human caneer, Cancer Res. 42:3232 ()982). 112. P.A. Moalli. J.L MacDonald, LA. Goodglick, and A.B. Kane, Acute injury and regeneration of the mesotheluim in response to asbestos fibers, Am. J. Pathol. 128:426 (1987). 113. A. Columbano, G.M. Ledda-Columbano, M.G. Ennas, M. Ctuto„A. Chelo, and P. Pani, Cell proliferation and promotion of liver carcinogenesis: Different effect of hepatic regeneration and mitogen-induced hyperplasia on the development of enzyme-altered foci, Cell. 11:771 (1990). 114. P.A. Cerutti, Oxidant stress and carcinogenesis, Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 21:1 (1991). 115. PA. Amstad; G. Krupitza, and PA Centtti, Mechanism of c-fos induction by active oxygen, Cancer Res. 52:3952 (1992). 116. D. Boscoboinik, A. Szewczyk, and A. Am, Alpha-tooophetol (vitamin E) regulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and protein kinase C activity, Arch. Biochent. Biophys. 286:2.64 (1991). 117. D. Boscoboinik, A. Szewczyk, C Hensey, and A. Azzi, Inhibition of cell proliferation by aipha-tooopherol. Role of protein )cinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 266:6188 (1991). 118. J.S. Bertram, A. Pung. M. Churley, TJ.L Kappock, LR. Willons, and R.V. Cooney. Diverse carotenoids protect against dsanically induced neoplastic transformation, Carcinogenesis. 12:671(1991).. 119. G. Wolf, Retinoids and carotenoids as inhibitors of carcinogenesis and inducers of cell-cell communication, Nutr. Rev. 50:270 (1992). 120. G. Block, V itamin C and cancer prevention: the epidemiologic evidence, Am. J. Clin. Nurr. 53:270 (1991). 121. J.E. Enstrom, L.E Kanim, and MA. Klein, Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population, Epidemiol. 3:194 (1992). 122. T. Byers and G. Petry; Dietary catotenes, vitamin C, and vitamin E as protective antioxidants in human cancers, Annu. Rev. Nutr. 12:139 (1992). 123. A.H. Daoud and A.C. Griffin, Effect of tetinoic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, selenium and sorbic acid on azo-dye hepatocarcinogenesis, Cancer Len. 9:299 (1980). 124. H. Kushida, K. Wakabayashi, M. Suzyhi, S. Takahashi„K. Imaida, T. Sugimura,, and M. Nagao, Suppression of spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma 13'

-velopment in C3HlHeNCtj mice by the lipophilic ascorbicacid, 2-0- c•-tadecylascorbic acid (CV-3611), Carcino8cnesis. 13:913 (1992). 125. B.S. Rec ly and N. Hirota, Effect of dietary ascorbic acid on 1,2- e_ ztethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in rats. Fed. Proc. 38:711(1979 ). 126. M. Bagn.:.sco, C. Bennicelli, A. Catnoitano, R.M. Balansky, and S. Dc Flora, Metabolic alterationsproduced by cigarette smoke in rat lung and liver, and their modulation by oral N-aceryTcysteine. Mutagtrusis. 7:295 (1992). 127. C: Leuchtenberger and R. Letuhtcnbetges, Protection of hamster lung cultures by L-cysteine or vitamin C against carr.:nogcnic effects of fresh smoke from tobacco or marihuana cigarettes, Br.J. F.xp. Path. 58:625 (1977). 128. D.A. Wink, K.S Kasprzak, CM. Maragos, R.K. Elespuru, M. Misra, T.M. Duttams„TA Cebula, W.H. Koch, A.W. Andrews. J.S. Allen, and L.K. Keefer. DNA dearttinating ability and genotoxicity of nitric oxide and its progetti tots, Science. 254:1001 (199 1). 129. C. Nathan, Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. FASEB. 6:3051 (1992). 130. T.M Knight, D. Forman, H. Ohshima, and H. Bartsch, Endogenous nitrosatic*n of L-proline by dietatry-detived nitrate, Nurr. Cancer. 15:195 (1991). 131. J.T. MacGregor, R. Schlegel, C.M. Wehr, P. Alperin, and B.N: Ames. Cytogenetic damage induced by folate deficiency in mice is enhanced by cafl'eine, Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:9962' (1990). 132. M.J. Starnpfer, M.R. Malinow, W.C Willett, L.M. Newcomer. B. Upson. D. Ullmann, P.V. Tishler, and C.H: Hennekens. A prospective study of plasma homocyst(e)ine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians, JAMA. 268:877 (1992): 14