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IIIIQtlIRllllllllllll~~ll ihe role of._ ~ R- All mamzCnancC ~!~/~ and operations roviding I~ in p acceptable _~ ualit ir i d y ~ ~ q oor a n by Hoy Bohanon and Barry Lynch of the many interrelationships that successful facilliity managers must understand, one of the most important is between air qcualityn the operation and maintenance of engineered air handling systems and people's perceptions about their environment. These factors come together under the broad topic of indoor air quality tIAQ). . FWS~.)burnai March/A'pril1993. 25

The comprehensive scope of'. indoior air quality issues includes informationfrom the fields of engineering, industrial hygiene, chemistry, physiology, psychology, medi- cine and Imicrobiology: The rtechnical issuess involved are becoming more complex as scientific research reveals new information. Facility managers are responsible for main- taining indoor air quality, yet there is no universal ly accepted definition or method of measurement for; indoor air quality as a whole. The information in this article is based on ; R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.'s experience operating and maintaining more than 5 mil- lionsquarefeet ofimanufacturing, office and storage space. Current technicai' literaturee also provides references for general condi- tions tha apply to all facility managers. In- door air quality can be controlled through proper operations andlmaintenance proce- dure. This article covers three categories of' indoor air quality issues and the mostappro- priate facilities responses. These are summa- rized in Tab1e A: sues, other factors must be considered in sick building syndrome cases3. One factor is thermal comfort', in which symptoms may developdue to uncomfortable working con- ditions. Another factor is job stresss: When the building is a workplace, symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, runny nose and diz- ziness could be caused by job stress and may disappear when an employee leaves the office. According to Ronald E. Gots, M.D., Ph.D., of the National Medical Advi- sory Senrice; "More than half of the time, psycho-social factors ~like stress and job sat- isfaction, as well as ergonomics andlwork area lighting., are at least as important in people's perceptions about the qual ity of the air as the air itself2." Since there are no accepted standardg formeasuring "good" indoor air quality, one way to look at the issue is to determine characteristics of buildings with "bad"' air quality: Healthy Buildings International, a firm specializing in evaluating indoor air quality, studied 695 "problem" buildings. HBI concluded thatfaulty operation or poor CYITEGORY' MEASURABLE IN FACIILMES RESPONSE TI'iE AIR Temperature and' Easily with idry bulb and'. Technical Operataons- Humidity, web bulb thermometer Adjust and Modify HVAC Contaminants Yes-but with great Technical Maintenance- difficulty diflficulty Proper Ventilation and Maintenance: Human factors such Never A'drninistrat,ive Operations- as job stress, poor good relationships lightingiergonomics between FMs~and clients and FM recognition problems Table A 1VIIrMat is Indoor Air Quality? IAQ has generated a great deal oflinter- estJately, primarily because of the increased concerns relating to Building,Related Illness (BRI) and Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). It,is important to realize that some of'the factors associated'with these conditions have noth- ing to do with air quality. BRI involves a medically identifiable disease with symptoms that can last for an extended period'. Additionally,BRI is reia+ tively rare2. The most notorious example was the bacterial infection from Legionella during aniAmerican Legion convention in Philadelphia in 1'9761 resulting,in the death of 29 people2. SBS most often is defined as a condition in which 20 percent of the occupants of a building exhibit symptoms that, go away when they leave the building'. In addition to all of the possible air contamination is, maintenance of'the ventilation systemswas the underlying cause of the problem in more thani80 percent of the buildingsb. Tobacco smoke is a symptom~of poor ventilation and many studies have found that itis nota cause of building airiquality problems7: Biological Consideratiions. Various microorganisms suspended in the air that we breathe include bacteria,, algae, protozoa, fungi (such as molds, yeasts and' mushroom spores) and viruses. The amount (concentration) and type (genus, species) of' microorganisms in the air de- pends on the local environmental condi- tions. In~ generail, high moisture concentrations and a food'source (such ass dirt) for an organism will result in microbial growth. It is difficult to predict whether the species that will grow is one of the many to which humans might react unfavorably. Therefore, facility managers should strive to eliminate damp locations in their buildings. Legionella is an airborne bacterium that grows in i stagnant water with a source of iron, It is rather unique ini that it appears to spread only through the air and not from human contactn: Air conditioning, systems can provide an environment where Le- gionella can grow and spreads. Proper op• eration, maintenance and cleaning of'the HVAC systems will minimize risk, of Le- gionella growth, Other biological considerations some- timesJinkedtoindoorairquality include the following: ~ Mold, mildew and bacterial growth on surfaces where moisture is present'°:. Growth can occur under wallpaper, om ceiling,tiles and under carpeti ~ Irritating dust containing such biologi- cal contaminants as insect parts andl residues". f Dust mite allergens'2. ~ Cat dander allergens. (The substancess presumably were brought into the building on the clothes of cat owners. Most of these allergens havebeen found in,upholstered chairs'2.) Chemical Considerations In addiition to: biologital sources, chemicals can affect indoor air quality. AA class ofichemicals known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) hasbeen rthe subject of many studies'3. Paints; cleaning solutions, pesticides andisome construction materials may contain high concentrations of VOCs: Another chemical I of: concern is carbon monoxide (CO). Carbon monoxide is an odor- less, colorless gas that is deadly in high con- centrations. It is a by-product of combustion or burning,and its sources are automobiles, coal, oil; gas furnaces, stoves and tobacco smoke. Toxic concentrations come from im- properly vented combustion. Checking com- bustion sourceventi(ationis an important part of any maintenance routine. However, CO rarely rises to hazardous concentrations, as indicated in Tables B'and C. The data in Tables 6 and C indicate that concentrations vary bylocation. Concentra- tions also vary by time as indicated'by the statistical basisforeach number. Aone-time spot reading in aibuilding forany chemical concentration cannot prove that the buildg ing is "safe:'"'A high concentration reading indicates that you have a problern~ while a low concentration reading only means that you do not~ have a problem in that area at one pointin time. Ventilation With hundreds of' microbiological or- ganisms and chemicals present in a build- ing; facility managers may be tempted'to. 26 Fh1 Journal MarcJi/April 1993.

, CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS- CONCENTRATION EFFECTS (PPM) Possible headache in two to thnee hours ' 200 Headache, dizziness, nausea in 20 minutes. Possible death in 2 hours 1.600 Immediate effect# unconsciousness and danger of I death in'1 to 3 minutes 112.800 Table B CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS- MEASURED' CONCENTRATION (PPM) Outdoorair-rvral areas USA Not detectable Office building irt North Carolina with Unrestricted smolti 1.3 (median) Office building in Michigan-smoking prohibited 2'D (median) Gas heated home Chica o centralhead (test home) 35 (peak) Inside automobile-Washi tion, DC 50 (mean)' EPA 8 hour'standard for Outdoor Air 9i0 (peak) Parking Garage .-Washington. DIC. 10:4 (mean) i Outdoor air- i os Angales (B hn) 1640 (peak). Kitchen in!house with Kerosene stove-Cairo, Egypt 16:2 (peak) Parking Garage-Denver 18B '(mean). Workplace Threshold limit:value for 8 hour workday and 40 hourwork week (ACGIH) 25.0 (time weighted avg.) Table C MINIMUM OUTDOOR AIR APPLICATION CFMJ('PERSON CFMXFT' 7fice space 20 Conference Rooms 20 Telecommunication centers 20 Reception areas 15. Dining,roorns 200 Kitchens (cooking) i 15. Cornidors and utilities 0105 1 Locker and dressing rooms 05 Enclosed parking garage 1.50 Table D: from,ASHRAE Standard 62-198!9' track them all down and controli them. While this undertaking might produce inter, esting',scienti8c data and offer life-time'em- ployrnent, you soon would discover thatt things keep changing: G1/hy?'Because peo- ple constantly enterand leave facilities. People produce carbon dioxide and' body odors. They also carry'andlspreadl many kinds of Ibacteria and viruses. In addi- tion, human i actiwities involving the use, of' perfume, cologne, hair sprays, coffee, to- bacco and cooked foods can generate'more substances. Rather than try to classify, regu- late andicontrol human activity, thesolution is to dilute the' indoor environment with outside, air. Proper ventilation will dilute concentrations ofI whatever chemicals are generated by the people in your building. "Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quali ty," ASHRAE Standard 62-19892', wass devised 'to specify minimum ventilation, rates and indoor air quaiity that will be acceptable to human occupants and are intended to minimize the potentialifor ad- verse health effects:"'Ventilation can allevi- ate many of' the problems commonly associated with, indoor air quality. One of' the key requirements of ASHRAE'standard 62~-19'89 is the quantity of outdoor air sup- plied:to a space. Table D lists some of the requirements of concern to facility manag- ers: Outdoor air is usedlin buildings to pro- vide good ventilation. If the outdoor air quality is poor, measures mus't' be taken to clean itbefore introducing it,into the indoor FM journat MarcA/Aprr!'1I983: environment. Since the purpose of air in- takes is to provide outside air to maintain the quality'of indoorair, onemustconsider their location. Outdoor ain intakes must be kept clear from: ¢' sources of auto exhaust (busy'streets and parking garages); -Df garbage dumpsters, ~ idling,diesel trucks, -(~ exhaust from your building, 4- exhaust from other, buildings in close' proximity to yours, ~ unsanitary debris and + standing water22. Techniical l Operations' andl Maintenance HVAC Operations Ventilation is required'wheneverpeople are presenL Operation of IyourHVAC sy,stem fans depends on the presence of'people in the space and'not just on the temperature of ~ the'spacee Many smaller HVAC systems cy= cle on and off based on thermostat settings; This mode of operation does not provide proper ventilation. You must modify your operations practices or controls to provide the ventilation needed. Make sure that exhaust fans operate properly and that the controls provide ven+ tilation whenever the equ ipmen[ is operated or there are people in the area: Temperature. Temperature also impacts HVAC opera- tions. ASHRAE standard 5 523 describes proper thermal ienvi ronments forvarious oe cupancies. In office operations, several problems with' maintaining comfortable temperatures may occur. Some' problems associated with frequent personnel moves and space renovations follow: 4, The system does not have the capacity to meet'the heating or cooling'joad. You must add capacity, which can be very expensive: ~ The air is not properly distributed. You can move the'existing outlets, which is cost efficient, or add outlets, which would be more expensive. ~ The thermostatic control is located in a different area. The solution is to either move the thermostats; which is the most cost-effective solution, or add I zones, which would be more expensive. Another problem, which can ioccur in cold 'weather, is drafts through windows and I doors: If' the heating system is operating', correctly, this problem may be caused by a, lack of outside air. if your system does not provide outside airor providean insufficient 27

quantity, then your building will operate under negative pressure (a vacuum) and air will be drawn in aroundlthe cracks in the windows and through open doors. If you are in a high-rise, this problem is eompoundedlbythe stack effect. Yourbuild- ing acts as a chimneyand the warm airrises out the top drawing cold air in the lower floors. The solution is to pressurize the building,with outside air. This isa win-win solution because it provides needed wentila- tion air and improves thermal comfort. Humidity is anothen challenge for an HVAC system. The first rule for controlling humidity in your building is that'ypu must have a vapor barrier built into the walls, floor and ceiling. If your vapor barrier is impropedy installed, damaged or missing, it will bealmost'impossible to maintain a uni= form humidity inside:. During cool seasons, vaporbarrierprob+ lems cause discomfort because of high hu- midity. Worse than discomfort is the almost certain probability_ of' creating, wet areas within your structure. These wet areas will provide breeding grounds for microorgan- isms. Since they are within the structure itself,' you will not be able to see them~without removing wallpaper or sheet rock. The grow- ing microorganisms can cause allergic or other reactions in your employees before any structural damage (i.e., microorganisms eat- ing the glue off of the wallpaper) becomes apparent to you. During, cold weather it is desirable to add moisture to the air for comfortl If you add too much moisture, coldlbuilding sur- faces can become saturated I(wet) and 1 mi - crobial'problems will occur.lf'you neglect humidification, static electricity from car- pets and drying of'mucous membranes will cause complaints. What's a facility manager to dof ~ Control humidification below the level of'condensationon building surfaces;. -1~ Make sure;that a humidifier is properly cleaned and maintained; -1~ Exercise extreme caution with chemical additives to humidifiers; and 4- Make sure that controls are properiyy located and maintained: Maintenance Unless you are trained in the area of refrigeration andl air conditioning instru- mentation, controls andlmaintenance; ma+ jor system repair and maintenance are best left to professionals: However, the best wayy Comir,g This ApriNQ The Premiere Indoor Air Quality Conference of 1993! 5ponsored By: BuFld/ng Isuesln,U#q Management Evaluatlon &..MltlgafJan EnrviROntMErvT `93. I1'VDOO~R -A- Prnyranu & Pn11cy. • IAQ Publications Ihc. • American Industri.al! Hygiene Assn. • American Institute of Plant Engineers • National Institute of Building Sciences • NAC/ 'T"he Envirorunental Information Association • Consumer Bcdt:ration of Amcrica, to control your maintenance and repai'r costs is to become familiarwith the opera+ tion of'your system. A few minor mainte+ nance checks should be part of the maintenance routine. Afirst ind icatorof the status of the HVAC systemi is cleanliness. Change the filters regularly and inspect other areas of the sys- tem. Uook at the air diffusers, in the ceiling or the walls. Do they need to be cleanedi" Electrostatic precipitators and eiec- tronicair cleaners need to be cleaned regu+ larly, as the collection of fine particles will bu iid on the collection plate. The collection plate must be cleaned according to the manufacturers instructions. The cooling coil in the H1JAC unit may be the perfect, place for microbiological growth if dirt and water are allowed to accumulate. Inspect this area frequently. Filters, which come in many varieties and types, also: must be well-maintained. The first question to ask yourself' is "'What ' do I wanti to filter?" There are two basic classes of substances that, can be filtered, particles and gases. Particles are small, air- bome;,dust+like matter that stay suspended in the air andlcan be transported by your. HVAC system. Gasses are molecules that Now offering:. ABiH AlcaredYted for 3.0 CM Points A,LF'E Accredited for 1.0 Recertffcntion Credtts Safety & Health i 21 L1t3gatlan & Ua6111ty IIM1©OOR ENVIRONw1ENF '93 Request fmir Ilnformation Pleaae send me mare InfornnatJon,on at0ending liuooon EnrviRanat®vr •93. nm..,e F rm rvmrne Address i i m i 1 1 Industry • 6overnment • Builtlirrg Management April 21-23; 1993 ~ Mail or FAX to: IAQ Publications, Inc.,, ~ Hyatx Regency Hotel. Inner Harbor. Baltimore. ~ Attn: INOoox Erruax©xMimr`93 CoNmxtNcE ~ Ba9D. i 4520 East-West Hwy, Suite 6110, BM;hesda, MD 20814 i i Phonc: (301i)',913'-0T15 FAX (301) 913'-011'9 i L____________________________________________J 28 Circle 105 on Reader 5errice Cord FM tournat vlarch!April i993

one of the best times for evaluating'your h'1YAC systerns and im- prov'irng, their indoor air quality'performance is during renova- tions. F>7owever, renovation projects also offer an enormous potential for creating an indoor air quality crisis. may have odors associated with them and cannot be "trapped"'by conventional filters. The airthatenters and is recirculated in the workspace needs to be adequately fil: tered-but to what extent? ASHRAE recom- mends a f ilter efficiency of 35 percent to 60 percenGor better for offices". Whatdoes that mean? The most' common measure of effi- ciency of filters relates to rthe atmospheric dust spot efficiency as defined by ASHRA'E stand- ard 52. This standard defines the filter effi- ciency as the discoloration effect of cleaned I ai'r, compared to incoming airu. This test doess not measure the ability of filters to remove particles of specific diameters. Diameters of particles are measured in, microns. A micron is defined as one one- thousandth of a, mitlirneter: Human hair iss approximately 10 microns in diameter. An- othercomparison is that a fi Iter of'35 percent to 4Slpercent efficiency is approximately 35 percent efficiention a particle ofl1 micron or less in size and better than 90 percent effi- cienton a particle of 4 microns and largerjs' The most commonly found filter in homes and'in some light commercial instal- lations is the "throw away" filter. Typically, these filters cost less than a dollar andlare only about 10 percent efficient: These are not recommended for any office application. Several other filters exist and the terms can be confusing. These are electrostatic precipitators and electronic andl efectro« static filters. Electrostatic precipitators and electronic filters use an electric field and have externally connected power sources to trap particles very small in size (down to 0.3 microns). The electrostatic filter works very much like the static electricity generated by a comb and your hair on a dry winten day; Electrostatic filters do not require external poweribut are much lessefficient in trapping, small particles thanelectronic filters. Don'tt confuse the electrostatic precipitator with the electrostatic filter. Negative ion generators operate by giv- ing particles within the generatona negative charge. Thi e negatively charged particle will be attracted to positively charged particles in the,room. Although some of the principles are the same as those behindlthe electronic air cleaner the ion generator is significantly less efficient. Activated carbon is the most commonly used filten to remove odors. Carbon can effectively remove cooking odors, per- fumes, cigarette smoke and other types of gas-phase constituents. The method of.coi: lection involvesabsorbing gas particles into the carbon. After you begin to 'smelf the odor again, the carbon must be replaced. Carbon filters have to be changed based on what you can smell; particle filters on what you can see. Cooling towers Cooling towers can be the key to trans- ferring heat from the inside of the buildingg to the outside. They often are used'on large systems since their energy savings justify the original capital cost. Cooling, towers use evaporation to cool thewaterfromthe cool- ing equipmenti Since the water is both, evaporated and recirculated, it can become laden with minerals and microbiological growth and can corrode piping, Cooling tower water must be treated', properly by individuals specifically trained' with expertise in watentreatrnentl The water is checked daily and tested'every, other day for microbiological growth in approxi- mately S0 different cooling towers at RJ(2: Microbiologicaligrowth literally can appear in hours in a~system that'is not maintained. Steps found at RJR'to beusefullin main- taining,the cooling towerwatersystems fol- low: 1. Find a reputable contractor, consult- anCorvendorwith expertise in water treat= ment. The vendors must have a proven track record and have the ability and expertise to provide a detailed chemical analysis of the problem iand recommend I solut ions. Check with past and present customersto ascertain credibility and'expertise, 2: Have trained and, knowledgeable technicians dedicated to: providing water treatment checks, analyses and guidance. Require the water treatment technicians to clean orassist in cleaning the cooling towers forihey are responsible: 3. Effective maintenance and cleaning cannot be overemphasized when dealing with,cooling water systems. Becoming familiar with your HVAC sys- tems is not easy: The following will help you in your efforts to acquaint yourself'.with the operation, of your air conditioning, heating, ventilating and humidificationsystems: ~ Locate each of your HVAC units and', know which system serves each area. fi Locate the electrical, fuel oil, natural gas or other utility connections to each HVAC unit. Know how to quickly, turn them ~off for emergency situations. • Determine the location of'the conden- sate drains from the air conditioning cooling coils and understand the method for draining. Check drainage daily. • Know the method'.used for humidifica- tion and follow the manufacturerfs cleaning instructions. ~ Determine the correct filter and filter, size for HVAC units. Develop a schedl u le forf i lter replacements. ¢ Know the location of the exhaust gas flue, vent or chimney for the boiler or other heating equipmenti Assure that proper combustion air is supplied. fi Keep HVAC units maintained'as reconr mended by the equipment manufac- turer. Construction projects. One of the best times for evaluating your HVAC systems and improving their indoor air quality performance is during, renova- tions. However, renovation projects alto ~of-fer an enormous potential for creating an indoor air quality crisis. Volatile chemicals and theirunusual odorsare brought into thee building, and there is additional noise, dust, disruption and stress. Some mitigation tech- niques include the following: ~ Temporarily separate the HVAC sys- tems. ~ Exhaust directlyto the outside with tem- porary fans. • Run your system on 100 percent outside air. • Open the windows. • Build temporary walls for separation. • Paint after hours and onweekends. 4- Make sure there is someone assigned as a~clean.up person to mininsize:dust and dirt. ¢ Use plastic cloth to form adust and sight barrier. 0 Make sure everyone knows what is go- ing on. - There may be additional techniques bet- ter suitedlto yourvnique situation. Be sure to use at least one ventilation technique on all construction projects. Some indoor a ir quaiity consvl tants rec- ommend shutting off HVAC systems while conducting after hours renovation in order FN1 journal ~ Nlarch/April 'J~993I .. 29~

Facility managers are faced, with the incredibly complex task of ' providing acceptable indoor air quality where no universally ac- cepted wspeaffrntions° exist to minimine the spread of VOCs. However, be sure that y,our fire-safety system is not compromised by the actions of contractors. In one case a high-rise fire spread through- oa a building because contractors, whoo were hot and l not allowed to run the air conditioning, had propped open the fire doors. Adnetinistrative operatinns Measurable issues related to indoor air quality, have been coveredj ba what about the~ human factor? Individuals' complaints and perceptions cannot be measured by technic.al'instnumentation and!attimes, they have nothing to do with the air. Facility managers can measure employees' attitudes through surveys and by keeping records of' complaints. Response to a compiaintcould lead to the discovery of a previousiy overlooked technicaliproblem. In addition, responding to complaints is in the best interest of em- ployees andi the organization. If' a facility manager does not, respond to complaints, the organization could face lawsuits: According to Helen Eisenstein, a plain- tiff's attorneyfor environmental~cases, "9f the facility manager has a good relationship with the tenants, he or she will be the one who prevents litigation. If there is effective, prompt and intelligent response at the first, complaint, litigation will tend not to occur, When people feel their environment is un- safe and the people in charge aren't doing anything abouti it, it becomes a very emo» tional issue. Good communication with ten- ants is crucialin avoiding litigation. Tenants can live with a disclosure that there's a problem, but won't live with it if'they don't trust you~'" Facility managers need tomake thecon- nection ibetween indoor a ir quality and total quality. In 1'981D; NBC aired a special pro» gram 'If. Japan Can... Why Can't VVe,"'that' increased America's interest in quality and highlighted'the statistical approach to qual- ity control tha Dr. U'V. E. Deming,hadlbeen teaching,in Japan formore than 30 years28: The program awakened an awareness of quality in both the American public and the business community that has manifested it- self in recent corporate quality programs such as Total IQuallity Management and the Malcolm Baldrige Quality Awardl The movement toward quallity has been called a~"revolution" because corpo- rate approaches to quality have changed from simplij inspecting finished products and sorting out the bad. Today's fresher, approach emphasizes employees and management re-inventing or reworking a process so that the final products always meet specifications. In an IFAM'survey, Quality Programs in Facility Managernene; 95 percent of the surveyed facility managers said that they were involved in some type of quality, ppro- gram. Obviouslythere is agood basis in the profession fbr u nderstandi ng how to add ress qua lity issues. However, faci lity managers are faced with ~ the incredibly complex task of providing acceptable indoor air quality, where no universally accepted "'specifica6ons " exist. This is a significant challenge if' you define quality as 'conformance to specifica- tions.-It^.s not a problem ifquality is defined in the context of a service that is delivered. Simply put; even if you are delivering a service, quality is defined by the customer. Total quality cani be defined as using, the minimum amount of resources required to do the job right'the first, time-every time- while always meeting, or exceeding cus- tomer expectations3o: If you view providing safe indoor air as a service, the task of ensuring a high levelof customer satisfaction becomes easier to achieve. As mentioned earlier, the,key areas that affect customers' perceptions of service quality are your team's response to their: problems and how well you communicate your commitment to helping them solve their problems. The technical aspects of operating the HVAC system tie into quality as much as satisfying yourcustomer, lYnu may think that after you have a system for measuring cus- tomer, satisfaction and recording resolved problems, you've done all'you can do, but there's room for even more improvement. Facility managers have employed statis- tical process control techniques to go be- yond the first step of ineasurement' and actually have used the data to improve the process31. If you measure customer satisfac- tion, response cycle time, unscheduled maintenance and unscheduled mainte- nance cycie time, then actions can be taken to prevent unscheduled maintenance and approach 1100 percentreliabiiity in buiiding services.. Improving ventilation and keeping,the system cleani are two of'the major areas in which facility managers can get the mosu bang for the buck in improving indoorair qualiry. However, a total'quality approach! to indoor air qualitywill extend beyond the mode of. responding, to problems and l wil lI initiate corrective actions at the source of the problem so that problems are not recur- ring. In summary, it's important to keep re- cords of your maintenance efforts, investi- gations, responses to complaints and communications. Provideopen and honest, information to your employees and tenantss above and beyond legal requirements. Employ professional help when issues are beyond the expertise of your in-house resources. Start a program of response be- fore there is a crisis. Seek and find the answers, and inject totallquaiity into your managementof indoor aic Having,the cor- rectiresponse to an IAQ issue will prevenual rumor.based SBS incident from taking a life of'its own32. IFMA ABOUT THE AUTHIDRS: Hoy Bohanon;. P.'E., is a senior staff' engineer for R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. in Winston-Saiem;, N.C., where he is responsible for indoor environmental quality. Bohanon has more than 12 years of facilities management ex- perience. He is past president and co- foun- der of the IFMA Piedmont Triad chapter and' is a member of the National'Society of Pro- fessional Engineers and A'SHRAE. Bohanon received a bachelor of mechanical engi- neering degree from Georgia Institute ofl Technology (Georgia Terh): Barry Lynch, AIA; is senior archited; also with R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. He is responsible for strategic facility planning, projecu planning, construction administra- tion, project management and managing, contract design f irms. He is a membenof the American Institute of Architects and BOMA. Lynch received a bachelor's degree in envi- ronrnentali design fromi the University of Coloradb at Boulder and imaster's degrees in, business administration and architecture: fromi the University of Illinois at Cham- paign-Urbana. R.J. Reynolds has deveiopedl sampleg srnoking lounge designs based on the! ASHRAE standard 62?1'989: To receive the: guide "Developing a, Smoking, Lounge: Practical; Cost-Effective Wd'ays tb Accommo- date Smokers," call 800L862-2525. 30 FM /ournal March/April,1993'

References 1 Woods, J. "Recent Developments of Heating, Cooling, and Ventilating Buildings: Trends for Assuring Healthy Buildingsi."'Healthy Buildings 88'Con- ference, Stockholm, Sweden, publish- ed in the Swedish Council for Building, Research, Vol: 1. 1988.. 2 LaBar G. "PuttingJndoor~Air Quality In Its Place. Occupational Hazards, Oc- tober 1!992. Commentary oflRonald E. Cots, tvt.D:, Ph.D:, an occupational physician, and Edward Sowinski, Ph.D., DABT, CIH, an industrial hy- gienist. 3 Hedge,,A. "Sick Building,Syndrome Correlates with Complex Array of Factors", publlished in Facility Manage- ment Jourrtal, January/February 1990. 4 Woods, J., Drewry, M., Morey P. "C>fFce Worker Perceptions of Indoon Air Quality Effects on Discomfort and Performance"; published in confer- ence proceedings of'INDCtORAIR 87, Berlin, Germany. 1987: 5 Ryan„C., Morrow, L. 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