Tobacco Documents Online

'.T1JL-1 1-90 WED 1IS :5.3 C ,x E L.lraSH DC P _ 12 mMoRANpiTXt November 8,1988 FROM: 3'im Repace Tt3: Bob Axeirad, Joellen Lewtas, Bob Rosner, Don Shopland As an alternative to the proposed outline submi.tted by Bob Rosnerr, r am suggesting instead the following format. The chapters submitted by the various agencies and the new material should be fit into this outline. ETS LI F4 -WB ROS N8 Executive Summary sourc+e emission 1. ETS consists of sidestream and exhaled mainstream smoke, and is emitted in copious amounts from cigarettes, pipes, and oigars. Respirable particulate matter (RSP) emissions constitute the largest fraction of ETS. Hazard assessment 2. ETS is comprised of compounds which have been identified in both human and animal studies as irritants, toxins, and carcinogens. Many of the substances in ETS are regulated by EPA, oSHA, or other federal agencies. ETS is chemically similar to mainstream smoke which causes respiratory, cardiovascular, and neoplastic disease in smokers. Safe levels for many of the substances in ETS have not been defined.. Transport 3. ETS is transported in buildings by diffusion and ventilation systems. Major removal mechanisms are ventilation, surface absorption. Minor removal processes include air cleaning. The two important determinants of concentration are density of smokers and air exchange rate. Bdth smoker density and design building air exchange rates are tied to occupancy. Practical rates of ventilation or air cleaning can reduce concentrations of ETS indoors, but cannot remove ETS as fast as it is generated, leading to a buildup of ET$ in indoor spaces. During smoking, exposures to RSp indoors generally exceed EPA's National. Ambient Air Quality Standard {NAAQS} for Inhalable Particulate (IP). Exposure 4. At typical smoker occupancies and building air exchange rates, concentrations of RSP observed during smoking typically predominate over other sources of RSP (both indoor and outdoor) by factors of 5 to 50. RSP exposures from ETS appear to contribute the bulk of nonsmoker's exposure to this form of air pollution. Nonsmoker's exposure to ETS is pandemic.

' JUL-11-90 WED 10;54 C& B LarrSH DC . Dose P _ 1 3 5. t3onsmokers, even those who believe they have not been exposed to ETS, have been found to contain nicotine and its metabolite, cotinine, in their saliva, blood, and urine. Response 6. ETS has been implicated in neoplastic, cardiovascular, and respiratory disease in nonsmokers by a number of epidemiologic studies. Causality for lung cancer in adults and respiratory disease in children has been established. Evidence for heart disease from ETS is not yet conclusive, but is biologically plausible, has been reported by several epidemiologic studies, and is of greater potential concern than lung canc+er, Risk Assessment 7. 8 published risk assessements of lung cancer from ETS have been performed, yielding an estimated 3000 ± 1500 lung cancer deaths per year from passive smoking. Three other risk assessments estimate 4000 to 50000 total deaths per year from ETS. Mitigation 8, Public health, public opinion, nonsuiokers' lawsuits, clean indoor air legis3.ation and cost contmi,t=ent are valid reasons to restrict smoking in public places and the workplace. Some types of contrall lead to effective protections for nonsmokers (physical separation on separate ventilation systems or bans on smaking), Other types (spacial separation within a room, or in separate rooms on the same ventilation system, or air cleaning) are relatiVely ineffective. Workplace smoking policies 9. Many organizations have successfully restricted smoking, protecting hypersensitive nonsmokers from disabling irritation, and other nonsmokers from chronic lung diseases. ~