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GUIDE TO INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS Second Edition 1992 Detail Associates, Inc. 300 Grand Avenue Englewood, NJ 07631

Key to Abbreviations ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists AF - atomic formula ASHRAE -American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers AW - atomic weight bp - boiling point BRI - building related illnesses C - temperature in degree centigrade CAS - Chemical Abstracts Service cc - cubic centimeter CL - ceiling concentration conc - concentration, concentrated CPSC - U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission cu m - cubic meter DOT - U.S. Department of Transportation EPA - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency F - temperature in Fahrenheit fp - freezing point H, hr - hour(s) IARC - International Agency for Research on Cancer kg - kilogram LC50 - lethal concentration 50 percent kill LCLo - lowest published lethal concentration LD50 - lethal dose 50 percent kill LDLo - lowest published lethal dose MF - molecular formula ml - millimeter mp - melting point MW - molecular weight ng - nanogram NIOSH - National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health NTP - National Toxicology Program OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration PCBs - polychlorinated biphenyls PEL - permissible exposure level ppb - parts per billion (v/v) pph - parts per hundred (v/v) (percent) ppm - parts per million (v/v) ppt - parts per trillion (v/v) RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act REL - Recommended Limit Value RTECS - Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances . SARA - Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SBS - sick building syndrome STEL - short term exposure limit TC - toxic concentration TCLo - lowest published toxic dose TLV -Threshold Limit Value TWA - time-weighted average ug - microgram uL - microliter WHO - World Health Organization

Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction .............................................................................................. 4 1. Background .................................................................................................... ................................... 4 2. Reasons to be Concerned about Indoor Air Quality .......................:................................................ 4 3. Definitions .................................................................................................... ...................................... 5 4. Objectives of This Publication .................................................................................................... ....... 5 Chapter 11 Indoor Air Pollution in Residential Houses .......................................... 6 1. Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants .................................................................................................... ... 6 2. Contamination from Outside Sources .......................................................................................... ... 6 3. Ventilation .................................................................................................... ...................................... 6 4. Air Exchanges .................................................................................................... ................................ 7 5. Assessing Indoor Air Quality in Homes ............................................................................................ 7 6. Ways of Improving Your Indoor Air Quality .....................................:............................................... 8 Chapter III Indoor Air Pollution in Office Buildings ............................................... 9 1. Background .................................................................................................... .................................... 9 2. Sources of Indoor Air Pollution .................................................................................................... .... 10 3. Ventilation Systems .................................................................................................... ...................... 11 4. Office Equipment as a Source of Indoor Air Pollution .................................................................... 11 5. Evaluating Indoor Air Quality in Offices ............................................................................................12 5. Resolving Air Quality Problems in Office Buildings ........................................................................ 13 6. Control Process of Indoor Air Pollution in Buildings ...................................................................... 13 7. Professional Help .................................................................................................... ......................... 14 Chapter IV Evaluation Criteria for Indoor Air Quality ......................................... 16 1. Public Health Standards .................................................................................................... .............. 16 2. Occupational Health Standards .................................................................................................... .. 17 3. Evaluation of Existing Standards and Guidelines ........................................................................... 17 Chapter V Common Indoor Air Quality Measurements ......................................... 18 1. Common Sampling Devices .................................................................................................... ....... 18 2. Measurement of Air Flow and Outdoor Air Quantitities ................................................................. 18 3. Air Contaminant Concentrations .................................................................................................... 19 Chapter VI Common Indoor Air Pollutants ........................................................... 21 1. List of Common Indoor Air Pollutants ............................................................................................. 21 2. Biological Hazards .................................................................................................... ....................... 24 3. Common Indoor Air Pollutants .................................................................................................... .... 36 Chapter VI Protocols For Indoor Air Quality Investigations ............................ 199 a I 1. Methodology .................................................................................................... ............................... 2. Background Assessment ............................................................................ . 199 199 N ~ . ................................. 3. Initial Site Assessment .................................................................................................... ... 199 i ~ . ............ 4. Closing Conference .................................................................................................... .................... 5. Additional Site Assessments .................................................................................................... ...... 200 201 CA CA ~ ~ ~ N

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Chapter VII Indoor Air Quality Program of Detail Associates, 1nc . .................... 203 Chapter Vill Recommended Sources of Information ......................................... 205 Appendix I References ....................................................................................... 209 Appendix 11 Indoor Air Quality Qestionnaire ...................................................... 211 Index to Indoor Air Pollutants ................................................................................ 213

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Chapter I Introduction 1. Background ln the past two decades, a growing body of scientific evidence has indicated that the air within homes, offices and other buildings has become seriously polluted and can often be even more polluted than the outdoor air of the largest and most industrialized cities. In 1970, when the Clean Air Act was passed to address the problems of urbanization, industrial development and the increasing use of automobiles, the Act was interpreted as applying only to the air external to structures. Most Federal programs concerned with reducing exposure in enclosed spaces have singled out only a handful of individual pollutants for action or control under various Federal Statutes. In the early 1970's, formaldehyde was identified by the Consumer Product Safety Commission as the source of acute irritant reactions and a cancer hazard. Federal programs to address another major in- door air pollutant - asbestos - have been in operation for some time and two major laws have been enacted by Congress to provide loans and grants to schools with severe asbestos hazards and finan- cial need, and to provide a regulatory framework for asbestos control in schools. In the late 1970's and early 1980's, concern over naturally occurring radon began to rise and in 1984, when extremely high levels of radon were discovered in homes in the Reading Prong geological formation in Pennsyl- vania, New Jersey, and New York, radon became a major indoor air pollution Federal program. In the early 1980's, however, research by EPA and other Federal agencies began to demonstrate that for many pollutants, indoor levels were often higher than outdoor levels. This, coupled with the ex- tremely high percentage of time spent indoors, gave rise to increased concern that indoor air pollution may pose higher health risks to the population than previously thought. In 1986, Congress enacted Title IV of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) to establish an effective research effort aimed at characterizing the extent of the indoor air pollution prob- lem and to begin to take steps to enhance the quality of indoor air. However, to date, no comprehensive legislation to address many of the issues raised by indoor air pol- lution has been enacted. 2. Reasons to be Concerned about Indoor Air Quality Recent research shows that people spend approximately 75-90 percent of their time indoors. Some reasons for concern include: (1) for most people, the health risks posed by indoor air pollution may be greater than that posed by outdoor air; (2) some groups of people who are most vulnerable to the ad- verse effects of indoor air pollution including the elderly, the young, and the chronically ill are exposed to such pollution the most; (3) unlike other risks, the health risks caused by indoor air pollution can be reduced, if not avoided or eliminated totally; (4) the need for energy conservation has lead to reduced infiltration and ventilation; and (5) synthetic materials with their attendants offgassing have been used more and more extensively in homes and offices. 4 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants 3. Definitions Health: this term is defined by the World Health Organization as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not merely the absence of disease or infirmity". Air Quality: the nature of air that affects your health and well-being. Acceptable Air Quality: air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations and with which a substantial majority (usually 80%) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction. 4. Objectives of This Publication This presentation has two objectives: (1) to educate the public about the nature of the indoor air pollu- tion problem and alerting the public to the seriousness and potential danger of the problem; and (2) to provide information to the public on how to prevent, control and remediate the problem promptly if they do arise. CA i CA ~ ' ~ Cd ~ ~ Detail Associates, inc. 5

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Chapter 11 Indoor Air Pollution in Residential Houses 1. Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants The gases or particles released by indoor pollution sources into the air are the primary cause of indoor air quality problems in homes. The indoor air pollutants can be divided into the following categories: a. Oil, gas, kerosene, coal, or wood combustion sources; b. Building materials and furnishings as diverse as deteriorated asbestos-containing insulation, wet or damp carpeting, and cabinet or furniture made of certain pressed wood products; c. Products for household cleaning and maintenance, personal care, or hobbies; d. Central heating and cooling systems and humidification devices; e. Tobacco smoke; f. Contaminated outdoor air such as pollen, dust, fungal spores, industrial pollutants, general vehicle exhaust, odors from dumpsters, re-entrained exhaust from the building itself or from neighboring build- ings, unsanitary debris near the outdoor air intake. g. Soil gas such as radon, leakage from underground fuel tanks, pesticides, previous landfills, etc. h. Personal activities such as smoking, cooking, body odor and cosmetic odors. The importance of an individual pollutant source depends on a number of factors such as the amount of pollutant emission by the source and the level of hazard posed by the pollutant to people. Often, pollutants released by one single source may not cause a significant risk to the residents, however, there can be a much more serious health risk to the residents when pollutants are emitted from a num- ber of sources and are accumulated in residential houses. 2. Contamination from Outside Sources Indoor air can also be contaminated from sources outside the house. This occurs primarily when pol- lutants from automobile exhausts, plumbing vents, and building exhausts enter the building through improperly located outside intakes, windows, and other openings. In addition, combustion products such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide can enter a building from an attached or underground garage. 3. Ventilation When the outside air flow through a house is low, the pollutants emitted from various sources in the homes can accumulate and pose a health problem or discomfort to the residents of homes. There- fore, exchange of air is very important in reducing indoor air contaminant levels. Some homes are designed to minimize the amount of air leaking into and going out of them, thus may have a higher possibility to accumulate indoor air pollutants unless they have a well-designed ventilation system. However, even homes normally considered "7eaky" can build up the level of pollutants under certain weather conditions. 1 6 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Po11 utants 4. Air Exchanges Outside air enters a house in three ways: (a) infiltration - air flows through construction joints and cracks around windows and doors, in the foundation, or from crawl spaces underneath homes; (b) natural ventilation - air enters through opened windows and doors; and (c) mechanical ventilation. When there is little or no air exchange with the outdoors, a building is poorly ventilated, and indoor air pollution increases. Therefore, provision of adequate makeup air should be ensured at all times. 5. Assessing Indoor Air Quality in Residential Houses 5.1 Symptoms If you think that you have symptoms that may be related to the indoor environment in your home, you should consult your doctor or your local health department whether such symptoms could be caused by indoor air pollution. You may also want to consult a board-certified allergist or a specialist in oc- cupational medicine for answers to your questions. If your symptoms are possibly connected with the indoor air quality in your home, identify possible sources of contamination. It is prudent to try to improve the indoor air quality in your home even if symptoms are not noticeable. The earliest symptoms of long-term health problems, such as some respiratory illnesses and cancer, do not appear until years after the initial exposure. 5.2 Identification of Potential Sources An effective way to judge whether your home has or could develop indoor air problems is to identify potential sources of indoor air pollution, though the presence of such sources does not necessarily mean that you have an indoor air quality problem. Being aware of the type and number of potential sources is an important step toward assessing the air quality in your home. 5.3 Personal Hygiene and Pets Household pets such as cats and dogs are sources of saliva and animal dander and can cause serious indoor air quality problems. People and animals are carriers of viruses and bacteria. You should check your own lifestyle and personal hygiene as they can be significant sources of indoor air pollution. - 5.4 Signs of Problem You should look for signs of indoor air problem including odorous or stuffy air, dirty central heating and air cooling equipment, damaged flues and chimneys, moisture condensation on windows or walls, signs of water leakage, idle water near air intake points outside windows, and areas where books, shoes, or other items acquire molds. , 5.5 Measurement of Indoor Air Pollutants Air testing/measurement is the most effective way to find out the actual level of indoor air pollutants in your home, especially when certain health symptoms are noticed and when certain sources of con- tamination are suspected in your home. Currently, the Federal government recommends that you measure the level of radon in your home. Though measurement of certain pollutants such as radon can be performed by yourself with inexpensive devices available on the market, it is recommended that air testing for your indoor air pollutants should be carried out by an expert in order to achieve ac- curate test results and correct interpretations of the results. Such measurements by experts will also allow thwm to provide a full range of recommendations to encounter each specific indoor air quality problem. Detail Associates, Inc. 7

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants 6. Ways of Improving Your Indoor Air Quality 6.1 Pollutant Source Control This is the most obvious and effective means of protecting indoor air quality and residents of your home, especially when specific sources of contamination are identified. With this approach, actions can be taken to eliminate or reduce the emissions from a pollutant source, and may be used in com- bination with Increased ventilation to dilute the indoor pollutant level. Specific steps that you can take to control individual sources of indoor air pollution in your home are given later in Chapter V, Com- mon Indoor Air Pollutants. 6.2 Ventilation Improvement The level of indoor air pollutants can be reduced by increasing the amount of outside air coming in- doors by means of natural ventilation and/or mechanical ventilation. When weather permits, natural ventilation can be increased by opening windows and doors. By turning on a local exhaust fan in the kitchen or bathroom, you can lower pollution levels by removing contaminants from the room where the fan is located. Additional ventilation should be provided to dilute or exhaust contaminated air when you are involved in short-term activities that can generate high levels of pollutants. Another way to increase the mechanical ventilation rate is to install heat recovery ventilators in homes. These devices increase ventilation by drawing outside air into the home and conserve energy by recovering the heat from air that is exhausted to the outdoors. 6.3 Air Cleaners They can be used in combination with source control and ventilation. There are many types and sizes of air cleaners on the market: some of them are highly effective at particle removal, while others, in- cluding most tabletop models, are much less efficient. Both the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Consumer Protection Safety Commission (CPSC) plan to undertake more studies to evaluate the effectiveness of air cleaners that are on the market today and to identify improvements in the way air cleaners can be designed, operated and maintained. 6.4 Education j This is a very important control method. If home residents fully understand the sources and effects of indoor contaminants, they can act together to reduce the indoor pollutant exposures. ; 8 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Chapter III Indoor Air Pollution in Office Buildings 1. Background The air we breathe while at work can affect our job performance, general sense of well being, and our health. Twenty-five percent of America's employees work in an office environment with mechanical heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. An increasing number of these office employees are experiencing work-related health problems. The problems caused by indoor con- taminants have become more prevalent within the last 10 years. One primary cause has been the need to reduce the amount of energy required for heating and cooling office buildings. The method most often used to reduce this energy consumption has been to "tighten" the building to prevent the gain or loss of air which requires to be conditioned. Tightly closed buildings prevents the removal and dilution by outside air of the pollutants generated by an increasing variety and quantity of synthetic materials introduced into the indoor environment. Indoor pollutants, building up faster than they can be diluted, result in occupant discomfort and complaints of stuffiness, eye irritation, fatigue, drowsi- ness, nausea, and stale air. The presence of indoor air pollutants has been associated with reports of recent terms such as "sick building syndrome" and "building-related illnesses". - 1.1 Sick Buildings A building is characterized as "sick" when its occupants complain of health and comfort problems that can be related to working or being in the building. 1.2 Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) Problems associated with buildings are "sick building syndrome (SBS)". The symptoms of SBS in- clude: a. A substantial percentage of building occupants complain of symptoms associated with acute dis- comfort - headache; eye, nose or throat irritation; dry cough; dry or itchy skin; dizziness and nausea; difficulty in concentration; fatigue; and sensitivity to odors. b. The cause of the symptoms is not known. c. Most of the complainants report relief upon leaving the building. 1.3 Building Related Illness (BRI) Problems connected with sick buildings are also called "building related illnesses (BRI)". When oc- cupant exposure to indoor contaminants results in a clinically defined illness, disease of infirmity, the building is said to manifest building-related illnesses. The symptoms of BRI include: a. Complaints of symptoms such as cough; chest tightness; fever; chills; and muscle aches which can be associated with illness. b. The cause or causes of the symptoms are believed to be exposure to indoor pollutants. c. Complainants may require prolonged recovery times after leaving the building. Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants 1.4 Common Air Pollutants and SBS/BRI Symptoms Common Air Pollutant Symptoms/Effects Radon Lung Cancer Volatile Organic Compounds (VC) Irritation; Cancer Tobacco Smoke Odors; Bioeffluents Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Ozone Eye, Nose and.Throat Irritation; Lung Cancer Discomfort Fatigue, chest pain, Impaired vision and coordination, nausea, headache, dizziness, confusion, flu-like symptoms, weekness, disorientation Nitrogen Eye, nose and throat irritation, impaired lung function and increased respiratoryinfection Microbial Allergens Humidifier Fever; Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis; Eye, Nose, and' Throat Irritation Legionella (a bacterium) Legionnaires Disease; Pontiac Fever Formaldehyde & Other Aldehydes Eye, nose and throat irritation, wheezing and, coughing,fatigue, skin rash, severe allegic reactions, may cause cancer 1.5 HVAC System The HVAC system includes all heating, cooling, and ventilaton equipment serving a building: furnaces or boilers, chillers, cooling towers, air handling units, exhaust fans, ductwork, filters, steam piping. 2. Sources of Indoor Air Pollution Indoor air pollution in offices is caused by an accumulation of contaminants that come primarily from inside the building, although some originate outdoors. They may be generated by a specific source over a wide area, either at certain times or continuously. Contaminants and their sources can general- ly be classified into the following categories: • Sources of Pollutants Outside Building • Building Material Sources of Pollution • Building/Office Equipment Sources of Pollution • Maintenance Material Sources of Pollution • Building Inhabitants as Sources of Pollution 10 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants 3. Ventilation Systems Most mechanical ventilation systems in large office buildings are designed and operated not only to heat and cool the air, but also to draw in and circulate outdoor air. These units distribute a blend of outdoor air and recirculated indoor air. HVAC may also include units that introduce 100% outdoor air or that simply transfer air within the building. Uncontrolled quantities of outdoor air enter buildings by infiltration through windows, doors, and gaps in the exterior construction. Thermal comfort and ven- tilation needs are met by supplying "conditioned" air (a blend of outdoor and recirculated air that has been filtered, heated or cooled, and sometimes humidified or dehumidified). Properly designed, installed, operated and maintained l-HVAC systems promote indoor air quality. Poor design, installation, operation or maintenance of such.systems, on the other hand, can create in- door air quality problems. 3.1 Inadequate Design or Installation Indoor air pollution increases when, in an effort to save energy, ventilation systems are not used to bring in adequate amounts of outdoor air: (a) Intermittent air flow - designs that operate the HVAC sys- tem at reduced or interrupted flow during certain portions of the day in response to thermal condition- ing needs, may elevate indoor contaminant levels by reducing air flow and miXing, thus impairing contaminant removal efficiency; (b) poor air distribution within a room, locating air supply and return registers too close to each other can result in poor distribution of fresh dilution air and poor removal of indoor air contaminants; (c) poor intake or exhaust location - building exhaust ducts and outside air in- takes that are too close to each other can result in re-entry of contaminated exhaust air into the build- 1ng and a building-up of indoor pollution. Improperly located outside intake air vents can also bring in outdoor contaminants and can result in poor intake of outdoor fresh air and recirculation of indoor air; and (d) Inadequate space design of modular furniture and walls - overloading limited space without modifying ventilation system accordingly can lead to poor distribution of air. 3.2 Inadequate Operation Allowing the system operation to lag behind building occupancy or to be turned down or off before non-occupancy can increase both building- and occupaht-generated pollutant levels. 3.3 Inadequate Maintenance If HVAC systems are not properly maintained, their filters can become a source of contamination or be- come plugged and reduce air flow. Humidification and dehumidification systems must be kept clean to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. Failure to properly treat cooling tower water to mitigate growth of organisms such as legionnella may introduce such biological organisms into HVAC air in- takes with potentially serious health consequences. 4. Office Equipment As A Source of Indoor Air Pollution Office Equipment is an important factor affecting indoor air quality. Possible pollutant sources from of- fice equipment include (1) emmissions from office equipment (volatile organic compounds, ozone); (2) supplies (solvents, toners, ammonia); (3) emissions from shops, labs, cleaning processes; and (4) elevator motors and other mechanical systems. Detail Associates, Inc. 11

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants 5. Evaluating Indoor Air Quality in Offices 5.1 Identification of Problems The investigation starts with written questionnaires and telephone consultations in which building in- vestic,iators assess the history of complaints by the building occupants and building operation proce- dures. In some cases, personal interviews by the investigator may be needed. 5.2 Symptoms The effects of IAQ problems are often non-specific symptoms rather than clearly defined illnesses. These symptoms commonly attributed to IAQ problems include: (1) headache; (2) fatigue; (3) short- ness of breath; (4) sinus congestion; (5) cough; (6) sneezing; (7) eye, nose, and throat irritation; (8) skin irritation; (9) dizziness and (10) nausea. All of these symptoms, however, may also be caused by other factors, and are not necessarily due to air quality deficiencies. lndividuals with these symptoms should be examined by a physician to determine if the symptoms may be related to the work environment. Consultation with a Board-certified specialist in occupational medicine may be advisable. 5.3 Identifying Sources of Pollution A walk-through should be conducted by the investigator(s) to look for obvious and potential sources of contamination. 5.4 Qualitative Diagnostics The investigators characterize the problems and complaints and evaluate the building's environmental control system design and performance relative to building performance criteria. They may evaluate the causes of suspected health problems and sample air for suspected pollutants. If discomfort or SBS is suspected, the investigators may do an engineering analysis of the HVAC system and other building support systems. If BRI is thought to be the problem, they may recommend immediate medi- cal assistance along with appropriate biological or chemical sampling. 5.5 Sampling Air for Contaminants and Indicators Although air sampling might seem to be the logical response to an air quality problem, such an ap- proach may not be required to solve the problem and can even be misleading. Air sampling should not be undertaken until some or all of qualitative diagnostic activities mentioned previously have been used to collect considerable information. Before beginning to take air samples, investigators should develop a sampling strategy that is based on a comprehensive understanding of how the buidling operates, the nature of the complaints, and a plan for interpreting the results. It may be desirable to take certain routine air quality measurements during an investigation to obtain a "snapshot" of current condition. These tests should be limited to those that are indicative of very com- mon (AQ concerns such as temperature, relative humidity, air movement, or carbon dioxide (C02). Unusual readings may or may not indicate a problem, and should always be interpreted in perspec- tive, based upon site-specific conditions. 5.6 Recommendations The report of the investigation generally includes a series of recommendations for remedial actions, maintenance procedures, and building systems operation. 12 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants 6. Resolving Air Quality Problems in Office Buildings 6.1 Pollutant Source Removal, Modification, or Substitution Resolution of a building which manifests BRI usually requires removal of the pollutant source. This is the most effective way to resolve an indoor air quality problem when specific sources causing the problem can be identified. This approach reduces or eliminates the emission from a pollutant source, and may be used in combination with increased ventilation to dilute the indoor pollutant level. 6.2 Time of Use Adjustment of a Pollutant Source When feasible, activities that generates pollutants should be limited to times when the building oc- cupancy is at minimum, e.g., painting during weekend or non-working hours, and allowing building materials in new or remodeled areas to off-gas pollutants under high ventilation conditions before oc- cupancy. 6.3 Improving Maintenance of Ventilation System HVAC systems must be properly maintained and operated to avoid accumulation of pollutants and minimize growth of biological organisms. Inspection of the ventilation system should be conducted frequently and regularly. 6.4 Increasing Ventilation Rates In general, Increasing the ventilation rate lessens indoor air quality problems in a poorly ventilated building. In buildings with mechanical ventilation systems, outdoor air quantities should be provided at rates at least as high as those specified in appropriate standards or codes. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) proposed ventilation standard 62- 1989 specifies a minimum of 20 cfm per person for offices. Optimally, local exhaust should be employed to remove indoor pollution near such sources as restrooms, copying rooms, and printing facilities. 6.5 Air Filtration and Purification These processes can be used in combination with source control and ventilation where specific problems are identified and practical air cleaning options exist. There is a wide range of such devices available on the market, but increased performance can involve significantly higher costs. 6.6 Communication Effective communication can encourage building occupants to improve their work environment through positive contributions. The following objectives should be kept in mind while reviewing and revising your current approach to communicating with occupants: (1) provide accurate information about factors that affect indoor air quality; (2) clarify the responsibilities of each party including build- ing management, staff, tenants, contractors, etc. 7. Control Process of Indoor Air Pollution in Buildings The process of controlling indoor air pollution in buildings is divided into a number of specific steps. A model process of this process is illustrated in Figure 1. Detail Associates, Inc. 13

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants 8. Professional Help Frequently indoor air quality problems in large commercial buildings cannot be effectively identified or remedied without a comprehensive building investigation. The process of solving indoor air quality problems that result in health and comfort complaints can be a slow one, sometimes involving several trial solutions before successful remedial actions are identified. To successfully resolve indoor air pol- • iution problems in office buildings therefore often requires the expertise of an indoor air quaiity, specialist and a number of specialists. Whether or not an external specialist is needed to solve an in- door air quality problem depends on the expertise of the facilities engineering and environmental health staff. A considerable amount of literature is available for the guidance of in-house activities. However, when such in-house expertise is not available and not sufficient to cope with the existing scale of the problem, it is strongly recommended that external professional help be used. Firms and individuals working in IAQ may come from a variety of disciplines. Typically, the skills of HVAC engineers and industrial hygienists are useful for this type of investigation, although input from other disciplines such as chemistry, chemical engineering, architectiure, microbiology, or medicine may also be important. If problems other than indoor air quality are involved, experts in lighting, acoustic design, interior design, psychology, or other fields may be helpful in resolving occupant complaints about the indoor environment. As you prepare to hire professional services in the area of indoor air quality, be aware it is a develop- ing area of knowledge. Most consultants working in the field received their primary training in other areas. A variety of investigative methods may be employed, many of which are ineffective for resolv- ing any but the most obvious situations. Inappropriately designed studies may lead to conclusions that are either false negative or false positive. A qualified IAQ investigator should have apprpriate experience, demonstrate a broad understanding of indoor air quality problems and the conditions which can lead to them, and use a phased diagnostic approach. 14 Detail Associates, Inc'.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Figure 1: Process for Control of Indoor Air Pollution in Buildings Detail Associates, Inc. 15

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Chapter IV Evaluation Criteria for Indoor Air Quality 1. Public Health Standards Public health standards are more frequently used to address indoor air quality problems. Some of them are as follows: 1.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards Established by the US Environmental Protection Agency Enforcement is limited to outdoor ambient levels. The standards specify concentrations of pollutants in ambient air that should not be exceeded. However, these standards may not have relevance to an indoor office environment, especially from the perspective of problem-solving. 1.2 WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Europe The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization (WHO), an agency of the United Na- tions, recently published air quality guidelines for 28 organic and inorganic substances. The guidelines were created to help governments make risk management decisions controlling exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollutants. Health effects were the major consideration in establishing the guidelines. Guidelines are set to protect all people In the European region, including sensitive popula- tion subgroups such as asthmatics. Both short- and long-term exposures are addressed (WHO, 198i'). ' 1.3 ASHRAE Standard 62-1989: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 62- 1989 defines acceptable indoor air quality as "air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction. The objective of the standard is to estab- lish minimum ventilation rates and indoor air quality that will be acceptable to human occupants and are intended to avoid adverse health effects. The ASHRAE standards cover 35 substances. For con- taminants not contained in the standard, ASHRAE recommends that levels should not exceed 1/10 the occupational standard used in the industry. These standards are frequently used by IAQ specialists in office building evaluations, especially for assessing the performance of a ventilation system. ASHRAE standards are also commonly used as criteria for assessing the thermal performance of occupied space. 1.4 Canadian Exposure Guidelines for Residential Indoor Air Quality (Excluding Radon) The guidelines were published in 1987. The guidelines contain specific quantitative limits for nine pof- lutants or pollutant categories, plus recommendations to eliminate or control exposure for other pol- lutants for which specification of exposure limits was not practical. Their application is designed for residential environments, and is based on assumptions of 24-hour exposure. The guidelines may not provide complete protection to the hypersensitive portion of the population. Effects from both short- term and long-term exposures are covered. 16 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air PoEfutants 2. Occupational Health Standards in the classic industrial hygiene sense, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) permissible exposure limits (PEL), the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Values (TLV), and National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health's (NIOSH) recommended exposure limits (REL) are most commonly used in occupational exposure as- sessments. Because these criteria are based on health effects as they pertain to the manufacturing en- vironment, they may not have the same relevance for workers in an office setting, whose primary concern may be for comfort or simply an absence of unusual sensory stimuli over their working period. Although these standards may not be directly relevant to the indoor office environment, they may be used as a starting point and a guideline in the evaluation of indoor air quality of offices. 3. Evaluation of Existing Standards and Guidelines Several points emerge from the evaluation of existing standards and guidelines. These include (1) the difference between public health and occupational standards; and (2) major omissions among existing standards with regard to indoor air quality problems. 3.1 Public Health Standards vs. Occupational Health Standards The most significant differences between various standards and guidelines are related to the differen- ces between standards set to protect the general public versus those set to protect workers in an oc- cupationall setting. Public health standards are generally one to two orders of magnitude lower than occupational standards. These differences occur for both short- and long-term exposure limits. Some of the reasons for these differences are (1) public health standards include protection for the sensitive population subgroups, while occupational standards typically presume a healthy adult workforce; (2) public health standards generally assume continuous exposures while occupational standards are based on 8 hours exposure period per day for no more than 40 hours per week; (3) public health standards are usually established with adverse health concerns as the sole criteria. 3.2 Regulatory Gap Two areas of particular concern in indoor air quality have yet to be adequately addressed by existing standards and guidelines. These include exposure to pollutant mixtures and to biological con- taminants (e.g., molds, fungi, mites, bacteria, and viruses). The effects of exposure to more than one contaminant in indoor air is an important issue since the typi- cal indoor environment contains multiple contaminants. Effects from mixtures may be synergistic, an- tagonistic, or additive. Existing standards and guidelines do not address biological contaminants, yet biological con- taminants pose potentially significant problems for indoor air quality. Detail Associates, Inc. 17

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Chapter V Common indoor Air Quality, Measurements 1. Common Sampling Devices 1.1 Vacuum Pump A vacuum pump with a known airflow rate draws air through collection devices, such as a filter, a sor- bent tube, or an impinger. Tests originated for industrial environments typically need to be adjusted to a lower detection limit for IAQ work. Labs can be asked to report when trace levels of an identifiable contaminant are present below the limit of quantification and detection. 1.2 Direct-reading Meter Direct-reading meters estimate air concentrations through one of several detection principles. These may report specific chemicals, chemical groups, or broad pollutant categories. 'Detection limits and averaging time developed for industrial use may or may not be appropriate for IAQ. 1.3 Detector Tube Kit Detector tube kits generally include a hand pump that draws a known volume of air through a chemi- cally treated tube intended to react with certain contaminants. The length of color stain resulting in the tube correlates to chemical concentration. 1.4 Personal monitoring devices Personal monitoring devices area carried or worn by individuals and are used to measure that individual's exposure to particular chemical(s). Devices that include a pump are called "active" monitors; devices that do not include a pump are called "passive" monitors. Such devices are current- ly used for research purposes. It is possible that sometime in the future they may also be helpful in IAQ investigations in public and commercial buildings. 1.5 Thermometer and Sling Psychromter These simple devices can be used to measure indicators of thermal comfort including temperature and relative humidity. 1.6 Chemical Smoke Chemical smoke can be helpful in evaluating HVAC systems, tracking potential contaminant move- ment, and identifying pressure differentials. Chemical smoke moves from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure if there is an opening between them. Because it is heatless, chemical smoke is extremely sensitive to air currents. Chemical smoke is available with various dispensing mechanisms, including smoke "bottles," "guns," "pencils," or "tubes:' 2. Measurement of Air Flow and Outdoor Air Quantities 2.1 Airflow Measurement of airflow allow investigators to estimate the amount of outdoor air that is entering the building and to evaluate HVAC system operation. Airflow quantities can be calculated by measuring the velocity and cross-sectional area of the airstream. For expample, if air is moving at 100 feet per minute in a 24" x 12" duct, the airflow is: 100 feet/minute x 2 square feet duct area = 200 cubic feet/minute. 18 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Air velocity can be measured with a pitot tube or anemometer. Air velocity within an airstream is likely to vary considerably. The best estimates of air velocity can be achieved by averaging the results of a number of measurements. ASTM Standard Practice D3154 provides guidance on making such meas- urements. 2.2 Outdoor Air Quantities Outdoor air quantities can be evaluated by measuring airflow directly. Two frequently used techniques are thermal mass balance (temperature) and Carbon Dioxide Measurements. Outdoor air• quantities is calculated as follows: Using Thermal Mass Balance Treturn air - Tmixed air Outdoor air (percent) = -~~ - ______ x 10b return air - outdoor air Where: T = temperature (degrees Farenheit) Using Carbon Dioxide Measurements CS-CR Outdoor air (percent) = x 100 Co - CR Where: Cs = ppm C02 in the supply air (if measure in a room), or Cs = ppm of C02 in the mixed air (if measured at an air handler) CR = ppm of C02 in the return air Co = ppm of C02 in the outdoor Air Converting Percent to CFM Outdoor air (percent) Outdoor air (cfm) =x total airflow (cfm) 100 Where: cfm = cubic feet per minute The number used for total airflow may be the air quantity supplied to a room or zone, the capacity of an air handler, or the total airflow of the HVAC system. 3. Air Contaminant Concentrations 3.1 Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs) N Several direct-reading instruments are available that provide a low sensitivity "total" reading for dif- ~ ferent types of organics. Such estimates are usually presented in parts per million and are calculated ~ with the assumption that all chemicals detected are the same as the one used to calibrate the instru- ~ ment. A laboratory analysis of a sorbent tube can provide an estimate of total solvents in the air. 4 ~ ~ ~ 00 Detail Associates, Inc. 19

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants 3.2 Individual Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Individual VOCs can be measured in indoor air with a moderate degree of sensitivity through adapta- tions of existing industrial air monitoring technology. Examples of medium sensitivity testing devices include XAD-4 sorbent tubes, charcoal tubes, and chromosorb tubes. AFter a sufficient volume of air is pumped through these tubes, they are sent to a lab for extraction and analysis by gas chromatog- raphy. Variations use a passive dosimeter to collect the sample or a portable gas chromatograph on- site for direct injection of building air. These methods may not be sensitive enough to detect many trace level organics present in building air. High sensitivity techniques have recently become available to measure "trace organics" - VOCs in the air. Sampling may involve Tenax and multiple sorbent tubes, charcoal tubes, evacuated canisters, and other technology. Analysis involves gas chromatography followed by mass spectroscopy. 3.3 Formaldehyde Formaldehyde is a VOC that has been studied extensively. Two commonly used methods that are generally acceptable for IAQ screening involve impingers and sorbent tubes. 3.4 Biological Contaminants No single technique is effective for sampling the many biological contaminants found in indoor environ- ments. A variety of specific approaches are used to retrieve, enumberate, and identify each kind of microorganism from water, surfaces, and air. Other specific methods are used for materials such as feces or insect parts. Where air sampling is desired, several approaches are available. The most com- mon type of air sampler uses a pump to pull air across a nutrient agar, which is then incubated. Any bacterial or fungal colonies that subsequently grow can be counted and identified by a qualified microbiologist. Different types of agar and incubation temperatures are used to culture different types of organisms. Only living organisms or spores in the air are counted by this method. 3.5 Airborne Dust Dust can be collected by using a pump to draw air through a filter. The filter can then be weighed or examined under a microscope. 3.6 Combustion Products Direct-reading meters, detector tubes, and passive dosimeters are among the techniques most com- monly used to measure carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. 3.7 Other Inorganic Gases Although they are not routinely sampled in most lAQ studies, a variety of other gases may be evaluated where conditions warrant Examples might include ammonia, ozone, and mercury. 20 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Chapter VI Common Indoor Air. Pollutants This chapter provides specific information on each common indoor air pollutant listed below. The informa- tion provided is meant to be used as a guideline when dealing with these pollutants. 1. List of Common Indoor Air Pollutants Contaminant Sources Acetic acid Acetone Acrolein Aldehydes Alkyl benzene sulfonate Alkyl aryl sodium sulfonate Ammonia Amines Ammonium Compounds Asbestos Asbestos Fibers Anthophylite Chrysotile Crocidolite Tremolite Bioaerosols Algae Arthropods Bacteria Fungi Green•plants Mammals Protozoa Borax Butyric acid Engineering drawing/copying machine Bioeffluents Smoking Exhaust of gasoline and diesel engines outdoors, tobacco smoke Commercial cleaning products Commercial cleaning products Microfilm machines Engineering drawing reproduction machines , Humidification equipment Commercial cleaning products Draperies, filters, stove mats, Actinolite floor tile, spackling compound, Amosite furnaces (older), roofing, gaskets, insulation, acoustical materials, talcum powder, ironing board cover, hot mittens, hair dryers (old) utdoor air - House dust Cooling towers, hot water sources, hot damp surfaces, stagnant water reservoirs, industrial processes Damp environmental surfaces, outdoor air, damp surfaces, bird droppings Outdoor air Horses, cats Contaminated water reservoirs Commercial cleaning products Bioeffluents Carbon Photocopying machines 21 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Combustion Products Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Respirable particles Benzo(a)pyrene Hydrogen Cyanide Diethyl ethanolamine Ethyl alcohol Formaldehyde Kerosene Lead Man-made mineral fibers Methyl alcohol Methylacrylates Naphtha Nicotine Organics Benzaldehyde Benzene n-Butylacetate Cumene Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol n-Decane Diethyl phthalate Dodecane Ethylbenzene 1 -Ethyl-2-methylbenzene 1 -Ethyl-4-methylbenzene n-Heptane Limonene Menthone Mesitylene Methylene chloride 1-Methyinaphthalene 2-Methyi-naphthalene Naphthalene Organics Cont. Combustion sources including: gas ranges, dryers, water heaters, kerosene heaters, fireplaces and woof stoves, gas stoves, garages, outdoor sources, chimneys, furnaces Boiler additive Bioeffluent Particle board, urea-formaldehyde insulation, pressed wood, plywood resins, hardwood paneling, carpeting, upholstery, paper towels, disinfectants, carpet shampoos, toothpaste, smoking, grocery bags, waxed paper, facial towels, shampoo, cosmetics, medicines Commercial cleaning products Automobile exhaust, sanding or open-flame burning of lead-based paint, activities involving lead solder, outdoor sources Fiberglass insulation, mineral wool insulation Spirit duplication machine, bioeffluent Signature machine Commercial cleaning products Tobacco smoke Varnishes, paints, polishes, cleaners, etc. 22 Detail Associates, Inc.

Nonane n-Octane n-Pentadecane Propylbenzene Tetradecane 1,1,1 -Trichloroethane Toluene n Tridecane o,m,p-Xylene Organic vapors Ozone Pine oil Pesticides Aldrin Chlordane Dieldrin Heptachlor Petroleum solvents Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Radon decay products Sodium carbonate Sodium perborate Sodium phosphates Sodium dodecyl sulfate Trinitrofluorene Trinitrofluorenone Vinyl chloride Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Carpet adhesives, wool finishes Electrical equipment, electrical air cleaners, outdoor sources Commercial cleaning products Products used to kill household pests, and products used on lawns and gardens that drift or are tracked inside the house Commercial cleaning products Carbonless carbon paper Concrete, brick, stone, soil, ground water, shower/hot wash water Commercial cleaning products Commercial cleaning products Commercial cleaning products Carpet shampoo Photocopying machines Photocopying machines Aerosol spray, propellants, and solvents Detail Associates, Inc. 23

Guide to Indoor Air PoIIutants 2. Biological Contaminants 2.1 Biohazard: Biohazard is a combination of the words biological hazard and refers to plants, animals of their products that may present a potential risk to the health and well-being of humans or animals. Biohazard can affect humans either directly through illness or indirectly through disruption of the en- vironment. Biohazard can be transmitted to a person through inhalation, injection, ingestion, or con- tact with the skin. 2.2 Bioaerosols: Bioaerosois are airborne particles, large molecules, or volatile compounds that are living or were released from a living organism. Figure 2 gives examples of common bio-aerosol sources and their nature of pollution. 2.3 Some Factors Affecting indoor Microbial Levels (1) Humidity: levels between 25% - 70% can allow fungal growth; less than 70% optional to support fungal growth (2) Water: ponds, humidifiers, HVAC, building leaks (3) Carbon Sources: decaying plants, soil, cellulose and plant lignins, fabrics, leather; wood and skin scales 2.4 Possible Means of Reducing Exposure (1) Remove stagnant water and slimes from mechanical systems; (2) Apply chlorine solution when mechanical system is off; (3) Eliminate water sprays; (4) Substitute steam for cold water humidifiers; (5) Eliminate mist vaporizers; (6) Repair water leaks; (7) Keep indoor relative humidity below 70%; (8) Discard porous building materials and any furnishings contaminated with fungi; (9) Upgrade collection efficiency of air handling filters; (10) Provide suitable amount of outdoor air. 2.5 Common Air Samplers Used for Indoor Bio-aerosoi Collection Please see Figure 3 for air samplers commonly used for'collection of indoor bio-aerosols. Detail Associates, Inc. 24

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Sources of Pollution Air Handling Unit (cooling coil) Air handling and fan coil units (filters) Air handling unit (Air washer and water spray system section) Fan coil units; induction units Humidifiers containing reservoirs of stagnant water Steam humidifier Porous man-made insulation in ventilation system Outdoor air intake of ventilation system Outdoor air Nature of Pollution Amplification of microorganisms may occur on wetted surfaces of cooling coils and in drain pans Filters may act as reservoirs for microbial pollutants; amplification can occur if humidity is excessive or if filter is wetted Microorganisms grow on wetted mechanical surfaces, in water reservoirs, and on porous substrates associated with these devices These devices may serve as reservoirs for microbial contaminants; check for accumulated dust and debris Organic dusts and, debris are scrubbed from the air stream; microorganisms may amplify in water reservoir and on wetted surfaces of device Condensed water from improperly trapped devices may serve as a niche for amplification of microorganisms Dirt and debris are.trapped in porous areas; can become microbial reservoir; if insulation is wet, microbial amplification can occur. Bioaerosols from nearby cooling tower, evaporative condensers, and sanitary stacks mayenter out- door air intake; outdoor air intakes located at ground level are prone to microbial contamination from soil and vegetable debris Outdoor bioaerosols are the ultimate source of most indoor contaminants. Figure 2 Sources of Indoor Bio-aerosols and Contamination 25 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to IndoorAir Pollutants Sampler Type Principles of Operation Sampling Rate (!pm*) Recommended Sampling Time 1. Slit impactor 2. Sleve Impactor Impaction on rotating or stationary plate 30-700 continuous 1-60 min or 7 day a. single-stage portable Impaction on agar "rodac" plate 90 or 185 0.5 or 0.3 min b. single-stage impactor Impaction on agar; 100 mm plates 28 1 min c. two-stage impactor Impaction on agar; 2-100 mm plates 28 1-5 min 3. Filter cassettes Filtration 1-2 15-60 min or 8 hr 4. High-volume filtration Filtration 140-1400 5 min-24 hr 5. High-volume electrostatic Electrostatic collection into liquid up to 1000 variable 6. All-glass Impingers Impingement into liquid 12.5 30 min 7. Centrifugal lmpactor Impaction on agar plastic strips 40?? 0.5 min * !pm = liters per minute Figure 3 Samplers Commonly Used for Collection of Indoor Bioaerosols Detail Associates, Inc. 26

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants BACTERIA GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Bacteria are simple, one-celled organisms that are visible only under the microscope and multiply by simple division or fission into two parts. Bacteria can take the form of very small spheres (cocci), straight rods (bacilli), spiral rods (spirilli), or long branched filaments (actinomycetes). Most are in the size range of 1-5 um, though few are smaller or larger. Some bacteria form long, permanent, branch- ing chains of cells, mimicking the fungi. Bacteria of importance in indoor air quality are classified by Gram stain reaction, shape, oxygen re- quirements, ability to produce spores, ability to utilize specific substrates, production of specific meta- bolites, and ability to cause specific diseases. Please see Figure 4.' Bacteria metabolize carbon compounds either in the presence of oxygen (aerobically) or in the ab- sence of oxygen (anaerobically), or both. They excrete complex biochemical products that are in- strumental in the decay of nonliving organic material. A few bacteria are obligate pathogens and require a living host. Many are facultative pathogens, able to live either in a living host or on nonliving organic material. Many bacteria can be killed by antibiotics which selectively kill prokaryotic cells. Be- cause they are saprophytic, most bacteria can be grown in culture and, providing nutritional require- ments are met, can be collected from air, cultured, counted, and identified. Most environments contain a wide variety of bacteria. The types and concentrations are influenced by prevailing conditions. In general, the human-source bacteria are dominant indoors while the gram- negative leaf surface organisms are most abundant outdoors. Risk of illness increases only when bac- teria that can produce disease are selectively amplified in an environmental reservoir and these organisms or their products become airborne and successfully reach the breathing zone of suscep- tible humans. HEALTH EFFECTS Airborne bacterial cells cause infectious disease by entering the respiratory system of the host. Legionnaires' disease, other pneumonia, and tuberculosis are common airborne infectious diseases caused by bacteria. Bacterial cells and their products can also cause humidifier fever and hypersen- sitivity pneumonitis. Recently, anecdotal evidence has begun to accumulate that bacteria (and fungi) release organic volatiles that may induce the nonspecific symptoms commonly associated with sick building syndrome. 27 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air PolIutants Page 2 MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1.If human-source, nonpathogenic bacteria are abundant, it may be appropriate to increase outside air ventilation rates; 2.if indoor air is improperly distributed, ventilation patterns can be altered; 3.Cooling-coil drip pans should be cleaned with oxidants, drains should be cleared, and pans should be slanted toward drains; 4.Cooling towers should be maintained free of bacteria slimes and their effluent should not enter breathing air; 5.Humidifiers should be maintained free of scale and slime at all times; 6.Home devices, especially those releasing a droplet spray, should be emptied and dried daily and cleaned with bleach (5%) or 3% hydrogen peroxide every third day. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS All of the samplers listed in Figure 3 could theoretically be used to sample for bacteria. For detailed in- formation, consult "Guidelines For the Assessment of Bioaerosols in the Indoor Environment", ACGIH, 1989. Detail Associates, Inc. 28

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Organism Gram Shape Oxygen Spore Disease Occurrence in Air Outside Inside Legionel9a pneumonophila Pseudomonas - Rods Rods Oxidative No Oxidative No Legionellosis Pneumonia Rare Rare Occasional Rare Enterics - Rods Fermentative No Various Rare Rare Bacillus + Rods Oxidative/ Yes Fermentative Hypersensitivity Common Common pneumonitis Micrococcus + Cocci Oxidative No Usually none Common Common Mycobacterium {+) Irregular rods Oxidative No Tuberculosis Common Common Thermoactino- myces + Branchin Oxidative Yes Hypersensitivity Rare Rare Corynebacterium (+) Rods Oxidative/ No Usually none Rare Occasional Fermentative Figure 4 Classification of Some bacterial Common in Indoor Air or Causing Airborne Disease I 29 Detail Associates, Inc.

I Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Detail Associates, Inc. 30

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants FUNGI GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Fungi are eukaryotic organisms. Fungus cells are bound by rigid walls that, unlike those of plants, are formed of acetylglucosamine polymers. Fungi also lack chlorophyll. Fungi can be either unicellular or multicellular. The yeasts are unicellular fungi that reproduce primarily by budding. Most fungi, how- ever, are formed of long chains of cells called hyphae; a mass of hyphae is called a mycelium. Mycelial fungi include all the "molds" as well as mushroom, puffballs, shelf fungi, morels, etc. Most fungi produce spores designed to be transported through the air. All fungi are heterotrophic, which means they cannot make their own carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide as can the plants, and they must have external food sources. In addition, fungi need a sources of nitrogen and many have specific mineral requirements. Fungi are either saprophytic, parasitic, or both. Saprophytic organisms utilize dead organic material for food. Almost all fungi can grow saprophytically. Organisms that live on other living organisms are called parasites. In the process of degrading substrates, fungi produce many metabolic products, some of which may affect indoor air quality and certainly have had an impact on humanity. Environmental factors that influence the distribution of fungi include water, nutrients, temperature, and light. Almost any carbon-containing material can provide nutrients to the saprophytic fungi. Water, on the other hand, is not always readily available. The intrusion of water into the indoor environment is the single most important cause of fungal contamination. If the indoors can be kept dry, fungal growth can be essentially prevented. Since fungi are disseminated primarily through the air, and often over long distances, fungi can be formed throughout the world. They are truely ubiquitous. HEALTH EFFECTS Only a few fungi can invade living cells and cause infectious disease. Such infections usually occur only in people with some immune system dysfunction. Most fungi produce proteins that are highly an- tigenic and can cause hypersensitivity diseases in susceptible hosts. Figure 5 summarizes informa- tion on the health effects and environmental sources of various fungi. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS Air sampling for fungi is often difficult and expensive, and a single sampling modality Is rarely suffi- cient. Air sampling is generally useful only to demonstrate that a presumed source is contributing to the bioaerosol. Refer to "Guidelines For the Assessment of Bioaerosois in the Indoor Environment", ACGIH, 1989 for further information. 31 Detail Associates, Inc.

Organism Causal Part Disease Histoplasma Spores Cryptococcus Spores Aspergillus Spores Aspergillus Spores Penicillium Sporobolomyces All airborne fungus Spores spores Aspergillus flavus Toxin Stachybotrys atra Toxin Ulocladium VOC* Penicillium species VOC* `VOC = volatile organic compounds Histoplasmosis Cryptococcosis Invasive aspergillosis; aspergilloma; allergic brochopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) Hypersentivity pneumonitis (HP) Allergic asthma; Rhinitis Cancer Acute Toxicosis Headache Irritants Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Usual Source Bird droppings Bird droppings Self-heated compost; damp organic material Damp organic material; outdoor air Damp organic material; outdoor air Agricultural products Damp cellulosic material Damp organic material Damp organic material Figure 5 Health Effects and Sources of a Few Fungi Detail Associates, Inc. 32

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants BIOCIDES GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS A biocide is a substance that kills living cells. Biocides are used to disinfect (kill pathogenic agents by direct chemical or physical means) and to sanitize (reduce the microbial burden of objects to a level prescribed by public health regulations or hygienic considerations).. Biocides that are integrally at- tached to materials acting as permanent sanitizers. - Factors affecting the capacity of a biocide to perform efficiently include concentration of the biocide, temperature and pH (hydrogen ion concentration) at which it is used, and ability to combine with or- ganic material. H EALTH EFFECTS Biocides, by definition, kill living cells. They are considered poisons by the EPA. Biocides should be used with extreme caution and only when other measures are not sufficient to eliminate or control the identified problem. Figure 6 illustrates the major categories of some commonly used biocides and the principal human health effects of each. MEAN z OF REDUCING EXPOSURE Three government agencies regulate biocides in the United States. They include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which regulates biocides used on inanimate surfaces and registers them as pesticides; the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which regulates biocides used on the skin or mucous membranes; and the Consumer Products Safety Committee (CPSC) which regulates biocides used on sleepwear, carpeting, etc.. Biocides should not be used unless other measures fail to eliminate or control the problem. It is important to verify the product registration with the applicable above mentioned agencies before using a commercial biocide. Label instructions on the commercial biocide products should be read carefully and understood clear- ly before use. These instructions of use should be followed at all times. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS For detailed information, consult "Guidelines For the Assessment of Bioaerosols in the Indoor Environ- ment", ACGIH, 1989. 33 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air PolIutants I Biocides Sporicidal Activity Mechanism Human Health Effects (inhalation/Contact) Hypochlorites Yes Enzyme inactivation irritant, corrosive Hydrogen peroxide ? Hydroxyl-free radicals None for 3 percent solution Quaternary ? Increase cell Toxic irritants ammonium membrane compounds permeability Alcohols No Denatures proteins None reported (ethanol) (propanol) (isopropanol) Phenolics No Denatures proteins Odor, toxic, irritant, corrosive Glutaraldehyde Yes Protein cross linking Toxic irritant Iodine, Yes lodination and oxidation Skin, mucous membrane irritant lodophors of proteins Formaldehyde ? Binds DNA, cell proteins Odor, toxic irritants, may be carcinogeni Figure 6 Characteristics of Some Common Biocides Detail Associates, Inc. 34

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants VIRUS GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Viruses are replicating microorganisms that are the smallest of all life forms. Viruses are a heterogenous class of microbial agents. They vary in size and morphology, chemical composition, host range, and in the effect they have on their hosts. Viruses are obligate parasites in that they must be associated with a cell to function, which means they are incapable of growth or reproduction without living cells. Viruses are subdivided into three main classes: animal viruses, plant viruses, and bacterial viruses (bacteria-phage). Within each class, a particular virus is normally able to infect only a certain species of cells. Viruses have the ability to change and adapt to changes in the environment. Viruses occur in many shapes and sizes, but all viruses are constructed according to certain principles. HEALTH EFFECTS The virus particle itself is the inert form of the virus. When a virus particle and a suitable host cell inter- act, a virus - cell complex is formed and the fate of that interaction varies widely. Most viruses enter the host through following portals of entry: 1) skin; 2) respiratory tract; 3) alimentary tract; 4) urogeni- tal tract; and 5) conjunctiva. Successful infection results in damage to the host that can be un- detected, mild, severe, fatal, teratogenic, behavioral, or result in tumor formation. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS Instrumentation used to collect bacteria, pollen, and fungal spores can also be used with minor modifications to collect virus aerosols. Techniques generally used involve sedimentation, filtration, im- pingement, impaction, electrostatic precipitation, and scrubbing. For detailed information, consult "Guidelines For the Assessment of Bioaerosols in the Indoor Environment", ACGIH, 1989. 35 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants 3. Other Common Indoor Air Pollutants This Section includes specific information on each pollutant listed in the section 1 except biologicals. Biological contaminants are discussed in Section 2. Detail Associates; Inc. 36

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants ACETIC ACID MF: C2H402 MW: 60.06 1 DENTf FICATION Cas #: 64-19-7 NIOSH: AF1225000 SYNONYMS Acetic acid (aqueous solution) (DOT), acetic acid, glacial (DOT), ethanoic acid, ethylic acid, glacial acetic acid, methanecarboxylic acid, octowy kwas (polish), vinegar acid APPEARANCE OI DOR Clear, colorless liquid; pungent odor CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 118.1 C Melting Point:.16.7 C Vapor Pressure: 11.4 mm Hg @ 20 C Specific Gravity: 1.049 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: 0.074 ppm - detection threshold SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Engineering drawing copying machines. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 10 ppm (25 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: TWA: 10 ppm (25 mg/cu m) STEL: 15 ppm (37 mg/cu m) ACGIH TLV: TWA: 10 ppm (25 mg/cu m) STEL: 15 ppm (37 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: none established TOXICITY Inhalation-human TCLo: 816 ppm/3 min Inhalation-rat LCLo: 16000 ppm/4 hrs Inhalation-rat LC50: 5620 ppm/1 hr 37 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants I Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS A human poison by an unspecified route. Moderately toxic by various routes. A severe eye and skin ir- ritant. Human systemic effects by ingestion: changes in the esphagus, ulceration or bleeding from the small and large intestines. Human systemic irritant effects and mucous membrane irritant. Experimen- tal reproductive effects. Mutagenic data. A common air contaminant. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. To investigate general ventilation rates; 2. To investigate the possibility of local ventilation above the machine. 3. To locate the machine at a location where the pollution and exposure can be minimized; or possibly to confine the machine to specially partitioned rooms or compartments to prevent it from polluting the larger, general-use habitable space; 4. To find out if the manufacturer has introduced any modifications for reducing pollutant emission of the product; if no, search for a manufacturer that does 5. Proper operation and maintenance of the machine. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH Method 1603, third edition Detail Associates, Inc. 38

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants ACETONE MF: C3H60 MW: 58.09 IDENTlFICATION Cas #: 67-64-1 NIOSH: AL3150000 YN NYMS Dimethylketal, dimethylformaidehyde, dimethyl ketone, ketone propane, beta-ketopropane, methyl ketone, propanone, 2-propanone, pyroacetic acid, pyroacetic ether. APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless liquid, fragrant mint-like odor CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 56.48 C Melting Point: -94.6 C Vapor Pressure: 400 mm Hg @ 39.5 C Specific Gravity: 0.7972 @ 15 C Odor threshold: 62 ppm - detection threshold; 130 ppm - recognition threshold SOURC;ES OF CONTAMINATION Bioeffluents EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL:TWA: 750 ppm (1800 mg/cu m) STEL: 1000 ppm (2400 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL:TWA: 250 ppm (590 mg/cu m) ACGIH TLV:TWA: 750 ppm (1780 mg/cu m) STEL:1000 ppm(2380 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: Long term: 7 mg/cu m/ 24 hrs Short term: 24 mg/cu m/30 min TOXICITY Inhalation-man TDLo: 440 ug/cum/6 min Inhalation-man LCLo: 10 mg/cu m/6 hrs Inhalation-human TCLo: 500 ppm:EYE Inhalation-human TCLo: 12000 ppm/4 hrs Oral-human LDLo: 50 mg/kg Oral-rat LD50: 9750 mg/kg 39 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants I Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic by various routes. A skin and severe eye irritant. Human systemic effects by inhala- tion: changes in EEG, changes in carbohydrate metabolism, nasal effects, conjunctiva irritation, respiratory system effects, nausea and vomiting, and muscle weakness. Narcotic in high concentra- tion. A common air contaminant. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Clear all standing water indoors particularly if it is near the ventilation system; 2. Good operation & Maintenance of ventilation and humidification equipments; 3. Use strong biocide to disinfect certain areas when necessary. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH Method 1300, third edition Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants ACROLEIN MF: C3H4O MW: 56.07 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 107-02-8 NIOSH: AS1050000 SYNONYMS Acquinite, acraldehyde, acrylaldehyde, acrylic aldehyde, awualine, biocide, crolean, ethylene al- dehyde, magnacide H, 2-propenal, prop-2-en-1-al, 2-propen-1 -one, propylene aldehyde, slimicide. APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless or yellowishliquid; disagreeable, choking odor. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 52.5 C Melting Point: -87.7 C Vapor Pressure: 214 mm Hg @ 20 C Specific Gravity: 0.841 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: 1.8 ppm - detection threshold (pungent) SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Smoking, perfumes EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL:TWA: 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/cu m) STEL: 0.3 ppm (0.8 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: none established ACGIH TLV:TWA: 0.1 ppm (0.23 mg/cu m) STEL: 0.1 ppm(0.69 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: Short term: 25 ug/cu m - ceiling TOXICfTY Inhalation-human LCLo: 5500 ppb Inhalation-man LCLo: 1 ppm Inhalation-human LCLo: 153 ppm/10 min Inhalation-child TCLo: 300 ppb/2 hrs Oral-rat LD50: 46 mg/kg I 41 Detail Associates, inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Human poison by inhalation and intradermal route. Poison experimentally by most routes. An ex- perimental carcinogen. Severe eye and skin irritant. Human systemic irritant and pulmonary system ef- fects by inhalation include: lacrimation, delayed hypersensitivity with multiple organ involvement and respiratory system damage. Human mutagenic data. Experimental reproductive effects. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE Stop smoking and discourage others from smoking. Ask people who smoke to smoke outdoors. Use alternative brands of perfumes that do not pollute indoor air. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH Method 2501, third edition. Detail Associates, Inc. 42

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants ALDRIN MF: C12H86C16 MW: 364.93 I DENTI FICATION Cas #: 309-00-2 NIOSH: 10 2100000 SYNONYMS Aldrex, aldrex 30, aldrite, aldrosol, altox, compound 118, drinox, 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro- 1,4,4a,5,8„8a-hexahydro-1,4,5,8-dimethanonaphthalene, octalene, seedrin, HHDN APPEARANCE/ODOR White crystaline odorless powder CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: 104 C - 105 C Vapor Pressure: 7.5 x 10-s Specific Gravity: 1.57-1.63 @ 15.5 C/15.5 C Odor threshold: SOUR(3ES OF CONTAMINATION Pesticide products used to kill household pests, and products used on lawns and gardens that drift or are tracked inside the house. Manufacturing and use has been discontinued in the U.S.. EXPO-SURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 0.25 mg/cu m - skin NIOSH REL: reduce to lowest feasible level ACGIH TLV: TWA: 0.25 ppm - skin EPA Ambient Air Standards: none established TOXICITY Oral--human TDLo: 14 mg/kg: central nervous system ~ Skin-rat LD50: 39 mg/kg ~ 04 ~ ~ ~ 43 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by ingestion, skin contact, intravenous, intraperitoneal and other routes. An experimental tumorigen, neoplastigen, carcinogen and teratogen. Human systemic effects by ingestion: excite- ment, tremors and nausea or vomiting. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutagenic data. Continued acute exposure causes liver damage. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Read the label and follow the directions. 2. Use in well vent'ilated areas. 3. Use alternative non-chemical methods of pest control. 4. If you decide to use a pest control company, choose one carefully. 5. Dispose of unwanted pesticides safely. 6. Keep exposure to moth repellents to a minimum. 7. Call the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network. The number is MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #5502, third edition 1-800-858-PEST. 44 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants ALDEHYDES MF: R*CHO MW: IDENTIFICATION Cas #: NIOSH: SYNONYM See individual aldehydes APPEARANCE/ODOR A class of chemicals with the general formula R*CHO, and characterized by an unsaturated carbonyl group (C=0) CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Exhaust of gasoline and diesel engines outdoors, tobacco smoke. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standards: None established TOXICITY Inhalation-human LCLo: 5500 ppb Inhalation-man LCLo: 1 ppm Inhalation-human LCLo: 153 ppm/10 min Inhalation-child TCLo: 300 ppb/2 hrs 45 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Aldehydes occur in nature and are gaseous by-products of incomplete combustion of wood and coal, in exhaust from gasoline and diesel engines, industrial waste gases and fumes, tobacco smoke and wood fires. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are carcinogens. Many of the aldehydes are mutagens. All the aldehydes possess anesthetic properties, but this is obscured by their highly irritating action on the eyes and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. The lower aldehydes act chiefly on the eyes and tissues of the upper respiratory tract. The higher aldehydes tend to penetrate more deeply into the respiratory system and may affect the lungs. Some higher aldehydes and also the aromatic af- dehydes may exhibit much lower toxicity. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE Check the ways of ventilation in your home or office. Try to reorganize the air circulation/ventilation in your home or offices in a way that intake of outdoor contaminated air is minimized. Do not smoke and discourage others to smoke. Ask smokers to smoke outdoors. MONlTORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS Aldehyde Screening, NIOSH analytical method 2539, third edition. Detail Associates, Inc. 46

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants ALKYL BENZENE SULFONATE MF: C6H603S MW: 158.17 IDENTIPf ATI N Cas #: 42615-29-2 NIOSH: DB 4370000 SYNONYMS ABS; benzenesulfonic acid, alkyl derivatives; LAS; linear alkylbenzene sulfonate; lenear alkylbenzene suiphonate APPEARANCE/ODOR As ethyl ester - Colorless to slightly yellow, almost odorless liquid. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: 43.44 C; 50-51 anhydrous Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Commercial cleaning products EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standards: None established TOXICITY Skin-mouse TDLo: 100 mg/kg (6-15 Day Pregnant) Oral-rat LD50: 437 mg/kg 47 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pottutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by ingestion and subcutaneous routes. An experimen- tal teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. A skin irritant. When heated to decomposi- tion, it emits SOx fumes. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Safe collection days for household hazardous waste should be organized; 2. Follow label instructions carefully before use; 3. Throw away partially full containers of old or unneeded household/office chemical products safely; 4. Buy limited quantities of such products. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS' No validated method. Detail Associates, Inc. 48

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants ALKYL ACRYL SODIUM SULFONATE MF: MW: IDENTIFI ATION Cas #: NIOSH: AZ 8400000 SYNONYMS D*40, witconate APPEARANCE/ODOR CHEMICAL/PHYSiCAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Commercial cleaning products EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standards: None established TOXICITY Oral-rat LD50: 2320 mg/kg Oral-mouse LD50: 2010 mg/kg Oral-rabbit LD50: 1730 mg/kg 49 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air PoIlutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic by ingestion. When heated to decomposition, emits toxic SOx fumes. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Safe collection days for household hazardous waste should be organized; 2. Follow label instructions carefully before use; 3. Throw away partially full containers of unneeded household/office chemical products safely; 4. Buy limited quantities of such products. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS, No validated method found. Detail Associates, Inc. 50

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants AMMONIA MF: H3N MW: 17.04 I DENTI FICATION Cas #: 7664-41-7 NIOSH: BO 0875000 SYNONYMS Ammonia anhydrous, ammonia gas, spirit of hartshorn APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless gas, extremely pungent odor, liquefied by compression. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: -33.35 C Melting Point: -77.7 C Vapor Pressure: 10 atm @ 25.7 C Specific Gravity: 0.771 g/liter @ 0 C, 0.817 g/liter @-79 C Odor threshold: 17 ppm-detection threshold (pungent/irritating) SOURC3ES OF CONTAMINATION Microfilm machines, engineering drawing reproduction machines EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: STEL: 35 ppm (27 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: STEL: 50 ppm (34.8 mg/cu m) - 5 minutes ACGIH TLV: TWA: 25 ppm (17 mg/cu m) STEL: 35 ppm (24 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: Long Term: 0.5 mg/cu m/year Short Term: 7 mg/cu m - ceiling level TOXICITY Inhalation-human LCLo: 30000 ppm/5 mins Inhalation-human TCLo: 20 ppm Oral-rat LD50: 350 mg/kg 51 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS A human poison by an unspecified route. Poison experimentally by inhalation, ingestion and possibly other routes. An eye, mucous membrane, and systemic irritant by inhalation. Mutagenic data. A com- mon air contaminant. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. To investigate general ventilation rates; 2. To investigate the possibility of local ventilation above the machine. 3. To locate the machine at a location where the pollution and exposure can be minimized; or possily to confine the machine to specially partitioned rooms or compartments to prevent it from polluting the larger, general-use habitable space; 4. To find out if the manufacturer has introduced any modifications for reducing pollutant emission of the product; if no, search for a manufacturer that does. 5. Proper operation and maintenance of the machine. MONITORING AND,MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH Method 6701 Detail Associates, inc. 52

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants AMINES MF: MW: IDENTIFICATION Cas #: NIOSH: SYNONYMS See individual compound(s). APPEARANCE/ODOR A large group of organic compounds containing nitrogen and considered as derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by an organic radical. See also specific com- pounds. CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Humidification equipments EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standards: None established TOXf CIIY N Q tU Variable toxicity, some are poison, some are only slightly toxic. Many are skin irritants and some are ~~ sensitizers. C~`d ~ ~ ~ ~ 53 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Variable toxicity; some are poisons, some are only slightly toxic. Many are skin irritants and some are sensitizers. See also specific compounds. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE Use other non-hazardous or less hazardous products to substitute amines. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH Method 2010, 2002, third edition Detail Associates, Inc. 54

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS MF: MW: IDENTI FiCATiON Cas #: NIOSH: SYNONYMS See individual compound(s) APPEARANCE/ODOR See individual compound(s) CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: S UR ES OF CONTAMINATION Commercial cleaning products EXPOSl1RE LIMITS OSHA PEL: See individual compounds NIOSH REL: See individual compounds ACGIH TLV: See individual compounds EPA Ambient Air Standard: See individual compounds TOXICITY_ See individual compound(s) HEALTH HAZARDS See individual compound(s) 55 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Safe collection days for household hazardous waste should be organized; 2. Follow label instructions carefully before use; 3. Throw away partially full containers of old or unneeded household/office chemical products safely; 4. Buy limited quantities of such products. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS See individuai ammonium compounds I Detail Associates, Inc. 56

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants ASBESTOS MF: MW: IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 1332-21-4 NIOSH: Cl 6475000 SYNONYMS Amianthus, amphibole, asbestos fiber, fibrous grunerite, serpentine, amosite (OBS.) APPEARANCE/ODOR A group of fibrous hydrated mineral silicates. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: See each specific form of asbestos Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Draperies, filters, stove mats, floor tile, spackling compound, furnaces (older), roofing, gaskets, insula- tion, acoustical materials, talcum powder, ironing board cover, hot mittens, hair dryers (old) EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: See each specific form of asbestos NIOSH REL: See each specific form of asbestos ACGIH TLV: See each specific form of asbestos EPA Ambient Air Standard: See each specific form of asbestos T XICi'fY Inhalation-human TCLo: 1.2 fibers/cc/19 years HEALTH HAZARDS A human carcinogen. An experimental tumorigen. Human pulmonary system effects by inhalation. Usually at least 4 to 7 years of exposure are required before serious lung damage (fibrosis) results. A common air contaminant. 57 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE Seek advice from an environmental engineering consultant. Control methods usually includes Opera- tion & Maintenance Program and abatement. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS See each specific form of asbestos Detail Associates, Inc. 58

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants ASBESTOS, ACTINOLITE MF: Ca2(Mg1Fe)5(Si8O22)(OH)2 MW: iDENTIIFICATION Cas #: 77536-66-4 NIOSH: Cl 6476000 SYNONYMS I Asbestos (ACGIH), actinolite asbestos APPEA,RANCE/ODOR Reticulated long prismatic crystals and fibers CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Draperies, filters, stove mats, floor tile, spackling compound, furnaces (older), roofing, gaskets, insula- tion, acoustical materials, talcum powder, ironing board cover, hot mittens, hair dryers (old) I EXP SURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: 0.2 f/cc - carcinogen NIOSH REL: 0.1 f/cc - carcinogen ACGIH TLV: 2 f/cc - confirmed human carcinogen EPA Ambient Air Standard: I TOXICIITY N IC CA CJ't HEALTH HAZARDS A human carcinogen. An experimental tumorigen. Human pulmonary system effects by inhalation. ~ Usually at least 4 to 7 years of exposure are required before serious lung damage (fibrosis) results. A ~ common air contaminant. 59 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE Seek advice from an environmental engineering consultant. Control methods usually includes Opera- tion & Maintenance Program and abatement. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH Method 7400, 7402, third edition Detail Associates, Inc. 60

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants ASBESTOS, AMOSITE MF: Fe5Mg2(Si8022)(OH)2 MW: I DENTI FlCATiON Cas #: 12172-73-5 NIOSH: Cl 6477000 SYNONYMS Asbestos (ACGIH), amosite asbestos, mysorite, NCI C60253A APPEARANCE/ODOR Amosite occurs as straight, brittle, coarser and generally long fibers that are light gray to pale brown in color. The more important features of amosite are its heat and corrosion resistance properties. CHEM[CAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity : Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Draperies, filters, stove mats, floor tile, spackling compound, furnaces, roofing, gaskets, insulation, acoustical materials, talcum powder, ironing board cover, hot mittens, hair dryers EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: 0.2 f/cc - carcinogen NIOSH REL: 0.1 f/cc - carcinogen ACGIH TLV: 0.5 f/cc - confirmed human carcinogen EPA Ambient Air Standard: ~ ; t i TOXICITY ~ ~ Inhalation-rat TCLo: 11 mg/cu m/2 years-intermittent ~ *PA ~ ~ ~ a 61 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS A human carcinogen. An,experimental carcinogen, neoplastigen and tumorigen by Inhalation and most other routes. Mutagenic data. . POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE Seek an environmental engineering consultant. Control methods usually includes Operation & Main- tenance Program and abatement. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH Method 7400, 7402, third edition Detail Associates, Inc. 62

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants ASBESTOS, ANTHOPHYLITE MF: (Mg,Fe)7(Si8022)(OH)2 MW: IDENTIFICATION , Cas #: 77536-67-5 NIOSH: CI 6478000 YN NYM Asbestos (ACGIH), anthophylite, azbolen asbestos, ferroanthophyllite APPEARANCEIODOR A rare form of asbestos, characterized by white, brittle fibers. Its resistance to heat is good and its acid resistance properties are excellent. CHEMICAUPHYSfCAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Draperies, filters, stove mats, floor tile, spackling compound, furnaces (older), roofing, gaskets, insula- tion, acoustical materials, talcum powder, ironing board cover, hot mittens, hair dryers (old) EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: 0.2 f/cc - carcinogen NIOSH REL: 0.1 f/cc - carcinogen ACGIH TLV: 2 f/cc - confirmed human carcinogen EPA Ambient Air Standard: TOXICITY Inhalation-rat TCLo: 11 mg/cu m/1 year-intermittent 63 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS A human carcinogen. An experimental carcinogen, neoplastigen and tumorigen. Mutagenic data. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE Seek advice from an environmental engineering consultant. Control methods usually includes Opera- tion & Maintenance Program and abatement. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH Method 7400, 7402, third edition Detail Associates, Inc. 64

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants ASBESTOS, CHRYSOTILE MF: Mg6(Si4010)(OH)8 MW: ; 1 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 12001-29-5 NIOSH: CI 6478500 SYNONYMS Asbestos (ACGIH), 7-45 asbestos, asbestos white (DOT), avibest C, chrysotile asbestos, chrysotile (DOT), metaxite, serpentine, serpentine chrysotile, sylidex, white asbestos, NCI C61223A APPEARANCE/ODOR Chrysotile is sufficiently distinctive in morphology to be identified by electron microscopy. Fibers are usually curved and occur in open bundles splitting into fibers and fibrils of 2,000 to 4,000 nm in diameter. A single chrysotile fiberof 1% diameter may divide into 1,000 fibrils of the same length. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Draperies, filters, stove mats, floor tile, spackling compound, furnaces (older), roofing, gaskets, insula- tion, acoustical materials, talcum powder, ironing board cover, hot mittens, hair dryers (old) EXPOSURE LIMITS I OSHA PEL: 0.2 f/cc - carcinogen NIOSH REL: 0.1 f/cc - carcinogen ACGIH TLV: 2 f/cc - confirmed human carcinogen EPA Ambient Air Standard: ~ ~ TOXICITY ~ ~ Inhalation-man TCLo: 11 mppcf/cu m/1 year-continuous Inhalation-human TCLo: 2.8 fb/cc/5 years r~+ ~ ~ ~ 65 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS A human carcinogen by inhalation with tumors of the lung. An experimental carcinogen, neoplastigen and tumorigen by inhalation and most other routes. Human mutagenic data. Poison by in- traperitoneal route. Human systemic effects by inhalation: lung fibrosis, dyspnea and cough. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE Seek advice from an environmental engineering consultant. Control methods usually includes Opera- tion & Maintenance Program and abatement. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH Method 7400, 7402, third edition Detail Associates,, Inc. 66

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants ASBESTOS, CROCIDOLITE MF: MW: 1DENTYFiCATiON Cas #: 12001-28-4 NIOSH: CI 6479000 SYNONYMS Asbestos (ACGIH), amorphous crocidolite asbestos, blue asbestos (DOT), crocidolite asbestos, crocidolite (DOT), fibrous crocidolite asbestos, NCI C09007 APPEARANCE/ODOR It is commonly known as blue asbestos because of its distinctive color. This material, which has straight, needle-like fibers, is the strongest of the asbestos minerals and is also acid resistant. CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Draperies, filters, stove mats, floor tile, spackling compound, furnaces (older), roofing, gaskets, insula- tion, acoustical materials, talcum powder, ironing board cover, hot mittens, hair dryers (old) EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: 0.2 f/cc - carcinogen NIOSH REL: 0.1 f/cc - carcinogen ACGIH TLV: 0.2 f/cc - confirmed human carcinogen EPA Ambient Air Standard: ~ ~ TOXICITY ~ ~11 Inhalation-rat TCLo: 11 mg/cu m/1 year - Intermittent lnhalation-rat TC: 10 mg/cu m/8 hrs/52 weeks - continuousPage 2 67 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS A human carcinogen. An experimental carcinogen, neoplastigen and tumorigen by inhalation and most other routes. Human mutagenic data. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE Seek advice from an environmental engineering consultant. Control methods usually includes Opera- tion & Maintenance Program and abatement. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH Method 7400, 7402, third edition Detail Associates, Inc. 68

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants ASBESTOS, TREMOLITE MF: Ca2Mg5(Si8022)(OH)2 MW: IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 77536-68-6 NIOSH: Cl 6560000 SYNONYM Asbestos (ACGIH), fibrous tremolite, tremolite asbestos, NCI C08991 APPEARANCE/ODOR Long, prismatic and fibrous aggregates. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: S RCES OF CONTAMINATION Draperies, filters, stove mats, floor tile, spackling compound, furnaces (older), roofing, gaskets, insula- tion, acoustical materials, talcum powder, ironing board cover, hot mittens, hair dryers (old) EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: 0.2 f/cc - carcinogen NIOSH REL: 0.1 f/cc - carcinogen ACGIH TLV: 2 f/cc - confirmed human carcinogen EPA Ambient Air Standard: TOXICRTY 69 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS A human carcinogen. An expetimental carcinogen and neoplastigen. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE Seek advice from an environmental engineering consultant. Control methods usually includes Opera- tion & Maintenance Program and abatement. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH Method 7400, 7402, third edition I 1 Detail Associates, Inc. 70

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants BENZALDEHYDE MF: C7H60 MW:106.13 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 100-52-7 NIOSH: CU 4375000 SYNONYMS Almond artificial essential oil, artificial almond oil, benzenecarbaldehyde, benzenecarbonal, benzoic al- dehyde, dehyde, NCI-C56133, benzene carbaldehyde APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless to yellow mobile liquid, almond odor. Burning aromatic taste. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 179 C Melting Point: -56.5 C Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg @ 26.2 C Specific Gravity: 1.050 @ 15 C/4 C Odor threshold: none established SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Skin-rabbit 500 mg/24 hr Moderate Oral-rat LD50: 1300 mg/kg I Detail Associates, Inc. 71

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous route. An allergen. Acts as a feeble local anesthetic. Local contact may cause contact dermatitis. Causes central nerv- ous system depression in small doses and convulsions in larger doses. A skin irritant. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Keep tightly closed and away from light. , 3. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 4. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS Benzaldehyde and its impurities were separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Detection limits of nitrobenzene were 6 mug, benzal chloride 0.788 mug, benzoic acid 0.1 mug (all in 1 mul ben- zaldehyde). [Block JH, Levine HL; Rapid and Sensitive HPLC technique for detecting impurities in ben- zaldehyde USP; J Chromatogr 166 (1): 313 (1978)]. Aldehydes (including benzaldehyde) were detected in exhaust gas by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with fluorescence detector. [Swarin SJ, Lipari F; Determination of formaldehyde and other aldehydes by high-perfor- mance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection; J Liq Chromatogr 6 (3): 425-44 (1983)]. 72 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants BENZENE MF: C6H6 MW: 78.12 1DENT(FICATION Cas #: 71-43-2 NIOSH: CY 1400000 SYNONYMS Benzol, benzolene, bicarburet of hydrogen, carbon oil, coal naphtha, cyclohexatriene, mineral naph- tha, motor benzo(, nitration benzene, phene, phenyl hydride, pyrobenzole APPEARANCE/ODOR Clear, colorless, highly flammable liquid with characteristic odor. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 80.093 C Melting Point: 5.51 C Vapor Pressure: 100 mm Hg @ 26.1 C Specific Gravity: 0.8794 @ 20 C Odor threshold: 61 ppm - detection threshold (aromatic/sweet/solven) 97 ppm - recognition threshold SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials Including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, oil cloth, artificial leather. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 1 ppm (3 mg/cu m) STEL: 5 ppm (15 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: TWA: 0.1 ppm(0.32 mg/cu m) STEL: 1 ppm (3.2 mg/cu m) ACGIH TLV: TWA: 10 ppm (32 mg/cu m) - suspected human carcinogen EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Inhalation-human LCLo: 2 pph/5 min Inhalation-human TCLo: 100 ppm Inhalation-human TCLo: 210 ppm Detail Associates, inc. 73

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS A human poison by inhalation. An experimental poison by skin contact, intraperitoneal, intravenous and possibly other routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion and subcutaneous routes. A severe eye and moderate skin irritant. Human systemic effects by inhalation and ingestion: euphoria, somnolence, changes in REM sleep, changes in motor activity, nausea or vomiting, reduced number of blood platelet, other unspecified blood effects, dermatitis and fever. A human carcinogen which produces myeloid leukemia and lymphomas by inhalation. An experimental carcinogen, neoplastigen, tumorigen and teratogen. Human mutagenic data. A narcotic. Exposures need to be reduced to 0.1 ppm before no toxic effects were observed. A common air pollutant. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #3700, #1501, #S311, #217, third edition OSHA Analytical method #12 74 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants BENZO(a)PYRENE MF: C20H12 MW: 252.32 IDENTIFiCATION Cas #: 50-32-8 NIOSH: DJ 3675000 SYNONYMS 3,4-benzopyrene, 3,4-benzpyrene, 6,7-benzopyrene, benzo(def)chrysene, BAP, BP APPEARANCE & ODOR Pale yellow crystals; fluoresces yellow-green in ultraviolet light CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 310-312 C Meiting Point: 179 - 179.3 C Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg @ 68 F Specific Gravity: 1.351 Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Combustion sources including gas ranges, dryers, water heaters, kerosene heaters, fireplaces and wood stoves, gas stove, garages, outdoor sources, chimneys, furnaces EXPOSURE_LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 0.2 ppm NIC)SH REL: TWA: 0.1 ppm ACGIH TLV: suspected human carcinogen EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Inhalation-human TCLo: 70 ngram/cu m/Y-C Oral-mouse TDLo: 2310 mg/kg/11 W-C:ETA Skin-mouse TD: 21 mg/kg/45 W-I:NEO Detail Associates, Inc. 75

Guide to Indoor Air PoUutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS May cause skin rash or eye irritation with redness and/or a burning sensation. Exposure to sunlight in- creases effects. Probable cancer causing agent. May cause skin changes such as thickening, darken- ing and pimples. Bronchitis may result from repeated exposure. Smoking with exposure may cause increased risk of lung cancer. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Keep gas appliance properly adjusted. 2. Consider purchasing vented gas space heaters and furnaces. 3. Use proper fuel in kerosene space heaters. 4. Install and use exhaust fan vented to outdoors over gas stoves. 5. Open flues when gas fire-places are in use. 6. Choose properly sized wood stoves that are certified to meet EPA emission standards. Make cer- tain that doors on all wood stoves fit tightly. 7. Have a trained professional inspect, clean and tune-up`central heating system (furnaces, flues, and chimneys) annually. Repairany leaks properly. 8. Do not idle car inside garage. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #5506 and #5515, third edition 76 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants n-BUTYLACETATE MF: C6H1202 MW: 116.18 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 123-86-4 NIOSH: AF 7350000 SYNONYMS Acetic acid-n-butyl ester, butyl acetate, 1 -butyl acetate, butyl ethanoate APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless liquid. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 126 C Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: 15 mm Hg @, 25 C Specific Gravity: 0.88 @ 20 Ci20 C Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXP SURE LIMITS OSHA PEL:TWA: 200 ppm (590 mg/cu m) STEL: 300 ppm (885 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV:TWA: 150 ppm(713 mg/cu m) . STEL: 200 ppm (950 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Inhalation-mouse LC50: 2 g/cu m/2 hr Inhalation-human TCLo: 200 ppm I Detail Associates, Inc. 77

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal route. Mildly toxic by inhalation and ingestion. An experimental teratogen. A skin and severe irritant. Human systemic effects by inhalation: conjunctiva irritation, un- specified nasal and respiratory system effects. A mild allergen. High concentrations are irritating to eyes and respiratory tract and cause narcosis. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #1450, third edition 78 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants BUTYRIC ACID . MF: C4H802 MW: 88.12 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 107-92-6 NIOSH: ES 5425000 . SYNONYMS n-Butyric acid, butanoic acid, ethylacetic acid, 1-propanecarboxylic acid, propylformic acid APPEARANCE/ODOR Oily liquid; unpleasant, rancid odor. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 163.5 C Melting Point: -7.9 C Vapor Pressure: 0.43 mm Hg @ 20 C Specific Gravity: 0.9590 @ 20 C/20 C Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Bioeffluents EXPC)SURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXIClTY Skin-rabbit LD50: 530 mg/kg Eye-rabbit 250 ug open severe Oral-rat LD50: 2940 mg/kg Detail Associates, Inc. 79

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic by ingestion, skin contact, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and intravenous routes. Human mutagenic data. Severe skin and eye irritation. A corrosive material. Flammable when ex- posed to heat or flame. May react with oxidizing materials. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE Discard rancid butter. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS OSHA Chemical Information Manual: IMIS 6709. 80 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants CARBON AF: C AW: 12.01 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 7440-44-0 NIOSH: FF 5250000 SYNONYMS Black pearls, charcoal black, C.I. 77266, co(umbian carbon, purified charcoal APPEARANCE/ODOR Black crystals, powder or diamond form. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: approx. 4200 G Melting Point: 3652-3697 C Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg @ 3586 C Specific Gravity: 1.8-2.1 (amorphous) Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Photocopying machines EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXI QITY Intravenous-mouse LD50: 440 mg/kg HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic by intravenous route. Experimental reproductive effects. It can cause a dust irrita- tion, particularly to the eyes, and mucous membranes. Combustible when exposed to heat. Mildly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. Detail Associates, Inc. 81

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. To investigate general ventilation rates; 2. To investigate the possibility of local ventilation above the machine. 3. To locate the machine at a location where the pollution and exposure can be minimized; or possibly to confine the machine to specially partitioned rooms or compartments to prevent it from polluting the larger, general-use habitable space; 4. To find out if the manufacturer has introduced any modifications for reducing pollutant emission of the product; if no, search for a manufacturer that does; 5. Proper operation and maintenance of the machine. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #5000, third edition 82 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants CARBON DIOXIDE MF: C02 MW: 44.01 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 124-38-9 NIOSH: FF 6400000 SYNONYMS Carbonic acid gas, carbonic anhydride, dry ice APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless, odorless, noncombustible gas. Faint acid taste. CHEMICALlPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: sublimes @ -78.5 C (-56.6 C @ 5.2 atm) Vapor Pressure: 10.5 mm Hg @ -120 C Specific Gravity: 1.527 Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Combustion sources including gas ranges, dryers, water heaters, kerosene heaters, fireplaces and wood stoves, gas stove, garages, outdoor sources, chimneys, furnaces EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: '10000 ppm (18000 mg/cu m) STEL: 30000 ppm (54000 mg/cu m) N10SH REL: TWA: 10000 ppm (15000 mg/cu m) STEL: 30000 ppm (54000 mg/cu m) ACGIH TLV: TWA: 5000 ppm (9000 mg/cu m) STEL: 30000 ppm (54000 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: TOXIClTY Inhalation-human LCLo: 9 pph/5 mins inhalation-human LCLo: 10 pph/1 min Detail Associates, Inc. 83

Czuide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS An asphyxiant. See discussion of simple asphyxiant under ARGON. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. Contact of carbon dioxide snow with the skin can cause burns. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Keep gas appliance properly adjusted. 2. Consider purchasing vented gas space heaters and furnaces. 3. Use proper fuel in kerosene space heaters. 4. lnstall and use exhaust fan vented to outdoors over gas stoves. 5. Open flues when gas fire-places are in use. 6. Choose properly sized wood stoves that are certified to, meet EPA emission standards. Make cer- tain that doors on all wood stoves fit tightly. 7. Have a trained professional inspect, clean and tune-up central heating system (furnaces, flues, and chimneys) annually. Repair any leaks properly. 8. Do not idle car inside garage. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method P&CAM S249, second edition OSHA analytical method #172, second edition 84 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants CARBON MONOXIDE MF: CO MW: 28.01 IDENTIFICATION Ca s#: 630-08-0 NIOSH: FG 3500000 SYNONYMS Carbonic oxide; carbonic monoxide, cryogenic liquid (DOT); carbon oxide; exhaust gas; flue gas APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless, odorless, flammable gas. Highly poisonous. - CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: -191.3 C Melting Point: -207 C Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg @ 20 C Specific Gravity: (gas) 1.250 g/L @ 0 C Odor threshold: N/A SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Combustion sources including gas ranges, dryers, water heaters, kerosene heaters, fireplaces and wood stoves, gas stove, garages, outdoor sources, chimneys, furnaces . EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 35 ppm (40 mg/cu m) STEL: 200 ppm (229 mg/cu m) - ceiling NIOSH REL: TWA: 35 ppm (40 mg/cu m) STEL: 200 ppm (229 mg/cu m) ACGIH TLV: TWA: 50 ppm (57 mg/cu m) STEL: 400 ppm (458 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: Short Term: 40 mg/cu m/i hr; Long Term: 10 mg/cu m/8 hrs TOXICITY Inhalation-man LCLo: 4000 ppm/30 mins Inhalation-man TCLo: 650 ppm/45 mins Inhalation-human LCLo: 5000 ppm/5 mins Detail Associates, Inc. 85

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Mildly toxic by inhalation in humans. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive ef- fects. Human systemic effects by inhalation: changes in psychophysiological tests and methemoglobinemia-carboxhemoglobinemia. Can cause asphyxiations by preventing hemoglobin from binding oxygen. After being removed from exposure, the half-life of its elimination from the blood is one hour. Chronic exposure effects can occur at lower concentrations. A common air contaminant. Acute cases of poisoning resulting from brief exposures to high concentrations seldom result in any permanent disability if recovery takes place. Chronic effects as the result of repeated exposure to lower concentrations have been described. Glycosuria does occur, and heart irregularities have been reported. Repeated' exposure to low concentration of the gas, up to 100 ppm in air, is generally believed to cause no signs of poisoning or permanent damage. At low concentrations, fatigue in heal- thy people and chest pain in people with heart disease. At higher concentrations, impaired vision and coordination; headaches; dizziness; confusion; nausea. Can cause flu-like symptoms that clear up after leaving home. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Keep gas appliance properly adjusted. 2. Consider purchasing vented gas space heaters and furnaces. 3. Use proper fuel in kerosene space heaters. 4. Install and use exhaust fan vented to outdoors over gas stoves. 5. Open flues when gas fire-places are in use. 6. Choose properly sized wood stoves that are certified to meet EPA emission standards. Make cer- tain that doors on all wood stoves fit tightly. 7. Have a trained professional inspect, clean and tune-up central heating system (furnaces, flues, and chimneys) annually. Repair any leaks properly. 8. Do not idle car inside garage. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method P&CAM 112, second edition 86 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants CHLORDANE MF: C10H6C18 MW: 409.76 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 57-74-9 NIOSH: PB 9800000 SYNONYMS Aspon-chlordane, belt, CD 68, chlordan, chlorindan, chiorodane, chlortox, corodane, cortilan-neu, dichiorochiordene, niran, octachior, octachlorodihydrodicyclopentadiene APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless to amber, odorless, viscous liquid. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 175 C Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Spe:cific Gravity: 1.57-1.63 @ 15.5 C/15.5 C Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Pesticide products used to kill household pests, and products used on lawns and gardens that drift or are tracked inside the house. . EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 0.5 mg/cu m - skin NIOSH REL: ACGIH TLV: TWA: 0.5 mg/cu m - skin STEL: 2 mg/cu m - skin EPA Ambient Air Standard: ASHRAE Standard: 0.005 mg/cu rn/continuous TOXICITY Oral-human LDLo: 29 mg/kg Inhalation-cat LC50: 100 mg/cu m/4 hr Detail Associates, inc. ` 87

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison to humans by ingestion and possibly other routes. An experimental poison by ingestion, in- halation, intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by skin contact. A suspected human carcinogen. An experimental carcinogen and teratogen. Other experimental reproductive ef- fects. Human mutagenic data. A pesticide. it is no longer permitted for use as a termiticide in homes. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Read the label and follow the directions. - 2. Use in well-ventilated areas. 3. Use alternative non-chemical methods of pest control. 4. If you decide to use a pest control company, choose one carefully. 5. Dispose of unwanted pesticides safely. 6. Keep exposure to moth repellents to a minimum. 7. Call the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network. The number is 1-800-858-PEST. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #5510, third edition. OSHA analytical method #67, second edition 88 Detail Associates, inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants CUMENE MF: C9H12 MW: 120.21 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 98-82-8 NIOSH: GR 7350000 SYNONYMS Benzene isopropyl, CUM, isopropyl benzene, isopropylbenzol, 2-phenylpropane, isopropyl benzol, propane, z-phenyl APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless liquid HEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 152 C Melting Point: -96.0 C Vapor Pressure: 10 mm Hg @ 38.3 C Specific Gravity: 0.864 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: 0.032 ppm - detection threshold (sharp) 0.047 ppm - recognition threshold SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL:TWA: 50 ppm (245 mg/cu m) - skin NIOSH REL: TWA: 50 ppm (245 mg/cu m) - skin ACGIH TLV:TWA: 50 ppm (246 mg/cu m) - skin EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICiTY Inhalation-mouse LC50: 24700 mg/cu m/2 hr Inhalation-human TCLo: 200 ppm Detail Associates, inc. 89

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic by ingestion. Mildly toxic by inhalation and skin contact. Human systemic effects by inhalation: an antipsychotic, unspecified changes in the sense of smell and respiratory system. An eye and skin irritant. Potential narcotic action. Central nervous system depressant. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method # 1501, third edition OSHA analytical method #07, second edition 90 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants CYCLOHEXANE MF: C6H12 MW: 84.18 IDEM"IFICATION Cas #: 110-82-7 NIOSH: GU 6300000 SYNONYMS Hexahydrobenzene, hexamethylene, hexanaphthene, RCRA waste number U056 APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless, flammable liquid; pungent odor. CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 80.7 C Melting Point: 6.5 C Vapor Pressure: 100 mm Hg @ 60.8 C Specific Gravity: 0.7791 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold:780 ppm-detection threshold (pungent/solvent/oil) SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL:TWA: 300 ppm (1050 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: ceiling - 150 ppm ACGIH TLV:TWA: 300 ppm (1030 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: TOXICITY Oral-rat LD50: 29820 mg/kg Detail Associates, Inc. 91

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by ingestion. A systemic irritant by inhalation and in- gestion. A skin irritant. Mutagenic data. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or In well-ventilated places. 3.,Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method # 1500, third edition OSHA analytical method #07, second edition 92 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants CYCLOBiEXANOL MF: C6H120 MW: 100.16 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 108-93-0 NIOSH: N/A YNONYM Adronal, anol, cyclohexyl alcohol, hexahydrophenol, hexalin, hydralin, hydrophenol, hydroxycyclohexane, naxol APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless needles or viscous liquid; hygroscopic, camphor-like odor. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 161.5 C Melting Point: 24 C Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg @ 21 C Specific Gravity: 0.9449 @ 25 C/4 C Odor threshold: 0.16 ppm-detection threshold (camphorous) SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LiMiTS OSHA PEL:TWA: 50 ppm (200 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV:TWA: 50 ppm (206 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Eye-human 100 ppm Oral-rat LD50: 2060 mg/kg -I Detail Associates, Inc. 93

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by ingestion, subcutaneous and intramuscular routes. Mildly toxic by skin contact. Human systemic effects by inhalation: conjunctiva irritation, and changes in the olfactory and respiratory systems. Has caused damage to kidneys, liver and blood vessels in ex- perimental animals. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutagenic data. A severe eye irritant. Narcotic-like action. POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method # 1402, third edition OSHA analytical method #07, second edition N II 94 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants n-DECANE MF: C10H22 MW: 142.29 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 124-18-5 NIOSH: HD 6550000 SYNONYMS Decane APPEARANCE/ODOR Liquid. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 174.1 C Melting Point: -29.7 C Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg @.16.5 C Specific Gravity: 0.730 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Inhalation-mouse LC50: 72300 mg/cu m/2 hr Detail Associates, inc. 95

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS An experimental tumorigen. A simple asphyxiant. Narcotic in high concentrations. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS OSHA Chemical Information Manual: IMISD166 ASTM D3416-88, Volume 11.03 96 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants DIEL.DRIN MF: C12H8C16O MW: 380.90 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 60-57-1 NI OSH: 10 1750000 SYNONYM Alvit, dieldrex, dieldrite, ent 16225, heod, hexachloroepoxyocta-hydroendo, exo-dimetha-nonaph- thatene, illoxol, insecticide No. 497, octalox, panoram D-31, quintox APPEARANCE/ODOR White crystals, odorless C;HEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Meiting Point: 150 C Vapor Pressure: S pecific G ravity (water =1) : 1.75 Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Pesticide products used to kill household pests, and products used on lawns and gardens that drift or are tracked inside the house. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 0.25 ppm - skin NIOSH REL: reduce to the lowest feasible level ACGIH TLV: TWA: 0.25 ppm - skin EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Inhalation-cat LC50: 80 mg/cu m/4 hr Inhalation-rat LC50: 43 mg/cu m/4 hr I I I Detail Associates, Inc. 97

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS A human poison by ingestion and possibly other routes. Poison experimentally by inhalation, inges- tion, skin contact, intravenous, intraperitoneal and possibly other routes. An experimental carcinogen, neoplastigen, tumorigen and teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. Absorbed readily through the skin and by other routes. It is a central nervous system stimulant. Human mutagenic data. An in- secticide. Dieldrin is considerably more toxic than DDT by ingestion and skin contact. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Read the label and follow the directions. 2. Use in weli-ventilated areas. 3. Use alternative non-chemical methods of pest control. 4. If you decide to use a pest control company, choose one carefully. 5. Dispose of unwanted pesticides safely. 6. Keep exposure to moth repellents to a minimum. 7. Call the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network. The number is 1-800-858-PEST. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #5510, #S-283, third edition. 98 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants DIETHYL ETHANOLAMINE MF: C6HISNO MW` 117.22 iDENTIFICATION Cas #: 100-37-8 NIOSH: KK 5075000 SYNONYMS n,n-diethylethanolamine, beta-diethylaminoethanol, n-diethylaminoethanol, 2-n-diethylaminoethanol, 2- diethylaminoethanol, beta-diethlaminoethyl alcohol, n,n-diethyl-n-(beta-hydroxy-ethyl)amine, 2- hydroxytriethylamine APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless, hygroscopic liquid. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 162 C Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: 1.4 mm @ 20 C Specific Gravity: 0.88510 @ 20 C/20 C Odor threshold: 0.011 ppm - detection threshold (amine/ammoniacal/sharp) 0.04 ppm - recognition threshold SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Boiler additive EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 10 ppm (50 mg/cu m) - skin NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: TWA: 10 ppm (48 mg/cu m) - skin EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established ~ QI ITY ~ ~ Inhalation-human TCLo: 200 ppm ~ Inhalation-rat LCLo: 4500 mg/cu m/4H ~ Inhalation-mouse LC50: 5000 mg/cu m ~ ~ ~ ~. Detail Associates, Inc. 99

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by intraperitoneal and intravenous routes. Moderately by ingestion, skin contact, sub- cutaneous, intramuscular and possibly other routes. Human systemic effects by inhalation: nausea or vomiting. A skin and severe eye skin irritant. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE Use non- or less-hazardous products to substitute Diethyl Ethanolamine. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS I NIOSH analytical methods #2007, third edition OSHA Chemical Information Manual: 1MIS0920 100 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants DIETHYL RHTHALATE MF: C12H1404 MW: 222.26 IDENTlFICATION Cas #: 84-66-2 NIOSH: Tl 1050000 SYNONYMS Anozol; 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester; diethyl-o-phthalate; estol 1550; ethyl phthalate, neantine; palatinol A; phthalic acid, diethyl ester; phthalol; placidol E; solvanol APPEARANCE/ODOR Clear, colorless liquid CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 302 C Melting Point: -40.5 C Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 1.110 C Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 5 mg/cu m NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: TWA: 5 ppm EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Inhalation-human TCl_o: 1000 mg/cu m I Detail Associates, Inc. 101

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by ingestion, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes. Human systemic effects by inhalation: lachrymation, respiratory obstruction, and other unspecified respiratory system effects. An eye irritant and systemic irritant by inhalation. An experimental teratogen. Other reproductive effects. Narcotic in high concentrations. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2: Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS OSHA Chemical Information Manual:lMIS0933 102 Detail Associates, inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants DODECANE MF: C12H26 MW: 181.36 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 2437-25-4 NIOSH: JR 2600000 SYNONYMS Adakane 12, bihexyl, dihexyl, n-dodecan, duodecane APPEARANCE/ODOR CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established : NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established I N TOXICITY p ; IV Skin-mouse TDLo: 11 g/kg/22 weeks ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Detail Associates, Inc. 103

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS An experimental tumorigen. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS OSHA Chemical Information Manual: IMIS D819 104 Detail Associates, inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants ETHYL ALCOHOL MF: C2H60 MW: 46.08 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 64-17-5 NIOSH: KQ 6300000 SYNONYMS Absolute ethanol, alcohol, alcohol, anhydrous, alcohol dehydrated, aigrain, anhydrol, cologne spirit, ethanol, ethanol 200 proof, ethanol solution (DOT), ethyl alcohol anhydrous, ethyl hydrate, ethyl hydroxide, fermentation alcohol, grain alcohol, methylcarbinol, molasses alcohol, potato alcohol, spirits of wine, spirit APPEARANCE/ODOR Clear, colorless, very mobile, fragrant liquid, burning taste. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 78.32 C Melting Point: 114.4 C Vapor Pressure: 40 mm Hg @ 19 C Specific Gravity: 0.7893 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: 180 ppm - detection threshold (sweet/alcohol) 100 ppm - recognition threshold SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Bioeffluent EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 1000 ppm (1900 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: TWA: 1000 ppm (1880 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Inhalation-rat LC50: 20000 ppm/10 hrs Inhalation-mouse LC50: 39 g/cu m/4 hrs Oral-man TDLo: 1430 ug/kg Detail Associates, inc. 105

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic to humans by ingestion. Moderately toxic experimentally by intravenous and in- traperitoneal routes. Mildly toxic by inhalation and skin contact. A experimental tumorigen and teratogen. Human reproductive effects by ingestion, intravenous and intrauterine routes: changes in female fertility index. Effects on newborn include: changes in apgar score, neonatal measures or ef- fects and drug dependence. An eye and severe skin irritant. Exposure to concentrations over 1,000 ppm may cause headache, irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, and, if continued for an hour, drowsi- ness and lassitude, loss of appetite and inability to concentrate. Concentrations below 1,000 ppm usually produce no signs of intoxication. There is no concrete evidence that repeated exposure to ethanol vapor results in cirrhosis of the liver. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE Discard rancid butter. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical methods #1400, third edition OSHA analytical method #07, second edition 106 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants ETHYLEENZENE MF: C8H10 MW: 106.18 1DENTIFICATION Cas #: 100-41-4 NIOSH: DA 0700000 SYNONYMS EB, ethylbenzol, phenylethane, NCI-C56393 APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless liquid, aromatic odor. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 136.2 C Melting Point: -95 C (-139 F) Vapor Pressure: 10 mm Hg @ 25.9 C Specific Gravity: 0.8669 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: none - oily/solvent SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 100 ppm (435 mg/cu m) STEL: 125 ppm (545 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: 50 ppm - ceiling ACGIH TLV: TWA: 100 ppm (434 mg/cu m) STEL: 125 ppm (543 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Inhalation-human TCLo: 100 ppm/8 hr Inhalation-rat LCLo: 50 g/cu m/2 hr Detail Associates, Inc. 107

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic by ingestion and intraperitoneal route. Mildly toxic by inhalation and skin contact. An experimental teratogen. Human systemic effects by inhalation: eye, sleep and pulmonary changes. An eye and skin irritant. Human mutagenic data. The liquid is an irritant to the skin and mucous membranes. A concentration of 0.1 % of the vapor in air is an irritant to human eyes, and a concentra- tion of 0.2% is extremely irritating at first, then causes dizziness, irritation of the nose and throat and a sense of constriction in the chest. No data are available regarding the effect of chronic exposure. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #1501, third edition. OSHA analytical method #07, second edition I 108 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants 1-ETHYL-2-M ETHYLB E NZ E N E MF: C9H12 MW: 120.21 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 611-14-3 NIOSH: XT 2500000 SYNC)NYMS 2-ethyltoluene, o-ethyl methylbenzene, o-ethyltoluene, o-methylethylbenzene APPEARANCE/ODOR CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 164.1 C Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 0.88 Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXP SURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Inhalation-mouse LC50: 54 g/cu m/4 hr Inhalation-cat LC50: 50 glkg/2 hr Detail Associates, Inc. 109

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Mildly toxic by ingestion and inhalation. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS OSHA Chemical Information Manual: IMIS E109 i 110 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants 1-ETHYL-4-INI ETHYLBENZEN E MF: C9H12 MW: 120.21 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 611-14-3 NIOSH: XT 2500000 SYNONYMS p-ethyltoluene, p-ethyl methylbenzene, 4-ethyltoluene, p-methylethylbenzene, 4-methylethylbenzene APPEARANCE/ODOR CHEMlCAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES BoiEing Point: 162.2 C Melting Point: -62.4 C Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY N O Oral-rat LDLo: 5000 mg/kg N ~ ~11 d ~ W 0 Detail Associates, Inc. ill

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Mildly toxic by ingestion. MEANS OF REDUCING_EXPOS_U_RE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS OSHA Chemical Information Manual: E215 112 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants FORMALDEHYDE MF: CH2O MW: 30.03 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 50-00-0 NIOSH: LP 8925000 SYNONYMS Fannoform, formalin, formalin 40, formalith, formic aldehyde, formol, fyde, hoch, ivalon, karsan, lysoform, methanal, methyl aldehyde, methylene glycol, methylene oxide, morbocid, oxomethane, oxymethylene, paraform, superiysoform APPEARANCE/ODOR Clear, water-white, very slightly acid gas or liquid; pungent odor. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: -3 F Melting Point: -92 C Vapor Pressure: N/A Specific Gravity: 1.0 Odor threshold: none - pungent SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Particle board, urea-formaldehyde insulation, pressed wood, plywood resins, hardwood paneling, car- peting, upholstery, paper towels, disinfectants, carpet shampoos, toothpaste, smoking, grocery bags, waxed paper, facial towels, shampoo, cosmetics, medicines EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 1 ppm STEL: 2 ppm NIOSH REL: TWA: 0.016 ppm STEL: 0.1 ppm ACGIH TLV: TWA: 1 ppm (1.2'mg/cu m) STEL: 2 ppm (2.5 mg/cu m) - suspected human carcinogen N EPA Ambient Air Standard: 120 ug/cu m/30 min O WHO Guidelines: 0.1 mg/cu m/30 min ASf-iRAE Standard: 0.1 mg/cu m - ceiling N~ TOXICITY Inhalation-human TCLo: 17 mg/cu m/30 min Inhalation-man TCLo: 300 ug/cu m Page 2 Detail Associates, Inc. 113

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants HEALTH HAZARDS Human poison by ingestion. Experimental poison by ingestion, skin contact, inhalation, intravenous, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes. A suspected human carcinogen. An experimental car- cinogen, tumorigen and teratogen. Human systemic effects by inhalation: lacrimation, olfactory chan- ges, aggression and pulmonary changes. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutagenic data. A human skin and eye irritant. Frequent or prolonged exposure can cause hypersensitivity leading to contact dermatitis. An air concentration of 20 ppm is quickly irritating to eyes. A fungicide. A com- mon air contaminant. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use "exterior grade" pressed wood products (lower-emitting because they contain phenol resins, not urea resins). 2. Use air conditioning and dehumidifiers to maintain moderate temperature and reduce humidity levels. 3. Increase ventilation, particularly after bringing new sources of formaldehyde into the home. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical methods #2542, 3501, 3500, third edition OSHA analytical methods #52 or 102 114 Detail Associates,`Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants HEPTACHLOR MF: C10HSC17 MW: 373.3 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 76-44-8 NIOSH: PC 0700000 SYNONYMS Agroceres, 3-chiorochiordene, drinox, 3,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachiorodicyclopentadiene, heptagram, hep- tarnul, rhodiachlor, velsicol 104, 4,7-methousindene, 1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a, 4,7,7a-tetrahydro, dicyllopentodiene APPEARANCE/ODOR Crystals. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: 96 C Vapor Pressure: 3 x 4-4 mm Hg @ 25 C Specific Gravity: 1.57 @ 9 C Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Pesticide products used to kill household pests, and products used on lawns and gardens that drift or are tracked inside the house. EXPOSURE LIMITS - OSHA PEL: TWA: 0.5 mg/cu m - skin NIOSH REL: ceiling - 0.25 mg/cu m ACGIH TLV: TWA: 0.5 mg/cu m - skin EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Oral••rat LD50: 40 mg/cu m Detail Associates, Inc. 115

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS A poison by ingestion, skin contact, intraperitoneal, intravenous, and possibly other routes. An ex- perimental carcinogen. Human mutagenic data. Acute exposure and chronic doses have caused liver damage. Acute symptoms include tremors, convulsions, kidney damage, respiratory collapse and death. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Read the label and follow the directions. 2. Use in well-ventilated areas. 3. Use alternative non-chemical methods of pest control. 4. If you decide to use a pest control company, choose one carefully. 5. Dispose of unwanted pesticides safely. 6. Keep exposure to moth repellents to a minimum. 7. Call the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network. The number is 1-800-858-PEST. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method P&CAM S287, volume 5, second edition. OSHA Chemical Information Manual: IMIS1369 116 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants n-HEPTANE MF: C7H16 MW: 100.23 IDENTIFiCATION Cas #: 142-82-5 NIOSH: MI 7700000 SYNONYM Dipropyl methane, gettysolve-C, heptane, heptyl hydride, skellysolve C APPEARANCE/ODOR Volatile, flammable, colorless liquid CHENIICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 98.52 C Melting Point: 90.61 C Vapor Pressure: 40 mm Hg @ 22.3 C Specific Gravity: 0.684 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: 230 ppm - detection threshold (gasoline) 330 ppm - recognition threshold S URCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL:IINA: 400 ppm (1600 mg/cu m) STEL: 500 ppm (2000 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: TWA: 85 ppm (350 mg/cu m) STEL: 440 ppm (1800 mg/cu m) ACGIH TLV: TWA: 400 ppm (1640 mg/cu m) STEL: 500 ppm (2050 mg/cu m) EPA, Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Inhalation-human TCLo: 1000 ppm/6 min:central nervous system Detail Associates, Inc. 117

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by intravenous route. Human systemic effects by inhalation: hallucinations. Narcotic in high concentration. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #1500, third edition OSHA analytical method #07, second edition 118 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants HYDROGEN CYANIDE MF: CHN MW: 27.03 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 74-90-8 NIOSH: MW 6825000 SYNONYMS Hydrocyanic acid, aero liquid HCN, cyclon, cyclone B, fluohydric acid gas, HCN, hydrofluoric acid gas, zaclon discoids, RCRA waste # P063 APPEARANCE & ODOR Colorless gas or liquid, characteristic odor CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 25.6 C Melting Point: -13.4 C Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 0.941 (gas); 0.687 (liquid) Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Combustion sources including gas ranges, dryers, water heaters, kerosene heaters, fireplaces and wood stoves, gas stove, garages, outdoor sources, chimneys, furnaces EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 0.2 ppm STEL: 4.7 ppm NIOSH REL: TWA: 0.1 ppm STEL: 4.7 ppm Ceiling: 5 ppm ACGIH TLV: suspected human carcinogen EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Detail Associates, Inc. 119

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS An experimental tumorigen and teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. A suspected car- cinogen. Human mutagenic data. When heated to decomposition, it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. Headache, vertigo, nausea and vomitting may occur of less concentration. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Keep gas appliance properly adjusted. 2. Consider purchasing vented gas space heaters and furnaces. 3. Use proper fuel in kerosene space heaters. 4. Install and use exhaust fan vented to outdoors over gas stoves. 5. Open flues when gas fire-places are in use. 6. Choose properly sized wood stoves that are certified to meet EPA emission standards. Make cer- tain that doors on all wood stoves fit tightly. 7. Have a trained professional inspect, clean and tune-up central heating system (furnaces, flues, and chimneys) annually. Repair any leaks properly. 8. Do not idle car inside garage. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #6010, third edition OSHA analytical method #120, second edition 120 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants KEROSENE MF: MW: IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 8008-20-6 NIOSH: OA 5500000 SYNONYMS Coal oil, kerosine, petroleum distillate APPEi%RANCE/ODOR A pale yellow to water-white, mobile, oily liquid. Characteristic, not altogether disagreeable odor. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 175 C - 325 C Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 0.80 Odor threshold: S URDES OF CONTAMINATION Commercial cleaning products EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: TWA: 100 ppm ACGiH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Oral-man TDLo: 3570 mg/kg Detail Associates, Inc. 121

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by intravenous and intratracheal routes. Moderately toxic to_humans by an unspecified route. Moderately toxic to animals by ingestion. Aspiration of vomitus can cause serious pneumonitis, par- ticularly in young children. Human systemic effects by ingestion and intravenous routes: somnolence, hallucinations and distorted perceptions, coughing, nausea or vomiting, and fever. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #1550 OSHA Chemical Information Manual 1MIS K107 122 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants LEAD MF: Pb MW: 207.19 I DENTI FICATION Cas #: 7439-92-1 NIOSH: OF 7525000 SYNONYMS C.I. 77575, C.I. Pigment Metal 4, glover, lead flake, lead S2, omaha, omaha & grant, SI, SO APPEARANCE/ODQR Bluish-gray, soft metal CHEM[CAUPHYSiCAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 1740 C Melting Point: 327.43 C Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg @ 973 C Specific Gravity: 11.34 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Automobile exhaust, sanding or open-flame burning of lead-based paint, activities involving lead solder, outdoor sources EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: 'NVA: 0.05 ppm NIOSH REL: TWA: ppm ACGIH TLV: TWA: 0.15 ppm EPA, Ambient Air Standard: 1.5 ug/cu m/3 month WHO Guidelines: 0.5-1 ug/cu m/annual ASHRAE Standard: 1.5 ug/cu m/24 hr TY TOXIC] Inhalation-human TCLo: 10 ug/cu m Inhalation-rat TCLo: 10 mg/cu m/24 hr Detail Associates, Inc. 123

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Impaired mental and physical development in both fetuses and young children. Decreased coordina- tion and mental abilities; damage to kidneys and nervous system, and red blood cells. May increase high blood pressure. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. If you suspect that paint you are removing may contain lead, hat it tested. 2. Cover lead-based paint with wallpaper or other building material. Replace moldings and other woodwork or have them removed and chemically treated,offsite. 3. Use well-ventilated areas for hobby and house maintenance activities involving lead. Consider using "no-lead" solder. 4. If lead exposure is suspected, consult your health department about appropriate removal and clean- up procedures and have your blood lead levels tested. 5. Have your drinking water tested for lead. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #7082,7300,8003,8005 OSHA analytical method #121 or #125, second edition 124 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants LIMONENE MF: C10H16 MW: 136.26 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 138-86-3 NIOSH: OS 8100000 SYNONYMS p-mentha-1,8-diene, acintene DP, acintene DP dipentene, cajeputene, cinene, dipanol, dipentene, inac- tive limonene, Kautschin, dl-limonene, i,8(9)-p-menthadiene, 1-methyl-4-isopropenyl-cyclohexene, nesol, unitene APPEARANCE/ODOR Liquid, pleasant lemon-like odor. CHEMICAUPHYSiCAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 175.5-176.5 C Melting Point: -96.9 C Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 0.842 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: None established SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.: EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Skin-rabbit 500 mg/24 hr moderate Detail Associates, Inc. 125

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS A skin irritant. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS OSHA Chemical Information Manual: IMIS L129 126 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants MAN-MADE MINERAL FIBERS MF: MW: IDENTIFICATION Cas #: NIOSH: SYNONYMS APPEARANCE/ODOR CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Fiberglass insulation, mineral wool insulation EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY HEALTH HAZARDS I Detail Associates, inc. 127

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE Obtain help from an environmental engineering consultant. Control method usually include operation & maintenance and abatement. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS N I 128 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants MENTHONE MF: ClOH180 MW: 154.26 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 89-80-5 NIOSH: OS 9542200 SYNCINYMS p-rnenthone, trans-menthone, trans-5-methyl-2-(1-methyl-ethyl)-cyclohexanone, 2-isopropyl-5-methyl cyclohexanone APPEARANCE/ODOR Liquid CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 210.5 C Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 0.991 Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGfH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Oral-mouse LD50: 3100 mg/kg Skin-rabbit 500 mg/24 hr mild Detail Associates, inc. 129

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic by ingestion, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous routes. Mutagenic data. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS Photometric detection can be important parameter in optimizing separation of essential oil con- stituents. [Strack D et al; Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Essential Oils; Z Naturforsch, C: Biosci 35C(9-10) 675 (1980)]. Two methods were used to detect menthone in essential oils, silylation followed by gas chromatog- raphy-mass spectrometry & extraction with Girard D Reagent followed by gas chromatography. [Bic- chi C, Frattini C; J Chromatogr 190(2) 471 (1980)]. 130 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants MESITYLENE MF: C9H12 MW: 120.21 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 108-67-8 NIOSH: OX 6825000 SYNONYMS Fleet-X, sym-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, trimethylbenzol APPEARANCE/ODOR A liquid, peculiar odor CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 164.7 C Melting Point: -44.8 C Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 0.8637 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION. Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 25 ppm NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standards: None established TOXICITY inhalation-human TCLo: 10 ppm Inhalation-rat LC50: 24 mg/cu m/4 hrPage 2 I Detail Associates, inc. 131

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by inhalation. Moderately toxic by intraperitoneai route. Human systemic effects by inhala- tion: sensory changes involving peripheral nerves, somnolence (general depressed activity), and struc- tural or function change in trachea or bronchi. Reports of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in experimental animals. Mutagenic data. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS OSHA Chemical Information Manual: IMIS 2505 i 132 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air PotIutants METHYL ACRYLATE MF: C4H602 MW: 86.10 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 96-33-3 NIOSH: AT 2800000 SYNONYM Acrylic acid methyl ester, curithane 103, methoxycarbonylethylene, methyl propenate, methyl propenoate, methyl-2-propenoate, propenoic acid methyl ester, 2-propenoic acid methyl ester APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless liquid; acrid odor. CHEMICAUPHYSiCAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 70 C @ 608 mm Melting Point: -76.5 C Vapor Pressure: 100 mm Hg @ 28 C Specific Gravity: 0.9561 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: none - detection threshold (plastic/sharp/airplane glue) SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Signature machine EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 10 ppm (35 mg/cu m) - skin NIOSH REL: Ceiling: 5 ppm ACGIH TLV: TWA: 10 ppm (35 mg/cu m) - skin EPA Ambient Air Standards: None established TOXICITY Inhalation-human TCLo: 75 ppm Inhalation-rat LC50: 1350 ppm/4 hr Inhalation-mouse LCLo: 9300 mg/cu mPage 2 Detail Associates, Inc. 133

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS 1 I Poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by skin contact. Mildly toxic by in- halation. A suspected carcinogen. Human systemic effects by inhalation: olfaction effects, eye effects and respiratory effects. A skin and eye irritant. Mutagenic data. Chronic exposure has produced in- juryto lungs, liver and kidneys in experimental animals. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. To investigate general ventilation rates; 2. To investigate the possibility of local ventilation above the machine. 3. To locate the machine at a location where the pollution and exposure can be minimized; or possibly to confine the machine to specially partitioned rooms or compartments to prevent it from polluting the larger, general-use habitable space; 4. To find out if the manufacturer has introduced any modifications for reducing pollutant emission of the product; if no, search for a manufacturer that does; 5. To properly operate and maintain the machine. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method 538, Volume 2, second edition . OSHA analytical method #07, second edition 134 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants METHYL ALCOHOL MF: CH40 MW: 32.05 1 DENTI FICATION Cas #: 67-56-1 NIOSH: PC 1400000 YN NYM Methanol, carbinol, colonial spirit, columbian spirits (DOT), methyl hydroxidemethylol, monohydroxymethane, pyroxylic spirit, wood alcohol, wood naphtha, wood spirit APPEARANCE/ODOR Clear, colorless, very mobile liquid. Slight alcoholic odor when pure; crude material may have a repul- sive pungent odor. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 64.8 C (108 F) Melting Point: -97.8 C (-144 F) (freezing point) Vapor Pressure: 100 mm Hg @ 21.2 C Specific Gravity: 0.7915 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: 160 ppm - detection threshold (sour/sweet) 690 ppm - recognition threshold SO RCES OF CONTAMINATION Spirit duplication machine, bioeffluent EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 200 ppm (260 mg/cu m) STEL: 250 ppm (310 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: TWA: 200 ppm (262 mg/cu m) STEL: 800 ppm (1048 mg/cu m) ACGIH TLV: TWA: 200 ppm (262 mg/cu m) STEL: 250 ppm (328 mg/cu m) ASHRAE Standard: 14 mg/cu m/24 hr; 42 mg/cu m/30 min TOXICITY Inhalation-human TCLo: 86000 mg/cu m Inhalation-human LDLo: 143 mg/cu m Inhalation-human TCLo: 300 ppm Detail Associates, Inc. 135

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS A human poison by ingestion. Poison experimentally by skin contact. Moderately toxic experimental- ly by intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. Mildly toxic by inhalation. Human systemic effects by in- gestion and inhalation: optic nerve neuropathy, visual field changes, lacrimation, headache, cough, dyspnea, other respiratory effects, nausea or vomiting. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. An eye and skin irritant. Human mutagenic data. A narcotic. A common air con- taminant. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. To investigate general ventilation rates; 2. To investigate the possibility of local ventilation above the machine. 3. To locate the machine at a location where the pollution and exposure can be minimized; or possibly to confine the machine to specially partitioned rooms or compartments to prevent it from polluting the larger, general-use habitable space; 4. To find out if the manufacturer has introduced any modifications for reducing pollutant emission of the product; if no, search for a manufacturer that does; 5. To properly operate and maintain the machine. 6. Clear all standing water indoors particularly if it is near the ventilation system; 7. Good operation & Maintenance of ventilation and humidification equipments; 8. Use strong biocide to disinfect certain areas when necessary. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #2000, third edition OSHA Chemical Information Manual: IMIS 1660 136 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants METHYLENE CHLORIDE MF: CH2C12 MW: 84.93 1DENTIFICATION Cas #: 75-09-2 NIOSH: PA 8050000 SYNONYMS Methane dichioride, aerothene mm, DCM, dichioromethane, freon 30, methylene bichloride, methylene dichloride, solmethine, NCI-C50102, RCRA waste number U080 APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless, volatile liquid CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 39.8 C Melting Point: -96.7 C (freezing point) Vapor Pressure: 380 mm Hg @ 22 C Specific Gravity: 1.326 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: 160 ppm - detection threshold (sweet) 230 ppm - recognition threshold SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA, PEL: TWA: 500 ppm STEL: 1000 ppm (2000 mg/cu m) - ceiling NIOSH REL: reduce to lowest feasible level ACGIH TLV: TWA: 50 ppm - suspected human carcinogen STEL: 174 mg/cu m- suspected human carcinogen EPA Ambient Air Standard: WHO Guidelines: 3 mg/cu m/24 hr ASHRAE Standards: 20 mg/cu m/24 hr; 50 mg/cu m/annual Detail Associates, Inc. 137

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 T XICITY I Inhalation-human TCLo: 500 ppm/8 hr:central nervous system Inhalation-human TCLo: 500 ppm/1 year Inhalation-rat LC50: 88000 mg/cu m/30 min HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by ingestion, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal route. Mildly toxic by inhalation. An experimental carcinogen and tumorigen. Human systemic effects by in- gestion and inhalation: paresthesia, somnolence, altered sleep time, convulsions, euphoria, and change in cardiac rate. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. An eye and severe skin irritant. Human mutagenic data. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #1005, third edition. OSHA analytical method ##59 or #07, second edition. 138 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants 1-METHYLNAPHTHALENE MF: C11H10 MW: 142.21 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 90-12-0 NIOSH: QJ 9630000 SYNONYMS alpha-methylnaphthalene APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless liquid CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 244.6 C Melting Point: -22 C Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 1.0202 0 20 Cl4 C Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATlON Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Oral-rat LD50: 1840 mg/kg Det4il Associates, Inc. 139

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic by ingestion. Mutagenic data. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS OSHA Chemical Information Manual: IMIS 1779 1.40 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants 2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE MF: C11H10 MW: 142.21 1 DENTI F(CATION Cas #: 91-57-6 NIOSH: QJ 9635000 SYN NYMS beta-methylnaphthaiene APPEARANCE/ODOR Solid CHEMiCAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 241.1 C Melting Point: 34.58 C Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 1.0058 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA, Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Oral-rat LD50: 1630 mg/kg Intraperitoneal-mouse LDLo: 1000 mg/kgPage 2 HEALT'H HAZARDS Moderately toxic by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Mutagenic data. I Detail Associates, Inc. 141

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS OSHA Chemical Information Manual: IMIS 1779 142 Detail Associ.ates,'Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants NAPHTHA MF: MW: IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 8030-30-6 NIOSH: DE 3030000 SYNONYMS Naphtha, coal tar; ansco H-J; Amsco H-SB; benzin B70; coal tar naphtha distillate; 160 degree benzol; hi-flash naphtha; naphtha, petroleum benzin; petroleum naphtha, super VMP APPEARANCE/ODOR Dark straw-colored to colorless liquid. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 149 C - 216 C Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 0.862-0.892 Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Commercial cleaning products EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 100 ppm (400 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: TWA: 100 ppm (400 mg/cu m) ACGIH TLV: TWA: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Inhalation-human LCLo: 3 pph/5 min Inhalation-rat LCLo: 1600 ppm/f hr Detail Associates, Inc. 143

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS I I Mildly toxic by inhalation. Can cause unconsciousness which may go to coma, stentorious breathing, and bluish tint to the skin. Recovery follows removal from exposure. In mild form, intoxication resembles drunkenness. On a chronic basis, no true poisoning; sometimes headache, lack of ap- petite, dizziness, sleeplessness, indigestion, and nausea. A common air contaminant. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy'in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #1550, third edition 1.44 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants NAPHTHALENE MF: C10H8 MW:128.18 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 91-20-3 NIOSH: QJ 0175000 SYNONYMS Camphor tar, mighty 150, moth balls, moth flakes, naphthalin (DOT), naphthaline, naphthene, NCI- C52904, RCRA waste number U165, tar comphor, white tar APPEARANCE/ODOR Aromatic odor; white, crystalline, volatile flakes. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES BoiGing Point: 217.9 C Melting Point: 80.1 C Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg @ 52.6 C Specific Gravity: 1.162 Odor threshold: 0.038 ppm - detection threshold (tar/creosote/mothballs) SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants,.moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 10 ppm (50 mg/cu m) STEL: 15 ppm (75 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV:TWA: 10 ppm (52 mg/cu m) STEL: 15 ppm (79 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Oral-rat LD50: 1780 mg/kg Skin-rabbit 495 mg open mild Eye-rabbit 100 mg mild Detail Associates, Inc. 145

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Human poison by ingestion and possibly other routes. Experimental poison by ingestion, intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous route. An experimental tumorigen. Ex- perimentai reproductive effects. Mutagenic data. An eye and skin Irritant. Can cause nausea, headache, diaphoresis, hematuria, fever, anemia, liver damage, vomiting, convulsions, and coma. Poison may occur by ingestion of large doses, inhalation, or skin absorption. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safeiy; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #1501, third edition OSHA analytical method #35, second edition L 146 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants NIC®TtIvE MF: C10H14N2 MW: 162.26 IDEN-f1FICAT(ON Cas #: 54-11-5 NIOSH: QS 5250000 SYNONYMS black leaf, fumetobac, 1 -methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine, nicocide, nico-dust, nico fume, ortho n-4 dust, tendust, dl-tetrahydronicotyrine, XL all insecticide, etc. APPEARANCE/ODOR An alkaloid from tobacco. In its pure state, a colorless and almost odorless oil; sharp burning taste. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 247.3 C Melting Point: -79 C Vapor Pressure:l mm Hg @ 61.8 C Specific Gravity: 1.0092 @ 20 C Odor threshold: S URCES OF CONTAMINATION Tobacco smoke EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 0.5 mg/cu m - skin NIOSH REL: Ceiling: 0.25 mg/cu m ACGIH TLV: TWA: 0.5 ppm - skin EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Oral-rat LD50: 50'mg/kg Skin-rat LD50: 140 mg/kg Detail Associates, Inc. 147

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS I I A deadly human poison by unspecified route. Experimental poison by ingestion, skin contact, in- traperitoneal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, parenteral, intratracheal and intraduodenal routes. Human systemic effects by rectal route: hallucinations, distorted perceptions, nausea or vomit- ing. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. "Nicotinism", poisoning by nicotine, is characterized by stimulation and subsequent depression of the central and autonomic nerv- ous systems. Death can result from respiratory paralysis. Mutagenic data. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Stop smoking and discourage others from smoking. 2. Ask smokers to smoke outdoors. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method S293, Volume 3, second edition OSHA Chemical Information Manual: 1MIS 1855 148 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants NITROGEN DIOXIDE MF: N02 MW: 46.01 IDENTIFI ATf N Cas #: 10102-44-0 NIOSH: OW 9800000 SYNONYMS Nitrito; nitrogen peroxide, liquid (DOT); RCRA waste number P078 APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless solid to yellow liquid; irritating odor CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 21 C (red-brown gas with decomposition) Melting Point: -9.3 C (yellow liquid) Vapor Pressure: 400 mm Hg @ 80 C Specific Gravity: 1.491 @ 0 C Odor threshold: none - bleach SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Combustion sources including gas ranges, dryers, water heaters, kerosene heaters, fireplaces and wood stoves, gas stove, garages, outdoor sources, chimneys, furnaces EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: STEL: 1 ppm (1.8 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: TWA: 10 ppm STEL: 1 ppm (1.8 mg/cu m) ACGIH TLV: TWA: 3 ppm (5.6 mg/cu m) STEL: 5 ppm (9.4 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: Long Term: 1.5 ug/cu m/3 months TOXICITY Inhalation-man TCLo: 6200 ppb/10 mins Inhalation-man TCLo: 90 ppm/40 mins Inhalation-human LCLo: 200 ppm/1 min Detail Associates, Inc. 149

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS I L poison by Inhalation. Moderately toxic to humans by inhalation. An experimental teratogen. Human systemic effects by inhalation: pulmonary vascular resistance changes, cough, dyspnea and other pulmonary changes. Experimental reproductive effects. Eye, nose and throat irrita- tion; may cause impaired lung function and increased respiratory infections in young children. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Keep gas appliance properly adjusted. 2. Consider purchasing vented gas space heaters and furnaces. 3. Use proper fuel in kerosene space heaters. 4. Install and use exhaust fan vented to outdoors over gas stoves. 5. Open flues when gas fire-places are in use. 6. Choose properly sized wood stoves that are certified to meet EPA emission standards. Make cer- tain that doors on all wood stoves fit tightly. 7. Have a trained professional inspect, clean and tune-up central heating system (furnaces, flues, and chimneys) annually. Repair any leaks properly. 8. Do not idle car inside garage. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #6700, #320, #11, third edition OSHA analytical method #109, #182, second edition 150 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants NONANE MF: C9H20 MW: 128.29 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 111-84-2 NIOSH: RA 6115000 SYNONYMS Shellsol 140, n-nonane APPEARANCEiODQR Colorless liquid CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 150.7 C Melting Point: -53.7 C Vapor Pressure: 10 mm Hg @ 38.0 C Specific Gravity: 0.718 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: nonane - gasoline SQURIDES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repelfents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 200 ppm (1050 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV:TWA: 200 ppm (1050 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Inhalation-rat LC50: 3200 ppm/4 hr Detail Associates, Inc. 151

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by intravenous route. Mildly toxic by inhalation. Irritating to respiratory tract. Narcotic in high concentrations. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS OSHA Chemical Information Manual: IMIS N807 I L r 152 Detail Associates, inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants n-OCTANE MF: C8H18 MW: 114.26 IDEMf IFICATION Cas #: 111-65-9 NIOSH: RG 8400000 SYNONYMS Octane APPEARANCE/ODOR Clear liquid. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 125.8 C Melting Point: -56.7 C Vapor Pressure: 10 mm Hg @ 19.2 C Specific Gravity: 0.7036 @ 20 CJ4 C Odor threshold: 150 ppm - detection threshold (gasoline, oil) 240 ppm - recognition threshold S URCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 300 ppm (1450 mg/cu m) STEL: 375 ppm (1800 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: TWA: 75 ppm (350 mg/cu m) STEL: 385 ppm (1800 mg/cu m) ACGIH TLV: TWA: 300 ppm (1400 mg/cu m) STEL: 375 ppm (i750 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY None determined I Detail Associates, inc. 153

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS May act as a simple asphyxiant. A narcotic in high concentration. Human dermal exposure to un- diluted octane for five hours resulted in blister formation but no anesthesia; one hour caused diffuse burning sensation. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #1500, third edition OSHA analytical method #07, second edition L Detail Associates, Inc. 154

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants OZONE MF:03 MW: 48.00 IDENTIFiCATION Cas #: 10028-15-6 NIOSH: RS 8225000 SYNONYMS Triatomic oxygen APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless gas or dark blue liquid. Unstable. Pleasant, characteristic odor in concentrations ppm CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: -111.9 C Me9ting Point: -193 C Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity (gas): 2.144 g/L Odor threshold: none - pungent/thunderstorm SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Electrical equipment, electrical air cleaners, outdoor sources. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 0.1 ppm(0.2 mg/cu m) STEL: 0.3 ppm (0.6 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: Ceiling: 0.05 ppm ACGIH TLV: STEL: 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/cu m) - ceiling EPA Ambient Air Standard: 235 ug/cu m/i hr WHO Guidelines: 100-120 ug/cu m/8 hr; 150-200 ug/cu m/1 hr ASHRAE Standard: 100 ug/cu m/continuous Canadian Standard: 240 ug/cu m/1 hr TOXICITY Inhalation-human TCLo: 100 ppm/1 min Inhalation-man TCLo: 1860 ppb/75 min Inhalation-human LCLo: 50 ppm/30 min Detail Associates, Inc. 155

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS L A human poison by inhalation. An experimental neoplastigen, tumorigen and teratogen. Human sys- temic effects by inhalation: visual field changes, lacrimation, headache, decreased pulse rate with fall in blood pressure, blood pressure decrease, dermatitis, cough, dyspnea, respiratory stimulation and other pulmonary changes. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutagenic data. A skin, eye, upper respiratory system and mucous membrane irritant. Concentration of 0.015 ppm of ozone in air produces a barely detectable odor. Concentrations of 1 ppm produce a disagreeable sulfur-like odor and may cause headache and irritation of eyes and the upper respiratory tract. Ozone is a common air contaminant. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. To investigate general ventilation rates; 2. To investigate the possibility of local ventilation above the machine. 3. To locate the machine at a location where the pollution and exposure can be minimized; or possibly to confine the machine to specially partitioned rooms or compartments to prevent it from polluting the larger, general-use habitable space; 4. To find out if the manufacturer has introduced any modifications for reducing pollutant emission of the product; ifi no, search for a manufacturer that does; 5.To properiy operate and maintain the machine. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method P&CAM S8, S153, S154, volume 1, second edition. OSHA Chemical Information Manual: IMIS 1980 N I N ~ , t11 . D ~ ~ ~ Detail Associates, Inc. 156

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants n-PENTADECANE MF: C15H32 MW: 212.47 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 629-62-9 NIOSH: RZ 1800000 SYNONYMS APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless liquid. HEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES .~ ~.~ Boiling Point: 270.5 C .~ Melting Point: 10 C Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 0.770 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: ~ SOUR(MS OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established ' NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Intravenous-mouse LD50: 3494 mg/kg ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Detail Associates, inc. 157

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic by intravenous route. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS Gas chromatography analysis in air masses. [Neuling P et al; Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the N-alkanes C9-C17 and Pristane in Clean Air Masses; Fresenius' Z, Anal Chem 302(5) 375 (1980)]. Detail Associates, Inc. 158

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants PERCHLOROETHYLENE MF: C2CL4 MW: 165.82 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 127-18-4 NIOSH: KX 3850000 SYN ONYMS 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethytene, ankilostin, antisol 1, carbon bichloride, carbon dichioride, didakene, dow- per, ethylene tetrachloride, perchlor, perchlorethylene, perclene, percosolve, perk, perklone, persec, tetlen, tetracap, tetrachioroethene, tetrachloroethylene, tetraleno, tetralex, tetravec, tetroguer, tetropil APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless liquid; ethereal odor CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 121.20 C Melting Point: -23.35 C Vapor Pressure: 15.8 mm Hg @ 22 C Specific Gravity: 1.6311 @ 15 C/4 C Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Household products EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 25 ppm (170 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: minimize exposure - carcinogenic ACGIH TLV: TWA: 50 ppm (339 mg/cu m) STEL: 200 ppm (1370 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: WHO Guidelines: 5 mg/cu m/24 hr, 8 mg/cu m/30 min TOXICITY Inhalation-human TCLo: 96 ppm/7 hr Inha.lation-man TCLo: 280 ppm/2 hr Inhalation-man LDLo: 2857 mg/kg Inhalation-man TCLo: 600 ppm/10 min Detail Associates, inc. 159

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Experimental poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic to humans by inhalation with the follow- ing effect: local anesthetic, conjunctiva irritation, general anesthesia, hallucinations, distorted percep- tions, coma and pulmonary changes. Moderately experimentally toxic by ingestion, inhalation, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes. An experimental carcinogen and teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutagenic data. An eye and severe skin irritant. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Follow label instructions carefully. 2. Throw away partially full containers of old or unneeded chemicals safely. 3. Buy limited quantities. 4. Keep exposure to perchloroethylene emissions from newly dry cleaned materials to a minimum. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #1003, third edition OSHA analytical method #07, second edition L Detail Associates, Inc. 160

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants PETROLEUM SOLVENTS MF: MW: IDENTIFICATION Cas #: NIOSH: SYNONYMS APPEARANCE/ODQR_ See individual solvents CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Commercial cleaning products EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 400 ppm NIOSH REL: TWA: 350 mg/cu m (except Kerosene) STEL: ceiling - 1800 mg/cu m ACGIH TLV: See individual solvents EPA Ambient Air Standard: none established T XI .ITY Refer to individual solvents Detail Associates, Inc. 161

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS May cause eye, nose and throat irritation. Skin irritant, mutagenic action when tested in cell cultures, nervous system effects. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS Refer to individual solvents Detail Associates, Inc. 162

Guide to tndoor Air PoIIutants PINE OIL MR MW: IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 8002-09-3 NIOSH: TK 5100000 SYNONYMS Oil of pine, oleum abietis, unipine, yarmor, yarmor pine oil APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless to pale yellow liquid; turpentine-like odor. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 200-220 C Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 0.86 Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Commercial cleaning products EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Oral-man TDLo: 4700 mg/kg: central nervous system Skin-rabbit LD50: 5 g/kg Detail Associates, Inc. 163

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic by ingestion. Mildly toxic by skin contact. A weak allergen and a severe irritant to skin and mucous membranes. Human systemic effects by ingestion: excitement, ataxia, headache. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS No validated method found. Detail Associates, Inc. 164

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) tvlF: iAw: IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 1336-36-3 NIOSH: TQ 1350000 YNONYM Aroclor, chlophen, chiorextol, chlorinated biphenyl, chlorinated diphenylene, chloro biphenyl, chloro- 1,1-biphenyl, clophen, dykanol, fenclor, inerteen, kanechlor, montar, noflamol, PCB, phenochlor, pyralene, pyranol, santotherm sovol, therminol FR-1 APPEARANCE/ODOR A series of technical mixtures consisting of many isomers and compounds that vary from mobile oily li- quids to white crystalline solids and hard noncrystalline resins. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 340-375 C Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 1.44 @ 30 C Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Electrical transformer, light-fixture transformer EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: Control to lowest feasible level ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Oral-rat TDLo: 16800 mg/kg/2 year Oral-mouse LD50: 1900 mg/kg Detail Associates, Inc. 165

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic by ingestion. Some are poisons by other routes. Suspected human carcinogens. Experimental carcinogens and tumorigens. Experimental reproductive effects. The higher the chlorine content of the diphenyl compound, the more toxic is it liable to be. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Good operation and maintenance of the machines; 2. Decontaminate surface of these machines when necessary. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #5503, third edition L Detail Associates, Inc. 166

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants PROPYLBENZENE MF: C9H12 MW: 120.21 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 103-65-1 NIOSH: DA 8750000 YN NYMS Isocumene, 1-phenylpropane, n-propylbenzene APPEARANCE/ODOR Clear liquid. CHEIy1ICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 159.2 C Melting Point: -99.5 C Vapor Pressure: 10 mm Hg @ 43.3 C Specific Gravity: 0.862 Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY ~ Inhalation-mouse LCLo: 20 g/cu m O N ~ Oral-rat LD50: 6040 mg/kg ~ ~11 ~ ~ ~ Detail Associates, inc. 167

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Mildly toxic by ingestion and inhalation. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS OSHA Chemical Information Manual: IMIS P107 I N p ~ . r© ~ ~ Detail Associates, Inc. 168

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants RADON AF: Rn AW: 222 IDEMf IFICATION Cas #: NIOSH: SYNONYMS APPEARANCE/ODOR CoCorless, odorless, inert gas; very dense. CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: -62 C Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 9.73 g/L @ 1 atm (gas) Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Concrete, brick, stone, soil, ground water, shower, earth and rock beneath home. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: 4 PCi/L WHO Guidelines: 2.6 PCi/L ASHRAE Standard: 5.4 PCi/L TOXICITY Detail Associates, Inc. 169

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS A common air contaminant. No immediate symptoms. Estimated to cause about 10% of lung cancer deaths. Smokers are at higher risk of developing radon-induced lung cancer. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Test your home for radon 2. Get professional advice before planning and carrying out radon reduction measures. 3. Seai cracks and other openings in basement floor. 4. Ventilate crawl space. 5. Install sub-slab ventilation or a heat recovery ventilator (air to air heat exchanger.) 6. Treat radon-contaminated well water by aerating or filtering through granulated-activated charcoal. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS "interim Indoor Radon Decay Product Measurement Protocois"'by USEPA, 1986. EPA publication number: EPA 520/1-86-04. Detail Associates, Inc. 170

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants RESPIRABLE PARTICLES MF: Mw: IDENTIFICATION Cas #: NIOSH: SYNONYMS APPEARANCE/ODOR CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION ! ~ Fireplaces, wood stoves, and kerosene heaters. Environmental tobacco smoke. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIO SH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICI'TY . N 0 ~ ~ HEALTH HAZARDS L/1 Eye, nose and throat irritation; respiratory infections and bronchitis; lung cancer (effects attributable to ~ environmental tobacco smoke are listed under Tobacco Smoke) ~ 0 Detail Associates, Inc. 171

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Vent all furnaces to outdoors; keep doors to rest of house open when using unvented space heaters. 2. Choose properly sized wood stoves, certified to meet EPA emission standards; make certain that doors on all wood stoves fit tightly. 3. Have a trained professional inspect, clean, and tune-up central heating system (furnace, flues, and chimneys) annually. Repair any leaks promptly. 4. Change filters on central heating and cooling systems and air cleaners according to manufacturer's directions. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #0600, third edition L Associates, Inc. 172

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants SODIUM CARBONATE MF: C03*2Na MW: 105.99 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 497-19-8 NIOSH: VZ 4050000 SYNONYMS Carbonic acid, disodium salt; crystal carbonate; disodium carbonate, soda ash, trona APPEARANCE/ODOR White, odoriess, small crystals or crystalline powder; alkaline taste. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: decomposes Melting Point: 851 C Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 2.509 @ 0 C Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Commercial cleaning product, photography EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: NIOSH REL: ACGIH TLV: EPA Ambient Air Standard: TOXICITY Inhalation-rat LC50: 2300 mg/cu m/2 hr Inhalation-mouse LC50: 1200 mg/cu m/2 hr Detail Associates, Inc. 173

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by inhalation and subcutaneous routes. Mildly toxic by ingestion. Experimental reproductive effects. A skin and eye irritant. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE i. Use according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safefy; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MQNLTORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS Titrate with 0.5 N HCI., using methyl orange, & note total alkalinity found. [AOAC. 10th edition 1965 and following EDS 13/71 5.019] Detail Associates, Inc. 174

Guide to Indoor Air PoZlutants SODIUM PERBORATE MF: B03*Na MW: 81.80 lDENTiFICATION Cas #: NIOSH: ED 4800000 SYNONYMS Boric acid, sodium salt; sodium peroxyborate, sodium peroxoborate APPEARANCE/ODOR Tetrahydrate, white, odorless, crystalline powder. Saline taste. CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Decomposes above 60 C Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Commercial cleaning product EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICfTY Detail Associates, Inc. 175

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Mutagenic data. A powerful oxidizer. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities thatyou will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS EPA Method 200.7: an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotmetric method for the determination of dissolved, suspended, or total elements in drinking water, surface water, and domes- tic and industrial wastewater, is described. Sodium is analyzed at a wavelength of 588.995 nm and has an estimated detection limit of 29 ug/1. /Total Sodium/ [40 CFR 136 (7/1/88)] Detail Associates, Inc. 176

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants SODIUM PHOSPHATE MF:04P*3Na MW: 163.94 i DEN'i"I FICATION Cas #: 7601-54-9 NIOSH: TC 9490000 SYNONYMS Dri-tri, nutrifos STP; phosphoric acid, trisodium solt; trisodium phosphate; sodium phosphate, an- hydrous; sodium phosphate, tribasic (DOT); tribasic sodium phosphate; tromete; TSP APPEARANCEIODOR Dodecahydrate, colorless or white crystals CHEMICAUPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: 75 C Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: -1.6 Odorthreshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Commercial cleaning product,Ephotographic developers EXP SURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established T XIC(TY IV C Oral-rats LD50: 7.4 glkg ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Detail Associates, inc. 177

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic by intravenous route. Mutagenic data. A strong, caustic material. I MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safe(y; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MQNITORiNG AND MEASUREMENT METHODS No validated method found Detail Associates, Inc. 178

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE MF: C12H2604S*Na MW: 289.43 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 151-21-3 NIOSH: WT 1050000 SYN NYM Sulfuric acid, monododecyl ester, sodium salt; aquarex methyl; carsonol sis; cycloryi 21; detergent 66; dodecyl sulfate, sodium salt; dreft duponol; irium; richonol C; sipex OP; dodecyl sodium sulfate; ultra sulfate SL-1, etc. APPEARANCElODOR White to cream-colored crystals, flakes or powder water, water-sol. , CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: Odor threshold: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Carpet shampoo. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: Mone established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICI"TY Skin-human 250 mg/24 hr mild Oral-rat LD50: 1288 mg/kg Detail Associates, Inc. 179

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. A human skin irritant. An experimental eye and sever skin irritant. A mild allergen. Mutagenic data. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS None found I Detail Associates, Inc. 180

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants SULFUR DIOXIDE MF:02S MW: 64.06 iDENTIFICATION Cas #: 7446-09-5 NIOSH: WS 4550000 SYNO_NYM_S Bisulfite, fermenicide liquid, fermenicide powder, sulfurous acid anhydride, sulfurous anhydride, sul- furous oxide, sulfur oxide APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless gas or liquid, pungent odor. CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: -10.0 C Melting Point: -72.7 C Vapor Pressure: 49.6 mm Hg @ 21.1 C Specific Gravity: 1.434 @ 0 C (liquid) Odor threshold: 2.7 ppm - detection threshold (sharp irritating) 4.4 ppm - recognition threshold SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Combustion sources including gas ranges, dryers, water heaters, kerosene heaters, fireplaces and wood stoves, gas stove, garages, outdoor sources, chimneys, furnaces EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 2 ppm (5 mg/cu m) STEL: 5 ppm (10 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: TWA: 0.5 ppm (1.3 mg/cu m) ACGIH TLV: TWA: 5 ppm (5.2 mg/cu m) STEL: 5 ppm (13 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXI ITY Inhalation-man TCLo: 4 ppm/1 min Inhalation-human TCLo: 3 ppm/5 days Inhalation-human LCLo: 1000 ppm/10 mins Inhalation-human LCLo: 3000 ppm/5 mins Detail Associates, Inc. 181

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS i A poison gas. Moderately toxic experimentally by inhalation. Mildly toxic to humans by inhalation. An experimental tumorigen and teratogen. Human systemic effects by inhalation: pulmonary vascular resistance, respiratory depression and other pulmonary changes. It chiefly affects the upper respiratory tract and the bronchi. it may cause edema of the lungs or glottis and can produce respiratory paralysis. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutagenic data. A corrosive irritant to eyes, skin and mucous membranes. 400-500 ppm is immediately dangerous to life and 50-100 ppm is considered to be the maximum permissible concentration for exposure of 30-60 minutes. It is a common air contaminant. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Keep gas appliance properly adjusted. 2. Consider purchasing vented gas space heaters and furnaces. 3. Use proper fuel in kerosene space heaters. 4. Install and use exhaust fan vented to outdoors over gas stoves. 5. Open flues when gas fire-places are in use. 6. Choose properly sized wood stoves that are certified to meet EPA emission standards. Make cer- tain that doors on all wood stoves fit tightly. 7. Have a trained professional inspect, clean and tune-up central heating system (furnaces, flues, and chimneys) annually. Repair any leaks properly. 8. Do not idle car inside garage. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #6004, third edition OSHA analytical method #107, #104, second edition Detail Associates, Inc. 182

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants TETRADECANE MF: C14H30 MW: 198.44 IDENTIFICATlON Cas #: 629-59-4 NIOSH: XB 8000000 SYNONYMS APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless liquid. CHEMfCAUPHY ICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 252-255 C Melting Point: 5.5 C Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg @ 76.4 C Specific Gravity: 0.765 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: SOUR ;ES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGIH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standard: None established TOXICITY Skin-mouse TDLo: 9600 mg/kg/20 week Detail Associates, Inc. 183

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS An experimental tumorigen. Probably irritating and narcotic in high concentrations. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS No validated method found. Detail Associates, Inc. 184

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants TOLUENE MF: C7H8 MW: 92.15 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 108-88-3 NIOSH: XS 5250000 SYNONYMS Antisal la, methacide, methylbenzene, methylbenzol, NCI-C07272, phenylmethane, RCRA waste num- ber U220, toluol, toluol, tolu-sol APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless liquid; benzol-like odor. CHEMfCAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 110.4 C Melting Point: -95 C to -94.5 C Vapor Pressure: 36.7 C mm Hg @ 30 C Specific Gravity: 0.886 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: 1.6 ppm - detection threshold (sour/burnt) 11 ppm - recognition threshold SOUR ,ES OF_ CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleanser's-and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPO URE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 100 ppm (375 mg/cu m) STEL: 150 ppm (560 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: IWA: 100 ppm (375 mg/cu m) STEL: 200 ppm (750 mg/cu m) ACGIH TLV: TWA: 100 ppm (377 mg/cu m) STEL: 150 ppm (565 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standards: None established N G~ TOXICITY N C1t lnhalation-human TCLo: 200 ppm ~ Inhalation-man TCLo: 100 ppm: central nervous system ~ kA Q 44 Detail Associates, Inc. 185

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by intravenous, subcutaneous and possibly other route. Mildly toxic by inhalation. An experimental teratogen. Human systemic effects by inhalation: central nervous system changes, 'hallucinations or distorted perceptions, motor activity changes, antip- sychotic, psychophysiological test changes and bone marrow changes. Experimental reproductive ef- fects. Mutagenic data. A human eye irritant. An experimental skin and severe eye irritant. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #1500, #1501, #4000, third edition OSHA Chemical Information Manual: IMIS 2460 I I - N Detail Associates, Inc. 186

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE MF: C2H3C13 MW: 133.40 IDENTIIFICATION Cas #: 71-55-6 NIOSH: KJ 2975000 SYNONYMS aerothene TT, chloroetene, chloroethene, chiorothane NU, chlorothene, methylchloroform, methyltrichloromethane, strobane, 1,1,1, TCE, alpha-trichioroethane, tri-ethane, NIC-C04626, RCRA waste number U226 APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless liquid. CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 74.1 C Melting Point: Vapor Pressure: 100 mm Hg @ 20 C Specific Gravity: 1.3376 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: 390 ppm - detection threshold (sweet/etherish) 710 ppm - recognition threshold SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXP URE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 350 ppm (1900 mg/cu m) STEL: 450 ppm (2450 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: STEL: 350 ppm (1910 mg/cu m) ACGIH TLV: TWA: 350 ppm (1910 mg/cu m) STEL: 450 ppm (2460 mg/cu m) EPA Ambient Air Standards: None established TOXICIlY Inhalation-human TCLo: 920 ppm/70 min Inhalation-man TCLo: 350 ppm: central nervous system Detail Associates, Inc. 187

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes. An experimental teratogen. Human systemic effects by ingestion and in- halation: conjunctiva irritation, hallucinations or distorted perceptions, motor activity changes, ir- ritability, aggression, hypermotility, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting and other gastrointestinal changes. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutagenic data. A human skin irritant. An experimental skin and severe eye irritant. Narcotic in high concentrations. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #1003, third edition OSHA method #14, second edition Detail Associates, Inc. 188

Guide to Indoor Air Poll utants n-TRIDECANE MF: C13H28 MW: 184.41 1 DENTI FICATION Cas #: 629-50-5 NIOSH: YD 3025000 S_YNONYMS Tridecane APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless liquid CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 234 C Melting Point: -6.2 C Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 0.757 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: SOURC;ES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: None established NIOSH REL: None established ACGVH TLV: None established EPA Ambient Air Standards: None established TOXICITY Intravenous-mouse LD50: 1161 mg/cu m Detail Associates, Inc. 189

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic by intravenous route. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS The alkanes to C17 may be collected on charcoal, the higher members as particulate matter on filters, and determined by gas chromatography. Meites L, 1963. /Alkanes/ [Patty. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd edition, Volume 2A, 213, 2C, 1981-82, p. 31941 n solation by steam distillation and analysis of sediment by gas chromatography-flame ionization. [I3elisle AA, Gay ML; Isolationof hydrocarbon residues from sediment by steam distillation; Bull En- vironmental Contamination Toxicology 29(5) 539 (1982)]. No validated method found. Detail Associates, Inc. 190

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants VINYL CHLORIDE MF: C2H3C1 MW: 62.50 l D ENTI FICATION Cas #: 75-01-4 NIOSH: KU 9625000 YN NYMS Chiorethene, chlorethylene, chloroethene, chloroethylene, ethylene monochloride, monochloroethene, trovidur, VC, VCM, vinyl chloride monomer, vinyl C monomer APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless liquid or gas; faintly sweet odor. CHEMNCALIPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: -13.9 C Melting Point: -160 C Vapor Pressure: 2600 mm Hg @ 25 C Specific Gravity: 0.9195 @ 15 C/4 C (liquid) Odor threshold: none - sweet SOUR ES OF CONTAMINATION Aerosol spray, propellants, and solvents EXP URE L1MfTS OSHA PEL: TWA: 1 ppm STEL: 5 mg/cu m - ceiling NIOSH REL: TWA: lowest feasible Ceiling: 0.5 ppm (carcinogen) ACGIH TLV: TWA: 5 ppm (13 mg/cu m) - confirmed human carcinogen EPA Ambient Air Standard: TOXIC1iY Inhalation-man TCLo: 30 mg/cu m (5 year male) Inhalation-human TC: 300 mg/cu m Inhalation-man TCLo: 500 ppm/7 hr Detail Associates, Inc. 191

Guide to Indoor Air PolIutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Poison by inhalation. Moderately toxic by ingestion. A human carcinogen which causes liver and blood tumors. An experimental carcinogen, tumorigen and teratogen. Human reproductive effects by inhalation: changes in speratogenesis. Human mutagenic data. A severe irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. In high concentration it acts as an anesthetic. Chronic exposure has shown liver injury. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. To increase ventilation rate when operating such devices; 2. To use a product that does not pollute indoor air environment to substitute vinyl chloride. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #1007, #178, third edition. OSHA analytical method #04, #75, second edition I Detail Associates, Inc. 192

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants m-XYLENE MF: C8H10 MW: 106.18 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 108-38-3 NIOSH: ZE 2275000 SYNONYMS APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless mobile, flammable, liquid CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 139 C Melting Point: -47.9 C Vapor Pressure: 10 mm Hg @ 28.3 Specific Gravity: 0.864 @ 20 CJ4 C Odor threshold: 0.62 ppm - detection threshold SOURC;ES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 100 ppm (435 mg/cu m) STEL: 150 ppm (655 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: TWA: 100 ppm (434 mg/cu m) STEL: 200 ppm (868 mg/cu m) ACGIH TLV: TWA: 100 ppm (434 mg/cu m) STEL: 150 ppm (651 mg/cu m) TOXICLIY Inhalation-man TCLo:424 mg/m3/6 hr/6 day:central nervous system Inhalation-man TCLo: 870 mg/cu m/4 hr-l:central nervous system Detail Associates, inc. 193

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Mildly toxic by ingestion. A severe skin and eye irritant. MEANS OF__REDUClNG_EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #1501, third edition OSHA analytical method #07, second edition Detail Associates, Inc. 194

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants o-XYLEN E MF: C8H10 MW: 106.18 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 95-47-6 NIOSH: ZE 2450000 SYNONYMS o-dirnethylbenzene, 1,2-dimethylbenzene, o-methyltoluene, 1,2-xyiene, o-xylol (DOT) APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless liquid CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 144.4 C Melting Point: -25.2 C Vapor Pressure: Specific Gravity: 0.880 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: 5.4 ppm - detection threshold SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Building maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 100 ppm (435, mg/cu m) STEL: 150 ppm (655 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: TWA: 100 ppm (434 mg/cu m) STEL: 200 ppm (868 mg/cu m) ACGIH TLV: TWA: 100 ppm (434 mg/cu m) STEL: 150 ppm (651 mg/cu m) TOXICITY lnhalation-rat LCLo: 6125 ppm/12 Hr Inhalation-mouse LCLo: 30 g/cu m Detail Associates, Inc. 195

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal route. Mildly toxic by ingestion and inhalation. An experimental teratogen. A common air contaminant. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONlTORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #1501 OSHA analytical method #07, second edition L Detail Associates, Inc. 196

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants p-XYLEN E MF: C8H10 MW: 106.18 IDENTIFICATION Cas #: 106-42-3 NIOSH: ZE 2625000 SYNONYM Chromar, p-dimethylbenzene, 1,4-dimethylbenzene, p-methyltoluene, scintillar, 1,4-xylene, p-xylol APPEARANCE/ODOR Colorless plates or prisms CHEMhCAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point: 138.3 C Melting Point: 13-14 C Vapor Pressure: 10 mm Hg @ 27.3 Specific Gravity: 0.8611 @ 20 C/4 C Odor threshold: 2.1 ppm - detection threshold SOURCES OF CONTAMINATI N Bui(cfing maintenance materials including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preserv- atives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and isinfectants, moth repellents and air fresheners, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, dry cleaned clothing, etc.. EXPOSURE LIMITS OSHA PEL: TWA: 100 ppm (435 mg/cu m) STEL: 150 ppm (655 mg/cu m) NIOSH REL: TWA: 100 ppm (434 mg/cu m) STEL: 200 ppm (868 mg/cu m) ACGIH TLV: TWA: 100 ppm (434 mg/cu m) STEL 150 ppm (651 mg/cu m) TOXICITY Inhalation-rat LC50: 4550 ppm/4 hr Inhalation-mouse LCLo: 15 g/cu m Detail Associates, Inc. 197

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Page 2 HEALTH HAZARDS Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal route. Mildly toxic by ingestion and inhalation. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. May be narcotic in high concentrations. Chronic 'toxicity not established, but is less toxic than benzene. MEANS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE 1. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. 2. Use outdoors or in well-ventilated places. 3. Throw away unused or little-used containers safely; buy in quantities that you will use soon. MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT METHODS NIOSH analytical method #1501 OSHA analytical method #07, second edition I N O tJ N ~ ~ O N+ W %3 Detail Associates, Inc. 198

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Chapter VI Protocols For Indoor Air Quality Investigations 1. Methodology A consistent, solution-oriented approach should be adopted by the investigator(s) when conducting an indoor air quality investigation. This approach should systematically exclude a continually narrow- ing range of possibilities. Generally, this exclusion hierarchy involves evaluation of physical, chemical and microbiological factors, in the order presented. Based on the information obtained during initial conversation with the requestor, the following respon•• ses by the investigator(s) are possible: a. To provide "self-heip evaluation" materials to the requestor. Remain available for consultation by telephone. Become more involved, if necessary. b. To conduct an initial evaluation and provide recommendations to solve the problem or for further study on a "self-help" basis. c. To conduct a full scale investigation. The team of investigators for a full scale investigation should include an industrial hygienist and a physician/epidemiologist, but can also include other professionals such as an engineer. Most inves- tigations contain the following parts: background assessment, initial site assessment, and, if neces- sary, additional site assessment: 2. Background Assessment For the background assessment, the investigator(s) should obtain, by telephone, as much information on the building/house as practical; an idea of symptoms being experienced, and a chronology of the problem. Much of this information can also be collected using a standard questionnaire. Copies of other previous investigations which are,relevant to the problem should be requested. These data are then used to tailor the protocol for the initial site assessment so as to make it more efficient. 3. Initial Site Assessment The initial site assessment includes five separate steps or parts: an opening conference, a walk- through evaluation, personal interviews, phase I of environmental monitoring, and a closing con- ference. a. Opening Conference - The opening conference is attended by occupiers and their employees or residents of the building, as well as someone who has knowledge of the operation, and maintenance of the building's heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. This meeting serves to present the role of the investigator(s), discusses anticipated activities and arranges to receive copies of pertinent data not yet received. b. Walk-through Survey - The walk-through survey should involve all or part of the building including inspection of the HVAC systems with special attention given to the mechanism by which outside air enters each HVAC unit. Architectural plans and ventilation test and balance reports may also be reviewed during this phase. Potential sources of emission are identified so that each may be further evaluated, as needed. c. Personal Interview - Personal Interviews are often conducted to determine the extent, prevalence Detail Associates, Inc. 199

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants and character of reported symptoms. The use of a questionnaire, such as the one shown in Appendix 11, may be the most efficient means of collecting this type of information. It can be used as a guide during personal interviews or it can be self-administered. d. Phase I Environmental Monitoring - Phase I environmental monitoring is usually conducted on each initial survey. The scope of this effort may vary, but usually will either evaluate certain aspects of the building environment, which are important factors in all investigations, or explore any other pos- sibilities made apparent from the background assessment. Evaluation of the ventilation system using both actual measurement and/or carbon dioxide (C02) techniques, and monitoring temperature and relative humidity are useful procedures for all evaluations during the initial site assessment. Monitoring for formaldehyde is an example of a specific method which may be used if the background assess- ment indicates that respiratory system and eye irritation are prevalent complaints and the space has been recently built or renovated (a number of furnishings are potential sources of formaldehyde). Most of the monitoring accomplished on the initial survey is obtained using direct-reading instruments where possible because they provide results on-the-spot. Any deficiencies noted can be corrected and re-evaluated. Trace concentrations of hundreds of compounds could be identified depending on the extent of the sampling and analytical effort; however, the concentrations usually detected would not be expected to cause adverse health effects in a normal healthy individual. e. Evaluating HVAC Systems - HVAC systems can be complicated and most industrial hygienists have received very little or no training in the design, maintenance and trouble-shooting of building ventila- tion systems. The most important aspect of evaluating HVAC systems is to gain an understanding of how they are supposed to be working and then use some relatively simple methods to assure that the system is performing up to the design specifications. To decide whether this is adequate with respect to the complaint areas in the building/house, return to the complaint area(s) and measure supply and return air flows using either a velometer or a flow hood and compare the results to the design quan- tities. Note that in variable-air-volume (VAV) systems the supply air flows may vary during the day. f. Monitoring Temperature and Relative Humidity - Temperature too cold, too warm or fluctuating can be a source of complaints. While individuals vary in their limits of thermal comfortability, if a significant number of workers complain (more than 20%), then temperature and relative humidity may be creat- ing an uncomfortable environment. If temperatures are too warm, complaints or tiredness, lack of con- centration and headache may also be reported. Low relative humidities, not uncommon in the winter in a building or residence that is not humidified, can cause eye, nose and throat irritation. 4. Closing Conference The closing conference of the initial site survey provides an opportunity for the investigator(s) to present the activities accomplished, any results obtained and recommendations on corrective actions if potential problems were identified. If no problems were identified, recommendations may be made on how to continue studying the problem either on a self-help basis or through continued involvement by the investigator(s). Typical recommendations, when a probable explanation for the reported symptoms are not identified, would Include the formulation of a more formalized method of reporting worker symptoms on a daily basis and the generation of HVAC data logs to provide evidence that the HVAC system is performing in a consistent manner overtime. 200 Detail Associates,,Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants 5. Additional Site Assessments If the background assessment and the initial site visit identify a problem that need further definition, or if no problem can be isolated, an additional site assessment may be performed. During the additional site assessment, more specific and extensive monitoring may be conducted for chemical and/or microbiological contaminants of interest. Sampling for airborne microbiological contaminants is also outside of what is considered a standard industrial hygiene technique. Useful techniques are still under evaluation. Methodology is available; however, analytical support is somewhat limited. Never- theless, the topic of potential microbiological contamination usually comes up as an investigation progresses. Close visual inspection of the various HVAC components will usually uncover a microbiological problem If present. I Detail Associates, Inc. 201

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Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Chapter VII Indoor Air Quality Program of Detail Associates, Inc. Detail Associates, Inc. started its Indoor Air Quality Investigation Program back in late 1970's when the problem of indoor air quality in modern buildings was not yet given as much attention by the public as today. The problem was then called "hypersensitivity pneumonitis" in North America and is today given a more understandable name - "Sick Building Syndrome". After successfully providing assessment and engineering control services in this field and constantly em- phasizing research and development for the last ten years, the Program is now capable of undertaking projects ranging from overview indoor air quality assessments to complex industrial hygiene investigations incorporating environmental-medical research. The program studies the indoor air quality of a client through a number of sophisticated testing methods in- cluding: • Chemical Parameter Testing - often includes real-time analysis of airborne contaminant gases such as carbon monoxide; carbon dioxide; hydrogen sulfide; formaldehyde; petroleum hydrocar- bons; ozone and organic vapors. • Physical Testing - allows on-site measurements of temperature, humidity and airflow relationships with which the diagnosis of HVAC inefficiencies and limitations can be accurately achieved and reviewed against chemical testing and blo-aerosol analytical data. • Bio-aerosol testing - utilizes bio-test airborne sampling technology and swab-surface collection techniques for qualitative and quantitative analysis of micro-organisms associated with the sam- pling local. The IAQ specialists of the program compare the results of testing with current public health standards and/or recommendations of the relevant governmental agencies and private research institutions to assess for any presence and the extent of indoor air quality problem(s). For more information about the program, contact Detail Associates, Inc.; 300 Grand Avenue, Englewood, NJ 07631. Telephone: (201) 569-6708. Fax: (201) 569-4378. Detail Associates, Inc. 203

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants 204 Detail Associates, inc..

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Chapter VIII Recommended Sources of Information Federal Agencies Federal agencies with indoor air responsibilities are listed below. Write or phone them for free information materials theyy have. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Public Information Center 401 M Street SW, Washington, DC 20460. Tel: 202-382-2080 Operates Monday to Friday from 8:00 to 17:30 (EST) Other EPA Public Inquiry Phone Numbers National Telecommunications Network 1-800-858-PEST (out of Texas) 1-806-743-3091 (in Texas) Provides information about pesticides to the general public and the medical, veterinary, and profes- sional communities. TSCA Assistance Information Service 202-554-1404 Operates Monday to Friday 8:30 to 17:00 (EST) Provides information on regulations under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and on EPA's as- bestos program. Safety Drinking Water Hotline 202-382-5533 Operates Monday to Friday from 8:30 to 16:30 (EST) Provides information on regulations under the Safe Drinking Water Act, radon in drinking water, and a list of state drinking water offices. RCRA/Superfund Hotline 1-800-424-9346 (Nationwide) 1-202-382-3000 (In Washington) Operates Monday to Friday from 8:30 to 19:30 (EST) Provides information on regulations under both the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Superfund Law. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) Washinciton, DC 20207 Tel: 1-800-638-CPSC (Product Safety) Operates Monday to Friday from 10:30 to 16:00 (EST) Recorded information is available 24 hours daily f Detail Associates, Inc. 205

Guide to Indoor,Air Pollutants i I Other Federal Agencies Bonneville Power Administration Portland, OR 97208 General Services Administration 18th and F Streets NW, Washington, DC 20450 Office of Conservation and Renewable Energy U.S. Department of Energy 1000 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20585. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch (R-9) Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226. Office on Smoking and Health U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Rockville, MD 20857. Office on Energy and the Environment U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Washington, DC 20410. Occupational Safety and Health Administration U.S. Department of Labor 200 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20210 Tennessee Valley Authority Industrial Hygiene Branch 328 Multipurpose Building, Muscle Shoals, AL 35660 State and Local Agencies The EPA publication, "Directory of State Indoor Air Contacts", lists state agency contacts and is avail- able from the Public Information Center of EPA. Private Sector Contacts American Institute of Architects 1350 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006.. ~ American Gas Association 1515 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209. American Lung Association 1740 Broadway, New York, NY 10019. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers 1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329. - 206 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Building Owners and Managers Association 1250 Eye Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036. Consumer Federation of America 1424 16th Street NW, Suite 604, Washington, DC 20036. Detail Associates, Inc. 300 Grand Avenue, Englewood, NJ 07631. Tel: (201) 569-6708 Edison Electric Institute 1111 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036. National Association of Home Builders Technology and Codes Department 15th and M Streets NW, Washington, DC 20005. Safe Buildings Alliance Metropolitan Square, 655 15th Street, NW, Suite 12, DC 20005. World Health Organization Publication Center 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210. Detail Associates, Inc. 207

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Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Appendix I: References ACGIH, 1984. Evaluating Office Environmental Problems. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio. ACGIH, 1990. Guidelines For the Assessment of Bioaerosols In the Indoor Environment, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio. ACGIH, 1990. Guide to Occupational Exposure Values. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio. ASHRAE, 1989. ASHRAE Standard -_Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Qualitv_. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Centers for Disease Control of DOHH and NOISH, 1989. Indoor Air Quality - Selected References. CDC/NIOSH, Cincinnati, Ohio. Lippert, J., May, 1990. Im rn ovina Indoor Air. USAIR. Morey, P. R., 1989. Bioaerosols in the Indoor Environment: Current Practices and Aagroaches Presented at AIHA Indoor Air Quality International Symposium, St. Louis. Morey, P. R., Indoor Air Quality. Is Your Building Sick?. Clayton Environmental Consultants, Inc. Eller, Peter M, PhD, CIH. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd and 3rd Edition. Public Health Ser vice, Centers For Disease Control and National Institute For Occupational Safety andHealth of DHHS, Cincinnati, Ohio. Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, 1988. Indoor Air Facts: Ventilation and Airuali in Offices , No.3. EPA, Washington DC. Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, 1989. Indoor Air Facts: Sick Buildings, No.4. EPA, Washington DC. Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, 1989. Indoor Air Facts: Environmental Tobacco Smoke. No.5. EPA, Washington DC. Office of Air and Radiation/Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, 1989. Report to Congress on Indoor Air Qualitv. USEPA, Washington DC. Office of Air and Radiation of EPA and CPSC, 1988. The Inside Story - A Guide to Indoor Air QualitX USEPA, Washington DC., Publication No.: EPA/400/1-88/004 OSHA, 1990. OSHA Analytical Methods Manual, second edition. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor, Salt Lake City, Utah. OSHA, 1987. 4SHA Chemical Information. Manual. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor, OSHA Instruction CPL2-2.43. Sheldon, L. S., 1988. Indoor Air Quality in Public Buildings: Volume I. Office of Acid Deposition, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC. Sheldon, L. S., 1988. Indoor Air Quality in Public Buildings Volume 11. Office of Acid Deposition, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC. Detail Associates,-Inc. 209

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Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants Appendix ff Indoor Air Quality Qestionnaire Establishment Where Possible IAQ Problem Exists _ Your Name Tel Address: Street City State Zip 1. Complaints Yes No (If yes, please check) _ Temperature too cold Temperature too hot Lack of air circulation (stuffy feeling) Noticeable odors _ Dust in air _ Disturbing noises Other (please specify) 2. When do these problems occur? ~ Morning Daily Afternoon Specific days of the week _ All day Which day(s) i No noticeable trend 3.Health Problems or Symptoms Describe in three words or less each symptom or adverse health effect you experience more than two times per week. Example: runny nose. Symptom #1 Symptom #2 Symptom #3 Symptom #4 Symptom #5 Symptom #6 (over) Detail Associates, Inc. ` 211

Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants p E L Do the above symptoms clear up within 1 hour after leaving work'? Yes No If no, which symptom or symptoms persist (noted at home or at work) throughout the week? Please indicate by drawing a circle around the symptom number below. Symptom: #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Do you have any health problems or allergies which might account for any of the above symptoms? Yes No If yes, please describe 4. Do any of the following apply to you? Wear contact lenses Operate video display units at least 10% of the workday Operate photocopier machines at least 10% of the workday Use or operate other special office machines/equipment (Specify) Currently taking medication (Specify reasons) 5. Do you smoke? Yes No 6. Do others in your immediate work area smoke? Yes No 7. Your office or suite number is 8. What is your job title or position? 9. Briefly describe your primary job tasks 10. Can you offer any other comments or observations concerning your office environment? (Optional) Please Return the Questionnaire to: Detail Associates, Inc. 300 Grand Avenue, Englewood, New Jersey 07650 Tel:- (201) 569-6708 Fax: (201) 569-4378 212 Detail Associates, Inc.

Guide to Indoor Ais Pollutants Index of Indoor Air Pollutants BACTERIA 27 FUNGI 31 BIOCIDES 33 VIRUS 35 ACETIC ACID 37 ACETONE 39 ACROLEIN 41 ALDRIN 43 ALDEHYDES 45 METHYL ACRYLATE METHYL ALCOHOL METHYLENE CHLORIDE 1-METHYLNAPHTHALENE 2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE NAPHTHA 143 NAPHTHALENE 145 NICOTINE 147 NITROGEN DIOXIDE 149 133 135 137 139 141 ALK'1'L BENZENE SULFONATE 47 ALKYL ACRYL SODIUM SULFONATE 49 NONANE 151 n-OCTANE 153 AMMONIA 51 AMINES 53 AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS 55 OZONE 155 n-PENTADECANE 157 PERCHLOROETHYLENE 159 ASBESTOS 57 PETROLEUM SOLVENTS 161 ASBESTOS, ACTiNOLiTE 59 PINE OIL 163 ASBESTOS, AMOSITE 61 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) ASBESTOS, ANTHOPHYLITE 63 165 ASBESTOS, CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS, CROCIDOLITE ASBESTOS, TREMOLITE 65 67 69 PROPYLBENZENE 167 RADON 169 RESPIRABLE PARTICLES 171 BENZALDEHYDE 71 SODIUM CARBONATE 173 BENZENE 73 SODIUM PERBORATE 175 BENZO(a)PYRENE 75 SODIUM PHOSPHATE 177 n-BUTYLACETATE 77 SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE 179 BUTYRIC ACID 79 CARE30N 81 CARBON DIOXIDE 83 SULFUR DIOXIDE 181 TETRADECANE 183 TOLUENE 185 CARBON MONOXIDE 85 CHLORDANE 87 CUMENE 89 CYCLOHEXANE 91 CYCLOHEXANOL 93 n-DECANE 95 DIELDRIN 97 DIETHYL ETHANOLAMINE 99 DIETHYL PHTHALATE 101 DODECANE 103 ETHYL ALCOHOL 105 ETHYLBENZENE 107 1-ETHYL-2-METHYLBENZENE 109 1-ETHYL-4-METHYLBENZENE 111 FORMALDEHYDE 113 HEPTACHLOR 115 n-HEPTANE 117 HYDROGEN CYANIDE 119 KEROSENE 121 LEAD 123 LIMONENE 125 MAN-MADE MINERAL FIBERS 127 MENTHONE 129 MESIIYLENE 131 1,1,1 -TRICHLOROETHANE 187 n-TRIDECANE 189 VINYL CHLORIDE 191 m-XYLENE 193 o-XYLENE 195 p-XYLENE 197 Detail Associates, inc. 213

•{ L ®ETAIL ASSOCIATES, t1VC. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS 300 GRAND AVENUE, ENGLEWOOD, N.J. 07631 (201) 569-6708 FAX#(201) 569-4378 September 11, 1992 Ms. Loreen McAlpin Philip Morris USA P.O. Box 26603 Richmond, VA 23261 Dear Member of the Indoor Air Quality Task Force: We would like to make you aware of the publication available on Indoor Air Quality through our organization. Attached herewith please find information on the aforementioned publication. Trust you will find this information useful. Thank you. Should you have any questions or require additional information please" feel free to contact our office at your convenience. Sincerely yours, DETAIL ASSOCTATFS; T.1?^. /7 A. ,arac ewskit/ ewski/ President SAJ/pln encl. New York • Pittsburgh ® California

G YOU SICK! want to assess their indoor environments and minimize exposure to the pollutants. "Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants" includes valuable infor- mation on how to identify pollution sources and control exposure. It also includes vital data on nearly 100 of the most common indoor air pollutants, including: • Common and chemical names • Appearance and odor • Chemical and physical properties • Sources of contamination • Exposure limits and means of reducing exposure • Health hazards • References for air monitoring methods "Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants" is a valuable source of information for architects, designers, contractors, building owners and managers, engineers, developers, maintenance specialists, unions, building occupants and others who are concerned about the quality of air they breathe. "Guide to Indoor Pollutants" is available directly from Detail Associates, Inc. for only $55 plus $5 for handling and shipping charges. To secure your copy, please fill out the order form below and return to us now. Order Form. Please rush my order of copies of Guide To IndoorAir Pollutants at $55 plus $5 shipping & handling charges per copy to: YOUR HOME AND OFFICE MAY BE Look around you, at your walls, your desk, the floors. Your carpets and wall coverings probably are made of synthetic materials; your furniture may be covered in wood and plastic laminates. These are just a few of the comforts of your home or your office that may be making you sick. Literally! A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that trapped air in tightly sealed homes, offices and other build- ings has become seriously polluted by gases emanating from pressed wood, synthetic fibers, common household cleaners and other sources. The problem is widespread; environmental analysts estimate that 30 percent of all com- mercial buildings in the United States suffer from "sick building syndrome:" While many of us has heard about indoor pollution and associated illnesses, few of us understand the nature of this environmental threat and how to cope with it. "Guide to Indoor Air Pollutants," compiled by the indoor air specialists of Detail Associates, Inc., fills the need for an in-depth guide to common indoor air pollution problems and pollutants. A useful guide for professionals, it also serves as an excellent reference for lay persons who Title ' City/State/Zip Code Signature Phone Name - Company Address - Fl I enclose check for $ for total amount due Please return this portion to: Detail Associates, Inc., 300 Grand Avenue, Englewood, NJ 07631 Tel: (201) 569-6708 Fax: (201) 569-4378.

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