Tobacco Documents Online

Kalandidi, A., Katsouyanni, K., Voropoulou, N., Bastas, G.,. Saracci, R. and Trichopoulos, D., "Passive Smoking and Diet in the Etiology of Lung Cancer Among Non-Smokers," Cancer Causes and Control 1: 15-21, 1990. This case-controll study "was undertaken to examine the role of diet and passive smoking in the causation of lunq cancer in non-smokers." Cases (160 in total) were identified from 6 major hospitals in Athens; controls ('women~ hospitalized with orthopedic conditions) were chosen from these hospitals or from a nearby orthopedic hospital. Questions included lifetime exposure to "'passive smoking" from husbands, from other household members, and at work, and average frequency of consumption of 47 foods or beverages. Air pollution exposure was controlled for in the analysis on the basis of residential and employment addresses. Of the total cases and controls, 91 and 120 were classified as lifetime nonsmokers (<100 cigarettes in their lifetime); 48% of cases were diagnosedhistologically and 38% cytologically. The authors reported a RR for marriage to a smoker of 1.92 (95% CI 1.02-3.59). They also write "'[t]here was no evidence of any effect from exposure to smoking of other household members." For workplace exposure, the RR "between extreme quartiles" was 1.08 (95% CZ 0.24-4.87). ~ The authors report a protective effect for fruit consumption (RRs in the range of 0.2), but not for vegetables. The authors acknowledge that low fruit consumption and exposure to husband's cigarette smoking could acct as confounders.