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Philip Morris

the Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking A Report of the Surgeon General

Date: 19860000/P
Length: 19 pages
2023511965-2023511983
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Surgeon General
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SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS/BLACK LATERAL OLD S&T
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2023511661/2307
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2023511660/2023512308/Ets: Heart Disease 930900
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Center for Health Promotion + Education
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HALEY, N.J., HOFFMANN, D. Ana)ysia for nicotine and eotiniae in hair tb determine cigarette smoker statua. Clinical Chemittry 31(10):1598-1600, October 1985. HAMMOND, E.C., SELIi{OFF, IJ. Passive smoking and lung cancer with comments on two new papers. Enuironnunt¢l Research 24(2):444-452, April 1981. HAFZL.AP, S., DAVIES, A.M: Infsat admissions to hospital and maternal, smoking. Lancet 1(7857}.529-,532, March 30;1974'. HARRIS, J.E., DuMOUCHEL, W.H. Nonsmoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer. (letter). British Medical Journnl 283(6296):915, October 3, 1981. HASSELBLAD, V., HUMBLE, C.G., GRAHAM, M G., ANDERSON, H.S. Indoor HIRAYAMA, T. Passive smoking and lung cancer. (letter). British Medical Journal' 282(6273)i1393-1394, Aprili25, 1981b. HIRAYAMA, T. Nonsmoking wives of smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer. (letter): British Medicnl Journal 283(6296):916-917, October 3,1981c. HIRAYAMA, T. Nonsmoking wives of smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer. Qetter): British Medical Journal'283(6304)i1465--1466, November 28, 1981d. HIRAYAMA, T. Passive smoking and lung cancer. Consistency of association. (letter): Lancet 2(8.364);1425-1426, December 17,1983. HIRAYAMA, T. Cancer mortality in nonsmoking women with smoking husbands based on a large-scale cobort study in Japan. Preuentiue Medici,iu 13(6):680-690, November 1984a. HIRAYAIISA, T. Lung cancer in Japan: Effects of nutrition and passive smoking. ln: Mizell, M., Correa, P. (eds): Lung Caneer. Causes and Preuention. Deer{ieldi Beach, Florida„VCH,1984b, pp. 175-195. HIRAYAMA, T. Passive smoking: A new target of epidemiology. Journal of Experimental Clinical Medicine 10(4):287-293,1985: HOEGG, U.R. Cigarette smoke ia closed spaces. Environmental Health Perapertiuea (2):177-128„October 1972. HOFFMANN, D., HALBY;, NJ!, ADAM.S, J.D., BRUNNEMANN, K.D.Tobscco sidestream smoke: Uptake by nonsmokers. Preventive Medicine 13(6):6flM17, November 1984. HORWOOD, LJ., FERGUSSON;D.M.,,SHANNON, F:T. Social and familial factors in the development of early childhood usthma. Pediatrics 75(5):859-868, May 1985. HUGOD, C., HAWKINS, L.H., ASTRUP, P. Exposure of passive smokers to tobacco smoke oonstituents. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 42(421-29,1978:, May 1979:, HIGGINS, I. Lifetime passive smoking and cancer risk. (letter), Lancet 1(8433}:866 - 867, April i 13,1985. H]GGINS„ M.W., KJELSBERG, M:, METZNER, H. Characteristics of smokers and nonsmokers in Tecumseh Michigan. Ic The distribution of smoking habits in persons and' families and their relt;tionship to social characteristics. American Journal o(Epidemiology 86(11:45-59, July 1967. HILLER;, F.C. Deposition of sidestream cigarette smoke in the human respiratory tract. Pneacntiue Medicine 13(6):602--607, November 1984. HIKAYAMA, T. Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer A study from Japan. British Medical Journal 282(6259)183-185, January 17,1'981a. eanoer of the testis in young men_ International Journal of Cancer 23(5):598-602,, Respiratory Diseoae 123(5):479--485, May 1981. HENDERSON, B.E., BENTON, B., JING, J:, YU, M.C., PIKE' M.C. Risk factors for environmenta)i determinants of lung function in children. American Reuiew of 112
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IIVTERNJITIONAL AGENCY FOR RFSEARCH ON CANCER: ?bb~ Smoking. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 38, Lyon„IARC„1986, pp. 163-314. IVERSON„M., BIRCH: L, LUNDQVIST, G.R., ELBROND, O. Middle .ar effusion in children and the indoor environment An epidemiologioal study. Arshioo of Envuonmentnl Health 40(2):74-79, March-Apri1 1985: JARVtS, M.J„ TUNSTALLPEDOE,' H., FEYERABEND, C., VFSEY. C., SALOOJEE, Y. Bioctiemical! market9 of smoke absorption and self-reported exposure to passive smoking. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 3&4):335-.939, Decem- ber 1984. JONES: J.R., HIGGINS, I.T.T.,, HIGGINS, M.W., FELLEPJ.B. Effects of oooking fuels on 11ing function in nonsmoking women. Arrhiiea of Enuironmental Health 38(4):219-222, JulyAugust 1983. KABAT, G.C.,, WYN'DER; E.L Lung cancer in nonamoken. Canoer 53(5?:1214-1221, March 1,1984 : KANNEL, W.B. Update on the role of cigarette smoking in coronary artery disease. AmcricanHeart Journa1101(31:319-328, March 1981. KASUGA, H., HASEB£.: A., OSAKA, F., MATSUKII H. Respiratory symptoms in school children and' the role of passive smoking. Tokai Journal of Ezperimental and Clinical Medtcinc 4(2):101-1Q4, April 1979:, KAUFFMANN, F.,,DOCKERY, D.W., SPEIZER; F.E., FERRIS, B.G., Jr. Respiratoryy symptoms and lung function in women with passive and active smoking. (abstract). AmerioaaReoiew ojReapiratory Diaease 133(4, part 2):A157; April 1986. KAUFFMANN, F., TESSIER; J.-F:, ORIOL, P. Adult passive smoking in the home environment: A risk factor for chronic airflow limitation. American Journal of Epidemiology 117(3):269-280, March 1983:, KENTNER, M., TRIEBIG, G., WELTLE, D. The influence of passive smoking on pulmonary function: A study of 1351 office workers. Prruentiue Medicine 13(6):65f-- 6fi9, November 1984. KNOTH, A.,, BOHN, H., SCHIvi1DT, F. Pasaiv rauchen ala Lungenkrebs-Uraache bei Nichtraucherianen (Passive smoking as a causa7 i factor of bronchial carcinoma in female nonsmokers). Medizinische Klinik 78(2):66-69; February 4, 1983: KOO, L.C., HO, J.H.-C., LEE, N. An analysis of some risk factors for lung cancer in Hong Kong. International Journal oFCancer 35(2):149-155, February,15,1985. KOO, L.C., HO, J.H.-C., SAW,, D. Active and passive smoking among female lung cancer patients and controls in Hong Kong. Journal of Esperimental and Clinical Cancer Reacarnh 4(2)h367-375, October-December 1983. KOO, LC., HO, J:H.L.,, SAW, D. Is passive smoking an added risk factor for lung cancer in Chinese women? Journal ojErpcrimental and C'llinical'Canrer Research 3(3k277-283, JulySeptember 1984. KORNEGAY, K.R., KASTENBAUM, M.A. Non-emoking.viveg of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer. (letter). British Medical Journal 283(6296):914, October 3,1981. IOtAEMER, M.J., RICHARDSON. M.A., WEISS, N.S., FURUKAWA, C.T., SHAPIRO, G.G., PIERSON, W.E., BIERMAN, C.W: Risk factors for persistent middle-sar effusions: Otitis media, catarrh, cigarette smoke exposure, and atopy. Journal of the American Medical Association 249(8):1022-1025, February 2.5, 1983. LEBOWTIZ, M.D. Environmental tobacco.moke: 3.3:,The effects of environmental tobaeoo smoke exposure and gas stoves on daily peak flow ratee in asthmatic and non...thmatic families. European Journal of Rrspiratory Di.eaaer 65(Suppl. 133)90-97,1984. LEBOWLTZ, M.D., ARMET; D.B., KNUDSON, R The effect of peasive smoking on pulmonary function in children. Enuironmtnt International 8(1-6}.371-373, 1982. LEBOWlTZ, MD., BURROWS, B. Respiratory symptoms rzlated to smoking habits of family adults. Chest 69(11:48-50, January 1976. 113
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LEE, PN. Non-amoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher riak of lung cancer, (letter): British Medical Jounwl 283(6304):1465-1466, November 28,1981. LEE, P.N. Passive smoking. (letter): Lancet 1(8275};791, April 3,1982a LEE, P.N. Passive smoking. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 20(2):223-229, April 1982b. LEE, PN: Lifetime paaaive smoking and cancer risk. (letter): ,[ancYt 1(8443):1444'„ June 22;1985: LEE, P.N., CFiAMBERL.AIN, J., ALDERSON, M.& Relationship of passive smoking to risk of lung cancer and other ®oking-aaeociated diseases. Britirh Journal of Canecr bK1Y.97-105, July 1986. 1J:EDER, S.R., CO3tKFIIId„ RT:, IRWIG, L.M., HOLLAND, W.W. Influence of familyy factors on aatkma and wheezing during the first five years of life. British Journal orPAeuentilre and Social Medicine 30(4):213-218, December 1976a. LEEIIER, S.R., COFtKHILL; RT., IRWIG; LM., HOLLAND, W:W: Influence of family, factors on the incidence of lower respiratory illneas during the first year of life. British Journal ojPr+rventive and Social Medicine 30(4)203-212, December 1976b. LEHNERT, G. Roundtable di.cuaaion, Preuentiue Medicine 13(6).730-746, November 1954.. I.EACfEN, M.L, SA.MET, J.M. An aesessment of the validity of questionnaire responses provided by a surviving spouse. American Journal of Epidemiology 123(3):481-489, March 1986. LIM, T.PR Airway obstruction among high school student.. American Review of RespiratoryDisease 108{4)98.5-988, October 1973. MacDONALD, EJ. Nonsmoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer. (letter). British Medical Journal 283(6296):917, October 3, 1981a. MacDONALD. EJ. Nonsmoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer. (ktter). British Medical Jaurnal 283(6304):1465, November 28, 1981b. MANNING, M.D., CARROLL, B.E.. Some epidemiologica) i aspects of leukemia in children. Journal ojthe NationalCanctr Inatitute 19(6):1087-1094,,December 1957. MANTEIs, N. Nonsmoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung canoer. (letter): British Medical Journa1283(6296):914-915; October 3,1981. MANTEL, N. Passive smoking in adulthood and cancxr riek. (letter): American Journal ofEpidemiology 123(2);367-368„February 1986. MARTINEZ, F.,, ANTOGNONI, G., MACRI, F., LEBOWTI"L„ M., AONCHE,'ITI, R Distribution of bronchial responsiveness to a con,trictive drug ia a random pediatric population sample. (abstract); American Review of Respiratory Disease 131(4, part 2)A242, April 1985. MATSUKURA, S., HAMADA,,H.,,SEINO; Y.,,MURANAKA, H., HIGASHI, E. Passive smoking. petter): New England Journal of Medicine 312(111:720-721, March 14, 1985. MATSUKURA„ S., TAMINATO, T., KITANO, N., SEINO, Y., HAMADA, H., UCHIIiASHI, M., NAKAJD4SA, H:, HIRATA, Y. Effects of envisonmental'wbamo smoke on urinary cotinine excretion in nonamokera: Evidence for passive smoking. New England Journal of Medicine 311(13)%828-B,?2, September 27,19&ti. MaCONNOCHIE, K.M., ROGHMANN, K.J. Btnnchiolitib as a possible eauae of wheezing in childhood: New evidence. Pkdiatrica 74(L).1-10, July 1984. McCONNOCMF, K_M., ROGHMANN, KJ., Predicting clinically significant lower respiratory tract illbess in childhood following mild bronchiolitia. American Jounial'ofDisease ojChildren 139(61:62a-631, June 1985. MURRAY, A.B., li6ORRLSON, BJ. The effece of cigarette smoke from the mother on bronchia) responsiveness and severity of symptoms in children with satkima.. Journal ojAlkW and Clinical Immunology 7?(4):575-581, April 1986.. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Risk Assessment in the Federal Government:• Managing the Phvoess. Waahi.ngton; D.C., National Academy Press,1983.
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NEUTEL, C.1., BUCK, C. Effect of smoking during pregnancy on the risk of cancer in children. Journal of the National Cancer lnatitute 47(1Y59-63, July 1971. 0'OONNOR, G:, WEISS, S.T., TAGF•R, I., SPEIZE&, F.E. The effect of passive smokingg on nonspeciSc bronchial' reeponsivenees in a population sample of children and young adults. (abstract). Clinical Reaearrh 34(2):581A, April 1986. PATHAK, D.R., SAMET, J.M,, HZJMBLE„C;G.,,SKIPPER, B.J. Determinants of lung cancer risk in cigarette smokers in New Mexico. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 76(4):597-604„April 1986. PEDREIRA. F.A., GUANDOLO, V.L., FEROLI, E.J., MELL.A, G.W.,, WEISS, LP. Involuntary smoking and incidence of respiratnry illnese during the first year of life. Pediatria 75(3):594-597, March 1985. PERSHAGEN; G., ZDENEK, H., SVENSSON; C. Passive smoking and lung cancer in Swedish women. A meriaan Journal o f Epidemiology , in prers. PETERS, J.M., FERRIS, B.G., Jr. Smoking, pulmonary funct.ion, and respiratory symptoms in a college-age group. American Revieeo of Raepirntory Disease 95(5):774-782, May,1967. PICKLE, LW., BROWN, L.M.,, BLOT, W.J. Information available from surrogate respondents in case-control interview studies. American Journal of Epidemiology 118(1):99-108; July 1983. Pih4ai; P.E., SILVERMAN, F.,,SFEPHARD, R.J. Physiological effects of acute passive exposure to cigarette smoke. Archiues of Environmental Health 33(0201-213; July-August 1978. PIiPI'ENGER, D.J. Passive smoking. (letter): New England Journal of Medicine 312(11k720, March 14, 1985. PRES'PON-MARTIN; S., YU, M.C., BENTON, B., HENDERSOTI„ B.E. N-nitroso compounds and childhood brain tumors: A easecontrol study. Cancer Reeareh 42(12):5240-5245, December 1982. PULLAN, C.R., HEY, E.N. Wheeang,, asthma, and pulmonary dysfunction 10 years after infection with,respiratory syncytial~virns in infancy. British Medical Journal 284(6330):1665-1fi69; June 5,1982: PUKANDER, J., LUOTONEN„J., TIMONEN; M., KARMA, P. Risk factors affecting the occurrence of acute otitia media among 2-3-year-old urban children. Acta Oto- laryngolica 100(3-4):260-265, September-October 1985. RANTARALLIO, P. Relationship of maternal smoking to morbidity and mortality of the t:hil& up to the age of five. Acta I'aediatriaa Scandinavica 67(5):62L-631,. September 1978. RAWBONE, R.G., KF.EL.ING; C.A., JENKINS, A-, GUZ, A. Cigarette smoking among secondary school children in 1975: Prevalence of respiratory symptoms, knowledge of health hazards, and attitudes to smoking and health. Journal of Epidemiology . and Community Health 32(1):53-58, Marnh 1978. REPACE, J1.., LOWREY, A.H. A quantitative estimate of nonsmokers' lung cancer risk from passive smoking. Environment Internationa111(1);3-22,1985. ROBINSON, B.F. EfTecta of passive smoking: (letter), New England Journal of Medicine 299(16):896, October 19,1978. RUSH, D. Respiratory symptoms in a group of American aecondary, school studenta: The overwhelming association with cigarette smoking. International Journal' of Epidemiology 3(2):153-165, June 1974. RUSSFrLI., M.A.H., FEYERABEND C. Blood and urinary nicotine in nonsmokers. Ianoet 7900(1):179-181„January 25,1975. RUSSEI.I, M.A.H., JARVIS, MJ.,,WEST; R.J: Use of urinary nicatine concentrations to estimate exposure and mortality from passive smoking in non-.mokera. Ern:tish Jourralo(Addiction 81:275-281, 1986. RUT'SCH, M. Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer. (letter). British Medical Journal 282(6268?:985, March 21, 1981. 115
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6ACKETf, D.L Bias in analytic reeearch: Journal of Chionic Diaeoaas 32(1-2):Si-63, 1979: SAII7, G., ZALOKAR, J., LELIAUCH„ J., PATOIS, E. Parental smoking related to adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy in children. Journal of Epidtrniolokrr and CorrmmunityHealth 32(2):97-101, June 1978. SALOOJEE,, Y.. VFSEY, C.J., OQLE, P.V., RUSSELL, M.A.H. Carboryhemogl6bin and plaema t6iocyanate:,Complementary indicatora of smoking behaviour? Thonu 37(7):521-525, July 1982. SAMET, J.M:, TAGER I:B:, SPEIZER, F.E. The relationship between respiratoryy illness in childhood and chronic air-flow obetruction in adulthood. Amuiccn Review of Reapinatory A'!.ease 127(4):50&-523, April' 1983. I SANDLER, D.P., EVERSON, R.B:,,RriLCX1X, AJ. Passive smoking in adulthood and cancer risk. American Journal'ojEpi.demiolbgy 121(1):37-48; January 1985: SANDLER, D.P., EVERSON, R.B., WILCOX, A.J~ Passive smoking in adulthood and rancer risk. (letter): Amencan Journol of Epidemiology 123(2):369-370; February 1986: SANDLER, D.P., EVERSON, R:B., WILCOX, A.J:, BROWDER, JY. Canoer risk in adulthood from early life exposure to parents' smoking. Amerioan Journal of l Public Health 75(5r487-•192; May 1985. l ~ ~ SANDLER, D.P., WILCOX, A.J., EVERSON, R.B. Cumulative effects of lifetime ,. passive smoking on cancer risk. Lancet 1(8424):312-314; February 9, 198ua SANDLER, D.P., WILCOX, A.J;, EVERSON, R.B. Lifetime passive smoking and cancer risk. (letter). Lancet 1(8433):867; Apri113;1985b. SCHENKER, M.B., SAMET, J.M., SPEIZER, F.E. Effect of cigarette tar oontent and smoking habits on respiratory symptome in women: American Review ojRespiro- tory Disease 125(6):68"90, June 1982. SCEiENKER, M.B., SAMET, J.M., SPEIZER, F.E. Risk factors for childhood respira- tory disease:, The effect of host factors and home environmental ezposures: American Review ojRapirutory Disease 128(6):1038-1043, December 1983. SCfID.LWG, R.S.F., LETAI, A.D., HUI, S.L., BECK, G.J., SCHOENBERG, J.B., BOUHUYS, A.H. Lung function; respiratory disease, and smoking in families. American Journal ojEpidemiology 106(4):274-283, October 1977. SCHLESSELMAN, JJ:,Case-Contrzrb 5tudiea: DAeaign; Conduct, Analyeii. Monographs in Epidemiology and Bioetatiatics, Vo11 2. New York, Oxford Uhiversity, Press, 1982. SCHMELTZ, L, HOFFMANN; D., WYNDER, E.L. The influence of tobacco smoke on indoor atmospheres: I. An overview. Preventive Medicine 4(1);66-82; March 1975, SEELY, J.E., ZUSKIN, E:, BOUHUYS, A.,Cigarette smoking: Objective evidence for lung damage in teen-agers. Science 172(3984):741-743„May 14,1971. SHEPHARD, R.J., COLLINS, R., SILVERMAN, F. "Passive" exposure of asthmatic subjects to cigarette smoke. Environmental Research 20(2):392.402, December 1979. SIMS, D,G., DOWNHAM, M.A.P.S., GARDNER, P.S., WEBB, J.K.G., WEIGHTMAN, D. Study of 8-year-old children with a history of respiratory syncytial' virus bronchiolitis in infancy. British Medical Journal 1(6104):11-14, January 7, 1978. SPF.IZER, F.E.,,F'ERRLS; B., Jr., BISHOP, Y.M.M., SPENGLER, J. Respiratory disease rates and pulmonary function in children associated with NO, exposure. American Reviewo(,`Respi.atoryDiaeaae 121(l):3-10, January 1980. SPEIZER, F.E., TAGER, I.B. Epidemiology of chronic mucus hypersecretion and obstructive airways disease. Epidemiologic Revuwe 1:124-142, 1979. SPINACI, S., AROSSA, W., BURGIANI, M.,,NORTALE, P., BUOCA, C., DeCONDUS SION, E. The effects of air pollution on the respiratory health of children: A cross- .ectiona] study. Pediatric Pulmonology 1(5):262-266;,1985. STERLING; T.D. Non-amoking wives of' heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer. (letter). British Medical Journal 282(6270):1Q56; April 4, 1981. 116
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$PEG4'ART; A., R'EBB~ J., HEVS*1TT, D. A survey of childhood malignancies. Britiah MedicalJournal SO(86);1495-15U8„June 18, 1958. SDJERNFELDT, M., BERGLUND, K., LINDSTEN, J., LUDVIGSSON, J., Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of childhood cancer. Lancet 1(8494):1350-1352, June 14; 1986. STOBER, W. Lung dynamice and uptake of smoke conatituents by nonamokera A survey. Preventive Medicine 13(6):589-601„November 1984. SUTPON, G.C. Passive smoking and lung cancer. (letter), Britieh, Medicinl Journal 282(6265):733, February 28,1981. SVENDSEN, K.H., KULLER, LH., NEATON, J.D. Effects of passive smoking in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trihl (MRFTf): Circulation; Part II, No. 4, October 1985. TAGER, LB. Passive smoking and respiratory health in children: Sophistry or cause for concern? American Reuiew of Reapinatory Di.eose 133(6b959-961. June 1986. TAGER„ I B., MUROZ, A., ROSNER, B., WELSS; S.T., CAREY, V.,, SPEIZER, F.E. Effect of cigarette smoking on the pulmonary function of children and adolescents. American Review of Rrapinutory I)iseoae 131(5):752-759, May 1985. TAGER, LB., WELSS; S:T:, MUROZ, A., ROSNER, B., SPEIZER, F.E. L9ngitudinal study of the effects of maternal smoking on pulmonary function in children. New England Journal ojMedicine 309(12):699-703, September 22,1983. TAGER, I.B., WEISS, S.T., BOSNER', B., SPEIZER, F.E. Effect of parental cigarette smoking on the pulmonary function of children: American Journal of Epidemiolo gy 11D(1):15-26, July 1979. TASHKINI D., CLARK, V.A., SIMMONS, M., REEMS„C., COiJLSON, A.H., BOURQUE, L.B., SAYRE, J.W., DEhEIS, R.., ROKAW, S. The UCLA population studies of chronie obstructive respiratory diseaee: 1. Relationship between pa.renta] ~ smoking and children's lung function. American Review of Respiratory Disease 129(6):891-897, June 1984. TRICHOPOULOS, D. Passive smoking and lung cancer. (letter). Lancet 1(8378).'684, March 24, 1984: TRICHOPOULOS, D.,, KAIi.ANDIDI, A., SPARROS, L. Lung cancer and passive amoking Conclusion of Greek study. (letter). Lancet' 2(8351):677-678, September 17,1983. TRICHOPOULOS, D., KALANDIDI, A., SPARROS, L., MacMAFION„B: Lung cancer an&passive emoking.lnternationnl Journal ojCancer 27(1?:1-4, January 15, 1981. TSOKOS;,C:P. N'on-amoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer. (letter)! Britiah MedicalJournal283(6344):1464-1465, November 28, 1981. US. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION; AND WELFARE:, Smoking and Health.• A Report of the Surgeon GeneraL DHEW Pub. No. (PHS)79-50066. U.S., Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Office on Smoking and Health, 1979. US. DEPARTMENT OF H'EALTH: AND HUMAN SERVICES. Thc Health Conae- quences of Smoking for Women: A Report ojthe Surgeon Gtnennl. U.S. Department of Health and Humsn Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health„Office on Smoking and Health,1980! US. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERV7CES:,?7ie Health Conx- quenaea of Smoking.• Caneer. A Report of the Surgeon Genernl. DHHS Pub: No. (PHS)8250179. US. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health; Office on Smoking and Health„1982. US. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES. The Health Conse- quenees of Smoking: Cardiovascular I3iseaae. A Report of the Surgeon Gentrnl. DHIiS Pub. No: (PHS)84-50204. US, Department of Health and Human Servioes,. Public Health Service, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Office on Smoking and Health. 1983. 117 4 "A
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