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EVALUATION OF DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION AND CONVENTIONAL VARIABLE AIR VOLUME SYSTEMS FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY CONTROL PROGRESS REPORT May 15, 1992 - November 15, 1992 for Philip Morris USA November 18, 1992 N Q ~!V ~ iiJt ~ Indoor Environment Program ~ College of Architecture and Urban Studies Virginia Tech, Blacksburg ~

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ...................................................... LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................... INTRODUCTION ..................................................... GENERAL TASKS .................:.................................. TASK 1 CONSTRUCTION OF RDF II ............................ TASK 2 SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETINGS .............. TASK 3 PROGRESS REPORTS ................................ TASK 4 PUBLICATIONS ...................................... 1E ® 1 PHYSICAL SYSTEMS TASKS ............................................ 5 TASK 1 PROTOCOL DEVELOPMENT ............................ 5 TASK 2 DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE CRITERIA ............. 5 TASK 3 MODELING OF SYSTEMS .............................. 5 TASK 4 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL ............ 8 TASK 5 DATABASE DEVELOPMENT ............................ 8 TASK 6 TESTING AT RICHMOND ............................... 8 TASK 7 ACQUISITION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION ... 14 APPENDIX A ABSTRACTS FOR INDOOR AIR '93 ............................ Al APPENDIX B PROJECT OVERVIEW ...................................... B1 APPENDIX C PERFORMANCE CRITERIA .................................. Cl i

LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Results from tracer gas measurements ........................... 10 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Schematic of Two-zone model ................................. 6 Figure 2 Air Change Effectiveness ..................................... . . . 7 Figure 3 Results from temperature measurements ......................... 11 Figure 4 Tracer gas concentrations, flow rate of 500 cfm ..................... 12 Figure 5 Tracer gas concentrations, flow rate of 1000 cfm .................... 13 ®

proWe" R.pon Evdwtlon of Wntil.Uoe Syawra November 18, 1992 INTRODUCTION During the period from May 15, 1992 until November 15, 1992, design of the Phase II of the Research and Demonstration Facility (RDF Ii) was completed, the project was bid and construction was started. Development of the modeling of the systems has begun, and some data have been acquired in the test room at Philip Morris Research Center in Richmond. Also, while construction of the test facility (i.e., RDF II) Is In process, a revised protocol Is being developed for tests Involving both simulated loads and short term occupancy. This progress report follows the tasks outiined In the proposal (submitted 9 October). The work completed within each task and the activities planned for the next period are described. As attachments to this progress report, a status report (Design Process of the Research and Demonstration Facility Phase II) and a technical paper (Design of a Facility for Research and Demonstration of Healthy Building Concepts) are submitted.

ProWeae Reim" Ev.luation of V.ntilation 9y+stNns November 18, 1992 GENERAL TASKS TASK 1 CONSTRUCTION OF RDF I! Eight bids were received on September 10 and opened on September 11 (See status report: Design Process of the RDF Phase II). The contrac~ was awarded to the contractor with the lowest bid: Breakell Inc., $531,971. On September 17, the contract was signed. The Notice to Proceed stated the work to start on September 28, 1992. A preconstruction meeting was held on October 1, 1992, at which roles and responsibilities of personnel, the commissioning of the HVAC systems, and the time schedule were discussed. The Contractor was reminded of the requirements of a Capitol Outlay Project, and requirements by the University. The Contractor expressed his concern about the start date of the work The date of the Notice to Proceed and the start date were too close to allow the Contractor sufficient time to line up sub-contractors and arrange. for insurance. The contractor accepted the start date but reserved the right to request a two week time extension, to be evaluated when the construction schedule was fully developed. Work on the site began on Monday October 19, 1992. Less rock was encountered than anticipated and did not cause any major problems. Due to the low bearing capacity of the ground, the soil engineer recommended making the footings and foundation on the front side of the building one foot deeper. The major problem was the existing duct bank. This concrete duct bank was installed with the construction of Phase I to route electricity from the transformer to the building. Since no as-builts of Phase I were available, the actual location was not verified during the design process of the Phase II, but was assumed to be the designed location. The actual location of the bank coincided with the location of the Phase II footings and foundation, therefore requiring the removal of the duct bank. On November 11, 1992, after removal of the duct bank, the pouring of the foundation and footings was started. Meetings to discuss the construction progress are held every two weeks. The Contractor has provided a construction schedule, prepared with the Critical Path Method, which will be discussed Generet Taaks 2

progr... R.port Evaluation of V.nWation Syateais November 18, 1992 at a meeting, scheduled for November 19,1992. Participants at this meeting will include: Danny Lowder (Construction Manager, Philip Morris USA), Paul Le Roy (Contractor, Breakell, Inc.), Jack Davis (Architect), Steve Warren (Project Manager, representing the University), and Julie Seelen (Indoor Environment Program). The objective of this meeting is to identify procedures to achieve a 24 February "substantial" completion date. TASK 2 SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETINGS Since all members of the Science Advisory Committee have not been able to attend the meetings a new member is being added. Dr. Moschandreas has agreed to join the Committee. Announcements for the meeting on January 29, 1993, have been sent. The agenda, together with the documents to be discussed, will be distributed towards the end of December, 1992. TASK 3 PROGRESS REPORTS With this progress report, a status report: Design Process of the RDF Phase II, is enclosed. The second period report, due March 15, 1993, will include a status report on the construction of the RDF Phase II. TASK 4 PUBUCATIONS A paper titled "Design and Construction of a Facility for Research and Demonstration of Healthy Building Concepts" was presented at the AIA (American Institute of Architects) Symposium on "Designing Healthy Buildings" held in Los Angeles, November 13, 1992. A copy of the paper is lob enclosed. ~ k Generai Taaks 3

progre" peW Evduaion of V.ntilation Systems Novembe(18, 1992 The following abstracts were submitted for Indoor Air '93, the 6~' International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate: Modeling the Thermal and Indoor Air Quality Performance of Vertical Displacement Ventilation Systems Evaluation of a Vertical Displacement Ventilation System Establishing Rational Building Perforrnance Criteria for Improved Indoor Environmental Quality A Comparison of Methodologies Assessing Human Response to the Indoor Environment At the time of writing this report, acceptance of the abstracts for the first two papers has been received. It Is not yet known if the other two abstracts will also be accepted. Manuscripts of the papers are due February 1, 1993. General Tasks 4

Progr.s R.Port Evalwtioe of V.ntll.tion Syat.ms November 18, 1992 PHYSICAL SYSTEMS TASKS TASK 1 PROTOCOL DEVELOPMENT An overview of the project is induded as Appendix B. This overview gives a short discription of the project including the procedures and measurement methods. TASK 2 DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE CRITERIA National and internationai standards and guidelines on ventilation, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality were reviewed. Based on this review, a draft on the performance criteria has been developed and included as Appendix C. After review of this draft, a revised document will be distributed among the members of the Science Advisory Committee and other selected experts. We are also planning to submit a paper on performance criteria for presentation at Indoor Air '93 (see Appendix A for the abstract). TASK 3 MODELlNG OF SYSTEMS Three compartment model for occupied zone, upper zone, and boundary zone Past attempts to model vertical displacement ventilation systems have not fully accounted for the different nature of the air flow and temperature distributions within a lower clean (unmixed) and upper dirty (mixed) zone.(',2) These models have typically assumed envelope surface temperatures equal to Indoor air temperatures, uniform temperatures and contaminant mixing within each zone, and a recirculation factor applied between the two zones. Using these models, air change effectiveness and contaminant removal effectiveness can only be evaluated for a specified recircutation factor and clean zone height, both of which are not easily quantified for a given room condition. The effects of internal heat loads, non-isothermal wall or surface Physical Systems Tasks 5

Progress p.port Evdwdoe of V.nWation SySt.ms November 18, 1992 temperatures, and temperature stratification on air flow patterns and the resulting air quality have not been accounted for In these models. In this phase of the work, previous research on a model by KoganeiO) was extended to include an evaluation of air change effectiveness and contaminant removal effectiveness for vertical displacement ventilation. This model has been improved by assuming piston flow in the clean zone and uniform mixing In the dirty zone (Figure 1). Redreuiation between the zones was eliminated except via heat source plumes. In cases where the supply air temperature exceeds the room air temperature, this model predicts one uniformly mixed dirty zone. The ciean zone height is estimated based on experimental correlations as a function of thermal load. The resulting equation (Equation 1) for air change effectiveness matches more closely the observed vertical displacement ventilation performance than previous models. Figure 1 Schematic of Two-zone model Figure 2 presents results, calculated with Equation 1, which are more intuitively correct than those calculated with Equation 2, derived from the studies by Mundt(') and Mathisen(2), presented in the same figure. In this figure, the air change effecdveness, s,, is plotted against V,N, where V, Is the volume of the upper zone and V is the room volume. In a situation where V,N=O, z,=2, indicating piston flow, and in the situation where V1N=1, e,=1, indicating uniform mixing. Phyaicel Systems Tasks 6

Progress Report Evdu.tion of Ventil.tion 9ystem. November 18, 1992 C.a 2 1 0 0.5 ~Piston Flow Complete ~ Mixing 1 VIN Figure 2 Air Change Effectiveness results, calculated with Equation 1 from Koganei, and those caicuiated with Equation 2, derived from the studies by Mund') and Mathisen(2) . e.= 2 / [ ( 1 + ( V, / V )2 ] (Equation 1) e,=11[(1-(V,IV)+(V,/V)2] (Equation2) Model validation will begin using experimental data obtained in the Richmond test room. In addition, the effect of the wali boundary on air flow and air quality will be considered. Methods of representing the wall effects will be investigated. References: ~N (1) Mundt, E., "Temperature gradients and convective flows with displacement ventilation". Dissertation, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 1991. N (2) Mathisen, H.M., "Analysis and Evaluation of Displacement Ventilation". Dissertation, 1989. ~ ~ (3) Koganei, M., N. Buenconsejo, Jr., M. Inokuchi, and T. Fujii, "Applicability of displacement ventilation to offices in Japan". IAQ'91: Healthy Buildings, 1991. W Physical Systgms Tasks 7