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Statua R"M Er.luation of Ventilation Syst.ms November 18,1992 serving the other office. The third air handling unit serves the conference room, the corridor and the instrumentation room. 12.1 THE CONVENTIONAL VARIABLE AIR VOLUME VENTILATION SYSTEM The HVAC system that serves one office space is a conventional variabie air volume (VAV) system. A conventional VAV system is a system which might be designed to serve a typical small to medium size building. Design criteria for indoor conditions are 76 F (dry bulb) in the summer, and 72 F (dry bulb) in the winter. The air handling unit (AHU) has a filter (35% efficiency), hot water preheat coil, and chilled water cooling coil. The volume being delivered to the system will be determined by the VAV box (with reheat) serving the space. Air will be introduced into the room through perforated ceiling diffusers. Air will be returned through the light fixtures and the ceiling plenum. To ensure that the office Is negative with regard to the conference room and the corridor, an exhaust fan (300 cfm) is added. Lining inside ducts is allowed and applied were necessary. Although the protocol did not allow the research team to influence the design of the conventional system, some concerns the team had were discussed with the engineer. The supply air diffusers are located adjacent to the light fixtures that will return the air from the room. This might have a negative impact on the air distribution. The design is not changed but the supply air ducts will be constructed of flexible duct to allow simple modification. The control sequence for the system allows the VAV box to go to "zero pinch down", meaning under certain conditions that no outdoor air is supplied to the room for energy efficiency purposes. This is not in compliance with ASHRAE 62-1989, calling for 20 cfm outside air per person. The system control sequence is modified so that a minimum of 200 cfm outside air (10 persons) is provided for all operating modes. For research purposes provisions are made to allow future installation of a high efficiency filter (85%) in addition to the 35% efficiency filter. Because of concerns for microbiological contamination of the ducts, lining is not allowed 3 feet from cooling coil, humidifier or other wetted surfaces. Design of a Research and Demonstration Facil'tty 7

Status Report Evaluation of Ventif.tbn Systems November 18,1992 12.2 THE VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION SYSTEM The vertical displacement ventilation system Is similar to the FACT (Filtered Air Control Technology) system.- Design criteria for Indoor conditions are 76 F (dry bulb) in the summer, and 72 F (dry bulb) in the winter. The supply temperature has to be such that the system will answer the cooling load required, yet not cause any draft effects. The air handling unit (AHU) has two filters (35% and 85%), hot water preheat coil, chilled water cooling coil, and a terminal box (without reheat). The air from this unit will mix with return air in a fan powered box with reheat to provide a fixed air flow into the space. The supply air is filtered by a carbon filter and an electrostatic filter and introduced into the room through a perforated floor and carpet. Air will be returned through ceiling diffusers acting as return air grilles, and through ducts back to the unit. A high efficiency filter is installed in the recirculated airstream. To ensure that the office is negative with regard to the conference room and the corridor, an exhaust fan (300 cfm) is added. For research purposes provisions will be made so that all filters can be bypassed. The control sequence is modified so that a minimum of 200 cfm outside air (10 persons) is provided for all operating modes (for the same reasons as for the conventional system). 1.2.3 THE SYSTEM SERVING THE CONFERENCE ROOM, INSTRUMENTATION ROOM, AND CORRIDOR The third air handling unit serves the conference room, the instrumentation room and the corridor. The conference room will also serve as adaptation room for panels judging the air quality in the offices and therefore the air needs to be as clean, i.e. odor free, as possible. The equipment in the instrumentation room requires both thermal and humidity control. In order to prevent cross contamination between the offices, the offices will have negative pressure with regard to the conference room and corridor. Design criteria for indoor conditions are 76 F (dry bulb), 509'0 Relative Humidity in the summer, and 72 F (dry bulb), 30 % Relative Humidity in the winter. To comply with these requirements, the third air handling unit is a constant volume HVAC system with 100% outside. The unit has a pre-filter and final filter (respectively 30%o and 85% efficiency), N 0 N N ~ ~ O Design of a Research and Demonstration Faotliry 8

staa. R.port Evalwtion of V.ntil.tion Syst.ms November 18,1992 a carbon filter with final filter (85% efficiency), hot water preheat coil, chilled water cooling coil, a humidifier, and a supply fan. Constant volume boxes with heating coils will ensure proper air flow to each space. Air will be supplied through ceiiing diffusers in the conference room and instrumentation room, and through jets in the corridor. Air will be relieved through the mechanical equipment room to the outside. A vestibule and extra weather stripping was added to the doors in the corridor to minimize air infiltration. 1.2.4 OTHER MECHANICAL SYSTEMS Chilled water is provided by a nominal 15 ton air cooled water chiller serving all three air handling units. Heating water is provided by a gas fired cast iron hot water boiler serving the three air handling units and the two unit heaters. The mechanical room does not need comfortable conditions but only freeze protection for the equipment. Two unit heaters (hot water), placed on either side of the room, will serve this room. The bathrooms have both a separate exhaust fan. Initially the fans were connected to the light switch. To ensure that these room are always negative with regard to the rest of the building the design was modified so that the exhaust fans will run 24 hours a day. The two bathrooms in the facility have an in-line water heater. There is a mob-sink in the mechanical room, and a'rough-in" for one sink in the instrumentation room. A water cooler is located in the corridor. 1.2.5 COMMISSIONING ~ The purpose of the commissioning process, as defined in the Commonwealth of Virginia Capital Outlay Manual is: ~U o to document cteariy the design intent Design of a Research and Demonstraoon Facility

St.wa R.port Evaluation of Ventilation Systeros November 18,1992 o to verify that the system instaiiation and performance is in accordance with the plans and specifications and design intent o to train the owner's operators so that they fully understand the design intent and the operation and maintenance requirements of the equipment provided to accomplish that end, and to provide them with all necessary technical information required for a complete understanding of the system The commissioning process helps to provide assurance of healthy indoor environments by verification of the system performance criteria. Moreover it helps to realize economic benefits through reduced change orders, quicker solutions to problems arising during design and construction, and to lower operating and maintenance costs. The task requires a complete understanding of the performance criteria and design intent as well as of the building systems as instaiied. While the designers of the building and/or systems are suitable candidates to perform the task, another school of thought recommends that an independent person/group be appointed as the commissioning authority to allow for an independent evaluation of the service systems as designed and installed. As the mechanical system is a critical component of this test facility, the designers of the system have been retained as the commissioning authority. In an attempt to identify the monetary value assigned by the contractors to the commissioning process, the bidders were asked to provide this as an add alternate item (Chapter 2, Table 2). The cost effectiveness of this commissioning process including the cost for the commissioning authority and the mechanical contractors are now being analyzed. J Design of a Research and Demonsiraoon Facility 10

Status Report Evaluation of Ventilation systems November 18,1992 2 THE PROJECT BUDGET Based on a rough draft of the drawings an estimate of construction cost was prepared by Facilities Planning and Construction (FPC) In September 1991 (See Table 4). A project budget was made and granted by the sponsor. After completion of the design, an outside estimator was asked to give a cost estimate on the construction. The first estimate was much higher than was expected and design changes needed to be made to bring the project in budget Since IAQ was a research issue and the HVAC system was part of that research, no cost savings were possible in this division. Because of the phased construction of this project, Phase II was to be compatible with Phase I. Therefore major architectural components, i.e. space frame and the masonry walls could not be changed. Compromises were made in the architectural design and the engineering design to get the project within budget, without compromising the IAQ or the architectural intent. Instead the strategy to reduce cost focused on those items that were non-mandatory or redundant. Additional cost savings were realized through changes in materials used for the interior walls and the roof. It was anticipated that a good preventive maintenance program would compensate for the loss of durability inherent to these new materials. This chapter describes the several cost savings that were made in chronological order. Involved in the process of reviewing the cost estimate and bringing the project within budget are: Jack Davis and Bill Galloway, Bob Schubert, architects Dixon Hanna, College of Architecture Jim Woods, Bjame Olesen, Julie Seelen, Sanjay Arora, IEP-research team John Kuykendall, Ken Baker, Steve Warren, Virgil Decker, Facilities Planning and Construction Rollins & Associates, P.C., estimators 2.1 COST ESTIMATE 27 March 1992 The first cost estimate comes in at $796,255. Table 1 gives the summary of the cost estimates by Rollins and Associates. The three biggest cost items are exterior walls, HVAC rne Project audget 11

Status Rspcrt Evdwdon of Ventilation 9yst.ms Nbvmbec 18.1992 systems, and the building controls. The HVAC systems cost are higher than initially anticipated for two reasons: First, the project is decoupled form the EPRI-project and therefore it is necessary to provide for a separate chiller package and a third airhandling unit to serve the other occupied spaces. Second, during the design of the systems, and development of the protocol, the research became better understood and several changes and extra items were added to the systems (more efficient filters) during design. The cost for the building controls is based upon more measuring points than necessary. Moreover, this system will be donated (both material and labor) and the cost of this item should not be included in the construction cost. Items proposed to change: 1) The exterior walls have a bituminous damp proofing between the veneer and the backup masonry which has a big cost to it. Since this damp proofing is not necessary, this item is deleted. To bring the cost further down, the bi-axial block is changed to (cheaper) standard CMU. 2) The estimators included a markup that assumed a prime overhead on material, labor, and equipment of 12%0, bond of 1%, and escalation of 310/0. Because of the competitive market the prime overhead can be reduced to 10%, and bond to 0.75a. Since the project is to be built this summer, no escalation needs to be encumbered. The markup can be reduced which brings the base bid down considerably. 3) Some items on the drawings and in the specifications needed clarification (the side walk edge restraint and the raised floor) and were less in cost than assumed by the estimators. 4) Items provided by the University (landscaping, site lighting, signage, and inspection and testing) should not be included in the estimate. 5) Add a general contingency of 5%. 6) Reiterate the cost of space frame assembly and roofing (compared to Phase I they seem to be high). 7) Excess paver block that needs to be removed can be reused. 8) The roof paver ballast is available and can be an owner furnished item. The Project Budget 12

siaws Report Evaluatbn of Ventilation Systsma November 18,1992 The estimate is compared to the estimate prepared by Facilities Planning and Construction (FPC) (See Table 4). The estimate by FPC was done September 1991, based on a rough draft of the drawings. it was assumed that the space frame would cost $22,000, and a donation of $60,000 was encumbered. The cost of the space frame is not encumbered in the estimate by Rollins, and will add $45,000 to the construction estimate. FPC did not include cost for possible rock excavation, sitework, extra cost for (perforated) raised floor, the chiller package and third air handling unit. 22 Aprii 1992 The revised estimate comes in at $723,881 (Table 1). This is the construction estimate excluding the space frame and other costs, like A/E fees, administration, etc. (Appendix C), which bring the total project cost to $976,000. The available funds are the $634,907 (grant) and the donation of the building controls (assumed equal to the estimate, $105,000). To solve the $236,000 deficit a meeting is held to review the projectlcost estimate and discuss cost savings, starting with the costs other than building construction (categories as listed In final project budget, Table 3). 1) Consultant fees are very high, specially H.C.Yu. This can be explained because the design is complicated, including three mechanical systems. The fees include supervision, commissioning, shop-drawing review. 2) The University requires a contingency of 2 %, but FPC will use 5%. 3) Site lighting. There are several lights on the test ceii building and there will be several lights on the building. This might be sufficient to light the building and direct surroundings. Assuming that a parking lot will be built opposite the building site by the University, the site lighting can be lowered to $2000. 4) The geotech testing is necessary since it is very likely that we will hit rock. 5) A/E supplemental fees are only zero if we do not have to go back to the consultants. Since H.C.Yu has a little research going on within this project, lower this amount with $2500. - 6) Signage includes the signs for the bathroom, lab numbers. Since there will not be many signs required in this building, this can be lowered to $1-000. The Project Budget 13

Table 1. Cost estimates by Rollins and Ass. Cost items that were changed are redlined. The estimate of 27 March includes a higher mark up, and the rock contingency is included in the foundation cost. ff I/trah 1 tt AON 0 w 7! YN 3 Jur oa. fOYflAsY01t t0Af0 14R11 1~ 13.St0 ti;' ? ' ' ? ~ ~ $LDonR~ ,t;.Rk~35 ,Y, 7xt:. :: ) }a^•.~,a}3:. 9 403 4746 4.015 StuCLn.1 • 407 ${SQOl11d . "; 4.r, .. ..: • . . . : ~: '. v: 312 . . . 4q 7N 297 40'7 Stdn 0 4,q O.ON f.ON O.M{ OAN ~ s~v. . 90 4N ~4,p1 .;.; . . . .. .... ' ~$ 70.004 $~O~ trlN . :: }}" • 4 42,916 _ N 3i •:•n »}x{•,x~, .;~, ` R n0 •::n : . rffOf am" E , ..... . . /0.0N . R r7•sN u, s a4 l ta ";:ki<~S ~ n1.ea wr. n.so. r+w.. ,7./37 21.240 :1 DppM + ~~~ 31.N! ZO.N7 29.9" tl.N7 !0. . . ..,;~ y:.;,• nc a 3,4/0 2.416 SpbytNs Rodt CaopMmY „ : , :.:.::.. ... . :,......; :.} , . . . . + e .. . >~ . .::. . . . .. lDw wrw.r mn 7 :.. . : n . . v. :. .. ' . ...n. . 11.OM 11,ON it ,N1 11•N7 11•M) PYrnEYtO 1.//S ReNd.Mogo 1S1A11 :•,. ' • '.• = ~•~•.~~~ :• T.. . :r k:fi x HVAC h10 x , • kY ::;: ,~,• :: . a Poww tl.OM N,OtO 40.416 N.O10 AOA1~ ~V U ?lAt7 '•a.:. B~Mb CiEI1~Ot/ 4vr}`.:in:r '•,':2k 0, n}:..}:.} v 4~:~?:::;k: : .. w. tlA10 elephone , , }: ;/17. ;ON 2. . 2.0" t Olloer R.Y ~:..,. ..............,..::•:::::::•.. .].. ....::::.}•• :.... , . - :xS.i• ... . . -},. :::::. t0a zoa t,1q ton t0a w,e.r a.nawon 12 P9 2,N !•iN 2•1N t,1N _ k tlk toWiirq wrl ..,.. . ,.., ................ • : • ::: :.:::::::.:. . . . . . ... ..... : 5.700 S•700 :...... :.: : : : .... . . ... '{:S' ' :v~• $pear Me" -~• S.N1 3•tN O.tN S.tN S.1N TO~N670A 1 1 1. 1. ~~ 1•/1• : . . aM1101/MOPIf>•~{ ;-]}::i;'•F;: }kY.k: . r N /70 1 Z,730 Q,7J0 !. LT10 84nn QinpO . M~ T"1 M.N N1.7M rM AL Mfi MD 9Cz84STzUz

Status Report Evalwtion of Wntilation 9ystans November 18,1992 7) The University will pick up the landscaping and the transformer (2 x $5000). Taken into account all these changes the other cost totals to $48,700, and the budget for construction becomes: $489,077. The construction cost, estimated by Rollins, inciuding $47,000 for the space frame and $18,828 for rock excavation, excluding the building controls, is: $646,471. The difference between budget and estimate is: $157,394. We cannot compromise on the research, and the space frame is essential to the college, because Phase il shouidbe compatible with the Phase I. Moreover, $24.000 on design/construction cost is already spent. Maybe assembly cost can be lowered by having students or technicians construct it. FPC objects because this will take away all the warranties, If something happens, the contractor will blame it on the space frame assembly. Other possible cost savings suggested are: , 1) Masonry: The estimate of Rollins on masonry looks high at $22.56 per sqft. University uses about $15.00 per sqft. Anticipated savings: $26,000. Sitework: The sidewalks are made of CMU block. It will be cheaper to make these of concrete. Assuming a cost of $3.00 per sqft. Anticipated savings: $10,000. Rollins assumed that 12 feet of pavers, now covering the bay area, had to be removed, to allow the contractor to build the foundation and wall of Phase II. Assuming less needs to be removed: anticipated savings: $10,000. 3) Fire alarm system: A fire alarm system Is not required by code, since all occupied rooms have a direct access to the outside. The University will recommend but not mandate a fire alarm system. Anticipated cost savings: $11,090. This also saves $100 on other cost, since the connection to the University fire alarm system is not necessary. Metals (including space frame and roofing): Mero (space frame manufacturer) will be asked their estimate on cost of the erection of the frame. Assuming that 3 technicians assemble the frame in two weeks, plus the cost of a crane to lift the frame in one day, total erection should cost about $12,000. Anticipated savings: $5000. Rollins estimated the cost of putting the paver ballast on the roof at $1.05 per sqft. This seems very high. Anticipated savings: $2000. The Project Budget 15

gtat," R"Wrt Ewlu.tlon of Ventpation 8ay.tsms November 18,1992 5) Equipment catwalks and mezzanine: Since there is a roof access in the Phase I building, there is no need for it in the Phase II. The cost for a scuttle can be deleted ($424), as well as the ladder to the catwalk, the ladder to the roof and the railings on the catwalk ($2604). Total savings: $3030. No roof access means that the catwalk does not have to be a supported floor. Originally it was anticipated that the mezzanine would be a storage area, but the access was deleted to avoid problems with the ADA code. it is decided that this floor does not have to be a supported floor. Both concrete floors will be changed to gypsum board ceiling with acoustical insuiation. Assuming that the gypsum board/insulation will cost $1200. Anticipated savings are $2300. Specialties: Fire extinguishers will be bought by the university and are a separate item under the total cost ($317). Pipe bollards or mop&broom/utility shelf are not necessary ($436). Custodial services needs a mop-sink and a closet ($750). Total savings on specialties $0. 7) Doors and Windows: Change the 9 steel doors Inside to wood doors (solid, paint grade). Anticipated savings $1000. 8) Raised floor: Because of research purposes, the floor covering In the conference cannot be fleecy, and should be low-emitting. Reduce the 210 sqy carpet to 155 sqy. Saving: $1240. The raiiing (ramp in corridor) should be a wall railing. Anticipated savings $800. HVAC/Plumbing: For the initiai research we do not need all these filters. The technicians can make the housing for some of the filters, buy the electrostatic filter, and put these In later. Take out $5000 of the construction cost and bring this over to the other cost list, (extra item filters). (This brings the total construction budget from $489.077 to $484.077.) Take out of the speclcost estimate: one FILT2 (leave In two); both FILT3; one FILT4 (leave in one). Savings: $15170. In the estimate one pump to many accounted for. Savings: $1277. Pipe identification could be $0.37 instead of $3.70 per unit for labor. Anticipated savings: $2500. We can use the humidifier from ESL. Savings: $3282. Anticipate that Carrier will donate the chiller package, the terminal boxes, the air handling units, and the fans. Leave labor In the estimate. Anticipated saving because of donation: $28,903. The Project Budget 16