Tobacco Documents Online

4 E MEN,'CRANDfJM FOR TOBACCO STAFF 70a Re: NIH House Hearings May 7, 1963 .,~ . - ~,Following are highlights from data presented by the National Institutes of Health and component organizations at hearings before a Su#)eommittee the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 88th Congress, as ~ First Sessioa in March 1963. _ Dr. Kenneth M. EDIDICOTr, Director, National Cancer Institute, March 12, 1960: requires that an adequate groundwork of experimental data be laid.... One of these approaches is being taken by the Carcinogeaesis Studies Brancj1 which is now under the direction of Dr. Paul Kotin.... (P.327) - 1. Prepared Statement "To date no human cancer-causing virus has been found. However, we know for, example of a group of human viruses that have not yet been linked with specific disease, and some animal viruses that cause bizarre changes in humaa cells growing in tissue culture.... Our interest has been aroused by recent evidence obtained independently by Dr. John J. T'reatin, Baylor University, and Dr. Robert J. Huebner, National Institute of Allerg,y and Infectious Diseases, that some of the human adenoviruses, which cause acute respiz'atory.illness, produce tumors in hamsters.... (P.327) The possible interaction of substances in the total environment -- such as radiation, chemicals, and viruses -- in giving rise to cancer in the population must be taken into account.... To pursue investigations of htunaa carcinogenesis... . . . . . .::i - . :. . , born settling in large cities...." (Pp•327-328)! 2. Questions and Answers "Rather closely related... are the epidemiological investigations of :the-Biometry Branch.... For example, an Institute scientist reported during the year that smokers who move frequently from one community to another are more likely to develop lung cancer than less mobile citizens and that the risk is greatest for heavy smokers moving from rural to metropolitan areas and for the foreign- Dr. FCotin "is one of the world experts in cancer of the lung, particularly in the role of atmospheric pollution and chemical factors in the production of cancer of the lung and cancer in other areas.... Z think he is going to be an extremely important leader in the whole field of cancer research over the coming years.... To prevent cancer is a much more attractive possibility to me than curing cancer.... (Pp•358-359) "There is no doubt left inmy mind that there is a very strong association between excessive smoking and high incidence of cancer of the lung. I'just can't believe this is any longer in debate.... I think it would be very vise to watch the in Great Britain. As experience you probably recall, "the British, an a result of a report Yrom the Royal Society condemned the use of tobacco as an important cause of caacer.... (P.364) Y'# { ~-- ~ .-. v.:~ /r~! HILL AND KNOWLTON, INC. f~y .3. .~ ~S YI .2s ' z S.'. s"

_-:."The British Parliament took pretty aggressive legislative action and enacted :• a series of laws designed to reduce the consumption of tobacco. The iamediate results were to substantially decrease the consumption of'cigarettes .and also some changes in the tobacco market. But it is beginning to look as + though that was rather temporary and people are getting back to their old wo,ys.... `We are interested in exploring whether one cannot modify the cigarette in such a way as to remove the most serious cancer-eausing factors as they are identified irom the smoke and Ithink there is real room2)r gains here. The other thing is that although rather a startling number of men develop cancer of -: the lung, there is an even larger number of men who smoke and do not get cancer. • j1e are captivated by the possibility ofideatiYying a host factor here that deter- mines which man gets cancer and which one does noty to see whether we cannot do eomething about this. "Nov, if you will permit me, I would like to extrapolate from the laboratozy to infer what will happen in man on the basis of what happens in the laboratory. It is perfectly possible in the laboratory to create a situeion in Waich one chemical can have a very powerful effect producing cancer and by the addition of another chemical to the mixture you can prevent the cancer. If people are going•: to persist in smoking, and sometimes I think they probabl,y axe, then perhaps we can find a pill they ean take with it." (P.365) 3. PreparedStatement "Statistics on cancer may seem paradoxicaL. In the United States: ".There will be 280y000 cancer deaths in 1963. This represents one cancer deayh every two minutes or one death in every six deatas (16 per cent); exceeded only 1iy deaths from diseases of the heart and circulatory system. "There will be 530,000 new cancer cases diagnosed in 1963. There will Ea;$15y000 cancer patients receiving medical care in 1963. If present rates continue, 46,000,000 people now living will eventual.ly have.cancer. That is i porson in 4, or 2 families in 3.... .But -- Todqyy 1,200,000 former cancer patients who were treated and have been free of evidence of the disease for at least 5 years are alive (and 700,000 , additional ones will be added to the group during the next 5 years). This year 177,000 patients will be saved from cancer with surgery and radiation treatment. This represents about 1 patient in 3.... (P.376) "Environmental cancer research concerns one of the best areas for control through prevention. Drs. Joseph Leiter, Michael B. Shinkin, and rhrray J. Shear, of the National Cancer Institute, were one of the first groups of scientists to show that cancer-causing agents are present in the atmosphere.... "Not only do environmental conditions often beyond the individual's control contribute factors to the causation of cancer, but personal habits as well may do so. Cigarette smoking, for instance, has been found to be linked to the sha.~ply increased incidence of lung cancer over the last 30 years. Statistical studies in this country and abroad have shown that cigarette smoking considerably increases an individual's risk to lung cancer. Research tlas far has not disclosed, however# the precise mechanism accounting for this increased risk and much inftestigation continues...." (Pp•379-380)

. Citations and Abstracts J. of Ccll:ular & Comparative Pkysioiogy 59:281-292" 1962) Pp.382-383. Dr. Hilary Koprowski reported that a monkey virus can infect adult humsa colls in tissue culture and cause abnormalities in cell structure and chromosomes. • resistance to one form of cancer in saimals. (Nature 193:288-289, 1962) P•383• Dr. Charles A. Evans provides evidence that vaceination caa enhance natural Drs. Katherine M. Herrold aad Iucia J. Dunham successfully induced lunR cancer 'in hamsters by instilling 3,4,-benzpyrene into the tracheobronchial tree. Cancer Institute 28:467-491) P.383. role in the development of lung cancer in man is still uncertain." (J. National `This substance is one of the most potent animsil carcinogens so far isola~'red from either cigarette smoke condensate or air pollutants. trlhetber it plays a Dr. William Haenszel shows that smokers who move about are likelier to get lung cancer than those who stay put. "For non-smokers, residence makes very little difference." (J. National Cancer.Institute 28:947,-1001, 1962) 2.384. Dr. R.H. FELIX, Director, National Institute of Menthl. Health, March 13, 1963: Qnestions and Answers (Alcoholism) could give to such a patient would be to lead a.reasoaably moderate life, • agent if, indeed, there is 3ust one agent.... I think the best advice that one artery thrombosis occurs, but we do not know the specific etiology or causative Questions and Answers "...We know the mechanism, the patbologc of what takes place when a coronary Dr. Ralph E. HIV[D7.TI, Director, National Heart Institute, March 13, 19639 .1 am able to live from day to ds,y.and not smoke." P.429; A. by Dr. Felix: "That's right. That is interesting because I smoked my last cigarette a year ago yesterday noon. I have still got the habit because it still smells awfltlly good. I lnow if I smoked a cigarette now, I would be quite dizzy so I do not like to be,dizzy and I convinced a~yselt that this is no way to be so. "A sma71 amount of alcohol, maybe an ounceor two or less, wi11 trigger an enormous production of (an enzyme which metabolizes alcohol). Now the body has this need for alcohol because they have got the stu.:~ there.to metabolize it and no alcohol to metabolize. This creates a sort of physiological,Yuager...." Q. by Rep. Lesinksi: "It is like a person smoking a cigarette. If he smokes cigarettes heavily for.a long time and cut it out for a vnite, the first cigarette you take knocks you for a loop." •eating the proper things, not getting obese, probably not smoking, getting an adequate amount of exercise.... '' P.531. G

'Cigarette smoking more than doubled the risk of developing the severer forms of coronary heart disease, such as nyyocardial infarction, but did not increa.e who had given up smoking raa no greater risk than did those who had never smoked. than did non-smokers. A happy note was provided by the finding that persons smoking. Persons who smoked pipes or cigars appeared to run no greater risk the risk of developing angina pectoris. The risk of m,roca.rdial infarction~ appeared to inerease with the intensity and duration of exposure to cigarette lethal complications, such as thrombosis or Zibrillation...." P.552• :• This finding suggests that cigarettes may not contribute materially to the developaent of atherosclerosis itself, but might help to trigger certain of its Dr. Richard 2~,~LSTAND, Director, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, March.14, 1963: Questions and Answers (Prematurity) We now have a urine test which will tell us if a person has smoked within 2 days.... We are about ready to move ahead with that projeet." P.751. we vi11 attempt to induce women to stop smoking to see whether that makes a difference. We have not figured out yet whether to scare them or reward them.... ' Smoce. We still have not launched the controlled study of smoking within-zrhich 'The data continue. to indicate that prematurity is more comon in women who Preaared'Statement could, it is not possible to study the effects of 500000 diets that are sub- projects studies devoted to the measurement of such factors as smoking, viras infections, and work histpry, in relation to the outcomes of pregnancy .... (P.802) "Women enrolling in the study late in the course of their pregdancies--s#ply:-cptil.d not supply adequate information about their nutritional status; even if they environmental factors on health... (were) reflected in the number of collrzoorative chii:d+ren have been examined at 1 year of age.... (P.800) The effects of (P.798) As of October 31, 1962, about 30,500 women were enroll.ed:ia the. eol].aborative project; of these, about 24,000 had delivered and about 12,000 committee comprised of Drs. Jaeob Yerushalmy, - Oarroll Palmer and Joseph nodges.... neurological and sensory disorders of infancy and ehildlwodi representing a joint endeavor of the National Institute... and a group of inedical centers came into being in 1957••••` (P•795) 'Durinc3 plaaning, there was "added a statistical "The collaborative project on cerebral palsy, mental retardation and other stentially different from one another...."(P.812)• Following are excerpts from Financial Data presented: National exnenditures for Derformance of medical and-heril.th-related research if.illions in dollars 1960 1961 Federal Government , . $4h4 $575 State and local ,. 23 -.,. 30 uiaustry . 1 250 - . 371 Private support : 113 124 1962 est. 1963 est. .., 37 .- 49 . -. 345 .. 3 V74' - $973 134