Tobacco Documents Online

256 SMOKING BEHAVIOUR forcement and more smoking; if anything, the opposite seems to be the case (Goldfsrb eral, 19fi6). Although there is now an immense literature on intravenous, self-administration behaviour in animals relating to drugs of depcndence (Kumar and Stolerman, 1'977)„there seems to be only two brief reports (Deneau and [noki, 11967;, Lang,et a!, 1977) that nicotine can serve as a reinforcer in this way. Much money and' effort are being spent on attempts to reduce tobacco smoking and to make the habit less damaging to health: Some recent suggestions and devel- opments include nicotine-containing chewing-gum, cigarettes made from tobacco substitutes, cigaretties with low nicotine andi tar yields, or cigarettes with high nicotine and low tar yields. The ! rationale for such measures is lacking since the role of nicotine and the mechanisms of pharmacological reinforcement in tobacco smoking remain virtually unexplored. Acknowledgements We thank Dr. M.V. Driver for screening the electrocardiograms of our subjects,. Mr. B. Aschkenasy for preparing the nicotine solutions for injection and Dr. Griffith Edwards for his advice and support. This is an expanded version of a paper entitled''Is nicotine important in tobacco smoking?' reproduced with permission from CTinicalPiiarrnacoloSy artd'Therapeurics, 21, 5201529 (1'977); copyright The:C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, Missouri; lJS'.A. References Ague, C. ('1974) Cardiovascular variables„skin conductance and time estimation; ehanges after the administration of small'doses of nicotine. Psychopharrnacologia, 37, 109-125. Arrrtitage, A.K., Dollery, C.T., George, C:F., Houseman, T.H., Lewis, PJ. & Turner, D.1y1. (1975) The absorption and metabolism of nicotine from cigarettes. Brirish Medlcal Journal, 4, 313-3 I 6. Ashton, H. & Watson; D.W. (1970) Puffing frequency and nicotine intakeIn cigarette . smokers. British ~lledical Jourrta4 3, 679-681. Beckett, A.H., Gorrod; J.W: & Jenner, P. (1971)i The analysis of nicotine-1'-IN-oxide in urine, in the presence of nicotine and cotiinine,,and its application to:the studjv , -:, .t . of i,ir vivo nicotine metabolism in man. Journal of Pltannacy and Pharmacology, ~ 23 Suppl. „5'5S:61S'. ' O Bond, A. & Lad'er, M. (1974) The use of analogue scales in rating subjective ~ feelirsg;. Brihish Jourrral 'of iVedical Psycltwl uSy, 47, 211-218. ~ Brantmark, B1, Ohlin, P. & Westling, H. (1973) Micotine-containing,chewing-gum ~ as an anti-smoking aid. Psychopharmacolugra. 31, 191-200. ~ Brown, B.B: (1973) Additional characteristic EEG d'ifferences between smokers GO, and non,smokers. In Sinoki,ng,Behavior: Afwtives and'lncenr•ives, ed. Dunn, W.L. ~ pp. 6741_ Washington: V.H. Winston & Sons. Cochran, W:G. & Cox, G.,W. (1957) 8xperirnrntalDesrgps. 2ndl tidirtion. New York: - Wiley. Coffman,* J.D. (1969) Effect of propranoloi on blood pressure and skinbloud flow during cigarette! smoking. Journal of Clitrrcal'PharrtaacolcoV, 9, 3944.