Philip Morris
Fields
- Author
- Cooke, E.C.
- Kumar, R.
- Lader, M.H.
- Russell, Mah
- Thornton, R.E.
- Kumar, R.
- Type
- SCRT, SCIENTIFIC REPORT
- Area
- LEGAL DEPT/CARLSTADT QRSA
- Site
- N28
- Request
- Stmn/R1-048
- Stmn/R1-059
- Stmn/R1-060
- Stmn/R1-071
- Stmn/R1-072
- Stmn/R1-073
- Stmn/R1-091
- Stmn/R1-092
- Stmn/R1-059
- Master ID
- 1005052801/3146
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- Document File
- 1005052694/1005053222/Carton C17f
- Author (Organization)
- Smoking Behaviour
- Litigation
- Stmn/Produced
- Characteristic
- EXTR, EXTRA
- Date Loaded
- 24 May 1999
- UCSF Legacy ID
- xpe91a00
Document Images
&umar, R.; Cooke:, E'.CL; Lader, M.H.; Russell, M.A.H., Is Tobacco Smoking
a Form of Nicotine.Dependence? In: Thornton, R.E. ('Edi'tor). Smoking
Behaviour. Physiological and Psychological Influences. Edinburgh,
Churchill Livingstone, 1978, pp. 244-258.
In order to determine whether smoking is a form of nicotine dependence
two experiments were performed. In the first experiment the doses of nicotine
were given by inhalation of tobacco smoke and in the second experiment, aboutt
a month later, roughly comparable doses of nicotine were given to the same
subjects by intravenous injection. The dependent variable in both experi-
,ments was the amount and rate of ad libitum puffing at medium-strength,
filter-tipped cigarettes (nicotine yield 1.3 mg - normally extracted by
about L01puffs) during the three 40-minute sessions which followed each
dose:. These cigarettes were regularly replaced, therefore a lit cigarettee
was continuously available to the subjects. Smoking behavior was monitored
by a pressure transducer connected to the cigarette holder which gave a
continuous record of the number of puffs taken and 'the interpuff intervals.
In addition, the duration and depth of each puff gave an estimate of the.
.vol'ume of smoke sucked through the holder. Various physiological measures
(i.e., heart rate, skin temperature and conductance, electroencephalogram
(EEG), were also continuously recorded. The subjjects were 12 paid volunteers,
seven male and five female, aged between 24 and 38 years; all the subjects
were moderate/heavy cigarette-smokers (between 25 and 60 cigarettes daily
for at least two years previously). Inhaled "doses" of smoke systematically
postponed and reduced subsequent puffing and this was a function of the
content of the smoked doses. The intravenous doses were without effect
on smoking,behavi'or. -However, the physiological tests sbnwed that the .
doses of nicotine clearly modified the heart rate-and the EEG with
comparabTe effects in both experiments. These negative findings re-open.
the question of whether physiological dependence on nicotine is the
basis for the tobacco smoking habit,
