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6, TAR'" AND NICOTINE Cb:YTENT OF CICAR'F:T'rPS 273 TABLE 4 MO~RTALITY~R.CTIOS DtiRt\IG~E.ICH OF~Two~PERiODS~OF~TIl1E~~ B7~SEX', -Lour- T/:I~~ ~ SltO1:ERS; AN~D~ SR'.BJEICTS wwo~. NEVER S?lOKED ~ REGULA'RLY ° ApJUSTED~. NU>tBER~~ OF' DEATHS~(TOTAL. CORONARY HEART DISE.ALSE, AND, ~. LUNG CANCER):.a\~D~~ Total deaths Coronary heart disease I ung cancer Male . _: 1 l1522.3 Male 2 - 853.0 Female 1 11288.0. Female 2 1,007.0 Total' 4,670.3 !! I100' 2 1L00' 1 i 1:00 2 1.00 1.00 Never smokedp ••'Low" T f Y Never smoked* "Low° T1N Never smoked• I. Adjusted number of deaths 86,u 8 742.3 399.11 107.0' 9.8' 542.11 3I111i.0 238:4 77,0 7.1 979.0 343.0' 205:6 30.0 12.8' 713:1' 273.0 165:2 44.0 9.7' 3,099.0 1,674.3 1.008;31 258.0 39.4 2. Mortality ratios 0:57 1:00 0!54' 1.00 0.09 0i64! 1.00 0:77' 1.00 0.09 0:76I 1.00 0.60 1.00 0.43 0.71 1.00 0.59 1.00 0.22 0:66I 1.00 0.60 1.00 0.15 • llever smoked cigarettes, pipes, or cigars regularll+. CONCLUSIONS ' It is quite apparent that reduction in the tar and nicotine content of cigarette. smoke did not make cigarette smoking "safe" for the men and women in this analysis, all of whom were over the age of'4I0 in 1959. . .- Cigaret'tes with reduced tar and nicotine were not introduced until the mid 1950s . `((following the retrospective studies of Wynder and Graham, 1950; Dolll and Hill, 19521; Levin er at., 1950). Almost alI' of'the male cigarette smokers and the great majority of the female cigarette smokers in our study be;an'smo'king cigarettes long . before that date. Therefore, the subjects here classified as "low" TINI cigarette smvrers, were, with few zx'ceptions, persons who smoked ""high" T.';?i or "medium" T/N cigarettes for many years and then switched to "low" TIN ciga- rettes. It' appears that by so doing they somewhat reduced the serious risksthey int:urred by smoking. (This does not'apply to the relatively few who aCthe same time increased the number of cigarettes they srnokediper d'ay.) Therefore, we think it fair to say, thatsw'itching from "high" T7N to "'low" TIN cigarettes was at least a srnau' step in the right direction for those who continued to smoke cigarettes. Those whoo quit smoking fared considerably better. W'hat' of youths who have not yet taken up the habit of cigarette srnoking?' They would be welI'advised never tio do so. However, in spite of all the warnings, many thousands ofyoung people do in facttake up tihe habit. The threatito'thz future health of those who make this youthful decision would be reduced' if "high" T/N ' cigarettes were remov'ed from the rnarket. Manufacturers may be willing,to'db so

E.V vitRO?. HA41MONID ETAL voluntarily in the light of'the fact that long-term trends have been in this di'rectimn.. We will end with a word of caution, ' In producing,eigarettes with extremely little tar and nicotine, some manufactur- ers may use additives for flavor or for some other purpose. In our opinion~ both additives and the cigarette smoke condensate (tar) should be tested' for car- cinogenicity before such cigarettes ~ are put on the market. Brossi L D. J:, and Gibsonl R. (1968). Riaks of lung cancer in smokers who switch to filter cigarettes. Amer. J. Pub. Health 58, 1096. Doll. R., and Hill. A. B. (1952). A study of the aetiology of carcinoma of the lung. Brrt. Med. J. -2 127t. Hammond, E. C. (1964). Smoking inxelationito mortality and morbidity. Findings in first thirty-four, months of follow-up in a prospective study started' in 1959. J. Nat. Cancer lnst. 32. 1!161.. Hammond. E. C:, and Garfnkel L. (196a). Changes in cigarette smoking.J: Nat. CancerInst. 33, 49. Levin, M. L.. Goldstein. H.. and Gerhardt, P. R. (1950). Cancer and tobacco smoking. A preliminary report. J. Amer. 1+lyd. Assoc: 143, 336. U. S. Public Health Service (1964). "Smoking and Health Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon-General of the Public Health Service:" Public Health Service Publication No. 1103. U. S. Dept. of HL E. W., Washington. D.C. U. S. Public Health Service ('196,3). Public health service technical report on "tar" and nicotine. In "'Hearings before the Consumer Subaommitterof the Committee on Commerce," United States Senate.,August 23-25. 1967; p. 7. U.S. Government PtintingAffice. Washington. D.C. U.S. Public Health Service ('197'1): "The Health Consequences of'Smoking. A Report of the Surgeon- Gtneral," DHEW Publication No. 714513. U.S. Dept. of H.E.W. Washington, D.C. U.S. Public Health Service (1976). "Adult Use ofTobacco-1975." U.S. Dept. of H.E.W.. Bethesda, Md. Wynder, E. L., and Graham. E. A: (1950). Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bron- chogenic carcinoma, 1. Amer. Med. Assoc. 143, 329. Wynder, E. L.. Mabuchi. K:, and Beattie. E. J.,,Jr. (1970). The epidemiology of lung cancer. J. Amer. AYed: Assoc. 213, 2221. . REFERENCES M H m. . In ,'. Iran. pests about. Garg: )mver. detec the f' po'llu Sana~: Tt: provi samF Pahic after tion Prep, Th meat resu, cont. pow soxli Acet . Ti in a of'p: