Tobacco Documents Online

0 llnalyses of the saoke of 2'20 brands of foreign cig'arettes frolm 11 nationss for tar ('T)i, 'nicotine (tt'), carbon sonoxide (CO) and carbon dioxid!e (C0(2)) are summarized„ The study zs part of an effort to compare the patterns of tobacco smoke related disease in the Onited States vith those in other' countries, in an international epideaiologic study of' the relationship betYeen tobacco usage an3 health,. The brandidescription and physical characteristic's of cigarettes purchasei ir. Anstria, France, Italy and the United' Kingdom are listej and compared, for T, N, C0 and C0 (,2) , Similarities and differences in the delivery of eonstituenits of the smoke of cigarettes for home delivery or for export are noted'. Cigarettes purchased' in Kenya and South africa are listed with brand descriptions and physical ch3racteristics. T and I content of the sane brand cigarettes var'y vid'ely in some calses. Filter, cigarettes often have particulate phase deliveries the saae or larger than nonfilter cigarettes of the same brand, Cigarettes . Furchase3 in Hong Kong, the Philippines. Sri Lainka and mialaTsia are listed' . with brand descripticn and physical characteristics. Cigarettes purchased in Scng Kong have high :' dleliveries and are iarorted from Japan andl China. Cigarettes from the Philippines and Sri Lanka and tSala7sia have high T'and I deliver'ies, Brazilian cigarettes are listed' with brand d'iescription, physieal' characteristics and smoke constituent deliveries. The T', l(, aind C0O deliveries from cigarettes of the same brand bot pmrchased in d'ifferent nations are also compared. Except for cig,arettes produced in Europe for consumption in Austria, most cigarettes with United Kingdom or United States brand nia.ies produced in smaller nations have ucb hig,her smoke constituent deliveries than their U,7C, or o.S, counterparts, ;,x~~;_75-1T'29 Jler.kins, B. h.; 4vincy, E'•. E.; Guerin, r„ R. Selected Cor:stituents • 79-106'4 J'enkins, R, Al,; 4ui'nc7, R. B,; Guerin, L, R. Selected Constituents in the Smokes of Foreign Commercial Cigarettess ""Tar,'• Nicotine, Carbon ttonoxide, and Carbon Dioxide. 56 pp, tlay 19'79', U.S. Department ofl Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Division, Tobacco Ssoke. Besearch Prograa, Eng,lish,, tt.e Scokes of U;,S,, Ceamezcial C'icarettes: "I"Tar," );icctine, Carben, Rcnoxide and Carbon Lioxide, << F p., ndr 1979, Oak Rid©e National Labcratory, Publication ao„ CEKL/'T:'.-6270, Eng lish, . T'hF delivEries of selected sQck e constituents from 121 do¢estic cicarette brands were reported, Ecth filtered ' and nonfiltered cigarettes were ~ includ'ed' in the saa,:linc,.. The cig arettes were s'aroked throu5h standard Cambrida,e filter assemhlies, ur.der standard saoking condi'ticns. F.ounded values for tar, nicotine, cart-on convxide, and carbon 'dicxide deliveries were sudcarized. There r3s a stscna correlation betweer carbon coroxide and tar deliveries in filter eicarFttes, but nonfiltered cigarettes tended to produce less carLon monoxid'e trar. +roul'd' have been predicted f'roc. their tar deliveries. The adolur.t of ni'rotine was determined by gas ehromatcgiraFhT. There was a cood correlatior. bet.een carbon monoxide and either tar or niroltine for lower tar cigarettes (less than or equal to 13 mig per ,cigarette), but a poolrer correlatian fo: the hicher tar, cigarettes (>13I ag per cilgarette), In gener3l', there was no significant correlation between cig,arette physical cf:aracteristics and smoke constituent deliveries. 1005052835

76-01514 Leuchtenberger, C.;' Leuchtenberger. R.; Zbi'nden, I.; S'chEeA„ E. SM Reactivity of Ci'garette Smoke and Its Correllation with Carcinoglenic Effects high, N0 content of the gals vapor phase and malignant trans{ormation. T'here was no positive correCation for the other analyzed components o{ the smoker smoke from 7 types of cig,arettes containing variable amounts of parti;cutate and gas vapor phase components, atypical growth aradlor malignant cett : transformation were observed wtthin a period of 3-6 months. A. plosi'ti-re corretatiion, was demonstrable between hitigih nercaptan tSHI realctiivity aind . English af ter hamster tung ruttures were exposed repeated[y to puffs of tresh on Wlaaaster Lung Cuttures. Sozilal-urnd Prarrentirmedt'zin ZI611:' 47-50, lanuar i'nclud'ing tar content.t'Auth. Abs.l Health Service, National Institutes of Heal*_h, National Heart, Luzq, asid Blood Institu te, National Cancer Insti tute, Division of' Cancer Cause and December 1977, U.S'. Department of Health, S'dscalt,ion, and Welfare, PubLic ~ 78-1i25'3 National Cancer Institute. Smoking and Health. 1 Program to Reduce ',= the Risk of Disease in Smokers. Status 8erort--Diecember 1977. 128 pp. Prevention, English. developaezt of' the less hazardous c3garet te have been identified: high, porosity paper wrappers; reconstituted tobacco sheet b,lends; tobacco extracted with r:ater, hexane, or detergent; inert tobacco extenders; tobacco varieties d'evelopedl by new culture and curing techniques; filters; and flavor additives. The proposed future plans of the Smoking and Health Program involve expansionlof these studies, with further research into, individual susceptibility to disease, role of nicotine and other cofactors in etiology of tobacco related disease, marketing, of less hazardous ciqarettes and development of epidemiologic surveys to determine the effectiveness of the less hazardous cigarette. Program publications, .-ontract research, workshops, conferences and program ac'.ivities are listed un the appendices. ?,palmiozary functioa tests in doqs have been re:'ined, so as to be useful tools in pulmonary physiology research. Pharmacological approaches are based! nrnec the hypothesis that smoking represents a form of drug dependence (i.e., nicotine add:iction) , and that cessation programs and clinics must deal with the prob llem of' withdrawal. An inno vative approach involving the use of nicotine aerosols as a substitute for smoking has been studied. The dose response effects oflthe most hazardous cigarette smoke constituents for several diseases have been estimated. rar:y factors contrj buting too successf'ully implemented. Protocols for determining the effects of smokinQ on atheroqenic processes in doqis and pigeons have been, developed aad ,I program to reduce the risk of disease in smokers, sponsored bp the National Cancer Institute"s Smoking and! Health Program, has established three primary objectives: (1) identification of individual.s at high risk developing tobaccoirelated diseases; (2) development and evaluation of' pharmacologic and behavioral intervention approaclies toward smoking cessation; and (3) development of less hazardous cigarettes. Several accomplishments in the identification of' ha.gh risk indsviduals halve been of' made thus far. An extremely accurate dosimetry system to measure smokinq trends has been developed, and' a method for collecting epidemiological data on cbanginq smoki'nq patter^s throughout the world has been designed and 100505283G

. j~ 7h-1'291u Ovenl, T. B. Tar and !;icotiale From U.S. Ciqarettes: Trend's 0'ver the Past 2's+zaty Years. pp. 73-50. 1976, In: wyndEr, E. L. ; E3offmann, D.; Gari,. G. B. .(Eaitors) . Hodifyinq the Risk for tae S'.moker, Yolume 1. Proceedings of the 3rd '.or13 Conference on 5'aokinW ana Health, New York, .ilune 2-5, 1975. flaiEr Publication No. ('RZE) 7b-1'221I, Eng'lish. In 1955, American ciqarettes delivered aba ut 43 ' mg of' tar and 2.8& mg of'f nico tine. These values, dropped to 18 mq ot tar and 1.2 mq of nicotine in 137'S'. Tar and nicotine content of four izadinq nonfiltar and five leading filter brandls, weiqh*_e3 by sales volume, are used for trend analysis over the 20-year meriod'. Tar and nicotine received by Q.S. smokers were reduced' by a su!bstantially greater factor because oz the malrked~ trend to filter ciqarettes, and 80 percent of sales Yere in 20 brands deliverinq less than 25 mq, of tar Per ciqarette. Prospects for f urther reduction in tar and nicotine content, and the problem of consumer acceptability or' such brands are discussed. (Auth. Afls. ) ~ 75-0950. fobinson, J. C.; Forbes, 'J. F. The Role of Carbon aonoxide in Cigarette Smoking. Archives of Environmental Fiealth 30 (9)i: u25-43v, SEptember 1975, English... The carbon monoxide (C'0) delivEries of 20 major Canadian brands of cigarett_s, deterained by gas chromatoqraphy and asing standard'smoking zonditions, were estimated' and found to vary by a factor of about tyo. rhe CO yields were found'~ to, increase with puff volume and tobacco - moisture, decreasz vith increased, paper porosity, but remalia essentialSy constant with puff duration. The data suggest that reduced CC deliveries can be achieved by increasing, the cigarette paper porosity. Cbmbustion tamperatura presumably also influiences CO deliveries, but the relative role ascribed' to dilution and! combustion is not clear. It may be concludei, ta!3t smokers can lol+er their C'0 exposure by reducing, their p!uss volume, smoking cigarettes ma:aufactured from high porosity paper, taking, fewer puffsy anid decreasiBg their tendency to, inhale. . Since C0~ and tar ieliverias are correlated, these measures vould also tend to decrease a saoker's exposure to: tar. (Auith. lbs.) 100505283'7'

75-0y51. Russell, C'ol2, P. v'.; I3!le, B. S'.; kdams, h. Carbon Monoxide Yields of' Cigarettes and Their Relation to ;ticotime Yield and ry'pe of' Filter. British Cadicall .iournal 3(5975) : 7'1'~-73', July 12, 1975, Eaglish. Carbon monoxide (CO) yields of 1'1 popular brands of British cigarettes, two types of' cigarettes containing totacco-substitutes, and one brand of' c:gars were measured under standardized conditions. Yields~ of the canventional cigarettes ranged from 5.0 to 20.2 mg per cigarette (1.3 to 4.7 ' percent by volume) . The cigar yielded 81.71 mg (10.0 percent) Co and' the tvo semi-synthetic cigarettes 17.2 (4.2 percent) and 28'.2 mg (6.2 percent) Co. Puff'-hy-puff analysis. shoved an increase in CO concentration as a cigarette is smicJced. In btand's with nicotine yields over 1.0' mg no relatioaship was apparent between nicotine yield and CO yield, and the filters of cigarettes in this category did not appear to r_du,:.e thi_ Ca yield. In the low nicotine cigarettes with ventilated filters there appeared to be some correlation between nicotine yield and Co, y+e13, ain3 thase filters were highly effective in reducing C'o yield, oving mainly to the vantilation. (auth.. Abs. lSod'.) 79-0361' Sa mpson, C. ;Wynder, E. L. ;&of:xan.n, D. Perforated Fil ter-Tip Cigarettes: 'cffect on Tar:, Nicotine, and'iChirbon !lonozide Intake. ('Letters). Journal of the American Medical Associatioz 241 (3) : 295, January 19, 1979. Eag,Lish. _ Several brands of cigarettes use a: perforated' filter to air dilcte the smoke, which resuhts in very low levels of inhaled tar, and' nicotine. The question vas raised whether this technique could be duplicated by punching holes iZ standard cigarette filters, resulting in, a""safer" cigarette, and also aiding in smoking cessation. Another benefit derived from the filter perforation is reduced velocity cf the air drawn throug,h the bcrninq cigarette duringi snoking which increases the completeness of'coabustion.. 8ed'uction in tar and'nicotine content can ezceed 60 percent; reduction inn carbon monoxide is even greater. Hole punching devices are already or- will soon become available so that people who desire to per'orate, their ciqarettes may choose! t,hie deqree of air dilution of' the smoke. T$sts of one such device result in tar rednctions of up to 90 percent,, nicotine red!nctions of up to 80 percent, and carbon monoxide reduc.tions c.f upf to 95 percent. 8ovever, a practical consideration is that smckers may compensate for the change in draw resistance by inhal; rg puffs of qreater volume and velocitT thian those taken from an unperforated filter ciqatrette. 1005090-2838,

76-0195' Spears, A'. W. Pactors AffectzLI SmoJce Delivery of' Nicotine and Carboc !lozozidz. p:p. 12-18. June 1977, lz. 1975 Symposium N:cotine azd Carbat Mozozida, Proceedi:.gis-I, Qaivars_tY of kantucky, Le=ingtoa,. Kentucky, E:.31ysh. Nicotine and' carbon monozide ar=_ two of tae major ind'_v_da3i compoterts o.6' tobacco smoKe. !$owever, tile M_chaLisC.s t,hrJuyh 4Ythey cccur i» sao:3o are _u=te di_ferezt. Further, the abunnaLc€ of each is det_rn~!..-Ed' by some re' atiYeli :ndepend:nt variables. T'hNE;se var:.ables are briefiy rEvieved s:g ow- r.g tha t t:.e n:cotin e yi 6i d of' a c4g arEtt a;.s deter m:n0,d ry the ; nicotine contEnt of the tobacco; the static bur:. rate or amouLt of' tooacco , consumed~ during puffing; the prsssmrir drop of tLe tobacco column; poros;ty of the Y,r',apQer' aLd/or YeII.t'ZZtion at taE f.:.it_r; the pressllre drop of, tk3 filter, the filter ma't,er'iall; the surface arca of' the filter mater'iand ttc ,affinit'y' of tILe flllt6r material Zor L2COtiZ,~', particularly a's' a fur.ct_on of smoke pH. Through the coc.,ulLation of tLese v3riarias, pl_nt y'. g=Letics, ar-d commercial processes to remove a+cotire from tctaccoi, it is possible tomaw:pulatE the y= eld of r.z:cotiaE from about 0.11 a5 to 4 mg p=r . c sarette. Carno- moz.oxidE yield is aei~i&Ldect on tobacco burned during pu:f+: g and on tLa puff volume at th: aurLing c0n=_. Var_at,ons~ in tobaccoo compos:t' oa, as mediated by genetics zz.a comm~.rci31 process_s, are zot sign:f;.caInt with r_spect to carbou mor,oxide y.eld, except as they mediate th_ amount of tobacco burn ed durir.g ruzfiny. lmLiplulatiot of tte acount of tobacco burnEd' atd mWr.ipulatioL oz' tae kuff volume at ty= cone ssrfaca tI ver:t_Iation can prod!uce pra1cticml var-,at+ons in carbon moaoz:de yield froW aboat 5' mg to 25 a;g p=r c:garette. (buti. ADS. nod.) ;' 7'ti-1163 Tso, T. CI. : Gori, G. d. ; Hoifzmann, D. aeduction of tiicotine and' Ta= ' V; in Tobacco and in Ciqarattes ihrouqih Aqricultural Teenni.;,ues. pp. 35-48. ' 1,976, I n: Wynder, E. L.;, Hoffmann, D.; Gori, G. B. (z.iitors) . Codif'yinq the Eisk for the Smoker, Voiume 1'. Proceedinqs of the 3rd iorld' Conrerence on S'moucing, and E:ealthi. :iec York, June 2-5, 1975. DIiEW Publication No. .(NIIli) 76-1221 , caglish. . Recent advainces in aQricultural tecaniques in tobacco productioa havee made it possible to reduce nicotine ana tar content in ciqarette smoice. Low alkaloid 'oreedinq lines with 0.2 percent nicotine content have become avaiiable. Various production Practices are beinq, developed' for red!ucinq; the total tar content as well as for reducing the specific activity of cigarette smoke conaensate. The identification, of leai markers for a theoretical model, the dievelopment of homogenized leaf curing, the potential advantaR'e of hiqh density plantinq, and many neV approaches for post-harvest treatment aay all contribute toward tne production of safer toba cco. (Auth. ADS. ). ~2 10050'839

73-0920. Wald, X., Smith, P. G. Smoking Tables for Carbon Monozide2' ('.Letter). Lancet 2'(7834): 9'107-9,08, October 20, 1973, E'nglish:.. Regarding the publication of tables of the carbon monozide (CO) content of cigarette smoke, the authors argue that there is no direct evidence that CO is a cause of arteriosclerosis in huimans; CO has been: implicated as a cause of' this disease only in animal stud!iesl other substances present in tobacco smoke are inhaled together with the Co and also could. .be responsible for the increased incidence of arterial disease in smokers. CarSozyhemoglobin levels may not have a causal relationship with arteriosclerosis in smokers, but may be only a measure of inhalation -depth. A filter containing Hopcalite, a catalyst for the reduction of C0O concentration in tobacco smoke, is~ now being, studied in order to test the hppothesis of a causal relationship in a clinical trial on patients who are unable to stopismoking,. The study of Russell et all. on the effects of controlled rates of smoking on CC yield of' cigarettes is discussed.. See Abstract 73'-095'9. ,