Tobacco Documents Online

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71-0"7: Aronow, W. S., Dendinger,,L„Rokaw, S. N. Heart Rate and CarbonNionoxide Level After Smoking High.„Low-; d an lion-IYicatine Ci;arettes, A Study in hlale Patients Nith Ang'sna Pectori3. Annals of InternalibYedicine 741S)cb97-70Y ;~ , . May 1971. . ~ ~ . .. .. . . _ .. .. . _ ' . . . . . . Y~ .lf.'W l.. .11Jit-i. Ten, cigarette smokers with angina pectoris had blood pressure, heart tate„and expired-air carbon tr.onoxide measure meats before and after smoking each of'fve high-, low-, and non~nicotine cigarettes. There was a significant increase in n systoiic and disstolic blood pressure after smoking each higff- and low-nicotine cigarette, with a significant increase in peak systolic and diastoiic blo.od l pressure frora cigarette 1 to cigarettr S. There was a significant increase in heart rate afrcer anokinD each high- and Iow:nicotinr cigarette but no si, titicant incresse in peak heart rate from cigarette I.' to cigar.tte 5. There was no sipif~icant increase in blood pressure or heart rate after smoking a non-nicotine cigarette. There was a' s. significant increase in carbon monoxide Ievel after smoking each high-, low,, and non-nicotine ciguette,,with a sigttificant iacreasa in e l: 5 d p a car on monoxi e from cigarette I to ciaette 5 (Ath Ab) levelsr.u.s. 7'4-02b01. lshton, H. ; Telford', R. Blood Carbozphaeaoglobin Levels in S'aokers. (Letter) . British !ledical. Journal tt (5894) : 74i0, December 22, 1973, E'nglishi.. Neasnrements of the increase in calrbozyhemoglobin, (C0Hb) in smokers smoking a single low-, intermediate-, or hig;h-nicotine- cigarette showed that the increase was greatest for the low- and least for the high- nicotine cigarettes.. This difference was accompanied by a tendency nicotine vas in fact delivered. - Thus the sublects were able to obtain a toward a low puffing rate for the high-nicotine cigarettes, though more smoking, COHmi rapidly decreases; the rate of. decrease then levels off to a very slov.value in fa.4e.to 25' dinutes. ' Eztrapolatioa of the data gives a half life for CDHIb of approxiaatelg 2.0-2.51 hoars, agreeing with the findings of Enssell.: See Ilbstract 74-0045., that aI Isafer' I cigarette .ight be one that- coabines' a lov yield of carbon onozidie and tar with a relatively high yield of nicotine. . lyeasurement of the rise in CbH'b while saoJting shoved that the greatest rate of increase occurs at the start. of' the cigarette, foll'oyed'~ by a leve2ling, off or fall toward the end. , In the first five minutes after over five-hour periods. The present findings- agree with the suggestion high- compared with the low-nicotine cigarettes. ,- The intermediate- nicotine cigarettes occupied an intermediate position.. These findings are in general agreement Yith. those of the longer-tera study by Russell in, which it was shown that. cigarette consumption and COHb rise diminished in sub jects changing from their usual brand to. high-n.icotine cigarettes `.relativelp high dbse of nicotine with a smaller increase in COilib from the 1005052807

79!-037'8 AuerDacn, 0.; l:aamond, E. C'.; Carfinicel, L. Changes in 3ronchial Epit'hel'ium in heiation to Ci7arettz Smoirin3, 1'955'-1960 Vs. 1917n-1977'. Niev. England .Iournal of medicine 300(3),: 3a1-3d6, Februari 22, 1979. Englishi. To test the hyFpthesis tnat the reduction in tar and nicotine content of cigarette smoke that began in the 1950 •'s shculd ce rzflected cy the . histologic changes in the bronchial epithelium of ci'yarettz smokers,, 20,424, Fercentages were 0, 0.1, 0.8, and 2.2, respectively. (Auth. hos. ). atypical nuclei. In coth periods studied, t.hEse nistolagic crnangts occurred far less frequently in nonsmoicers tnan ini ciyarettz s.aoiccrs anu incrEaSed in freque:ncy with amoun't' of smoking, 3d justed'i for age. Sections wit;a, ad!vancsa histologic chanyes in tnose dying in 1955-1960 occurred in U percent of tne no~nsmakers, in 2.46 percznt of tnose smoking 1-19, cigarettzs a day, in 13.2 percent of' those smoking 20-39 air;d in, 22.5 rercent of th.ose smoKing 40 or more cigarettes a day. In those wno died in 1973-1977, the incluced basal cell hyrerplas~ia,ia, loss of cilia and'occurr_nca of'cells with who dieb in 1970-1977, of: w'hora 1d1 were regular smoKers. Cnangies stuiaiza •_ cancer'deaths) were-examined microscopically in random order. There~were 2'111 men, wino died in 1955-19:60,*of' whom 154 sMoKea regularly, and! 234 men ~s sectionis ta~~k~en~ at~ autops~y~ f~~roiml_the~ bronchial tub~~es~ of~ 4'~u5' men ( npn-lung.

7'8-0261' L'ear, G'.; Lee, P. tt.; Todd, G. F.; W_cksn, l. J.. Report on a S3conc3' EetrospEctive aortal::ty Study in H'orzL-fast lagoand'. Part I: Factors 'a'elatEd' to C.ortality From I:ung Cancer,• fironcatis, Heart Disease a:,d' Stroke ~ u Clevelar.d' Courty, :ith Particular Lsphass on the nelativ_ Risks ' 7, '*obacco , Zssociatad. Wh S'Woki.:g, Filter and Pia+a Cigarettas. 95 pp. 197 7nj 'li s'~' Rcsearch Council fics=6 IAL^dlo~ rcG! P3er 1!n rart l . , ~ , , 0/V 1111, In 1963, a.rttrospect_ve study was connucted in Cleveland County, ' . Faglatd. Zbis report is the result of a s+mllar ratrospactivE study af' th.' ~ same area carried o'ut 10 years' 1St°r I"' thc lntcrv_ning y3'ars a marked ciange in thb smoxing habits in Ergl3na~occurred. Zn 1!9b3', 33 perce:.t of `~r: -e the cigarettes smoked were filtered. 1n 1973, 83 percent were f_ltar.d. 4A~k .Tables prEsatted showing tresds in tar yzeids show the marxed drop in b'l' avErage tar level by 1973. The first on3=ctlva of the study r•as to find the' effect of filter cigarette usage oc mortality rates for lung cazc€r, -, chronic broachitis, coronary heart d+saase &.d cereDrovascular diseasa- The second ob jective was to relate any o,csarvEd chazges to smoking habits 3nd W: r air po:llu tion le vels. liortality figures bY ag e, s2x, social class and a1*~,w ~ d+str::ct are given as well as ia_ornat+oa ot descezdents. Discusszor. is '. Mad4 of the statistical method usEd iL analysis. Relative risk of' mortality from the four smok`n g related' dis€ases are also presa.^.tad by ag-::, social class, and d-strict. Sclative rjsk or aortality by inhajing ha;t;ts and ag.e of beginning-to smoke are also given. Calcuintion oL the relativE rysk of mortality for men and women who smok_d f.:lteraa or regular cigarettes is , _ made. These data are further expanded to show mortality risk based' on the siz_ of the filtered or regular cigarEtttsw other risk factors assoc;ated vith tae four dis_ases were investigated, in ordsr to deteryise the effEct. attributable to smoking. Relative r:sx oz aortaiity, aiter standard_zatiow for age and smoking group, was calculaten consider+ag coffee, tea and ;:;r alcohol consumpt_or, e=ercise lEvEls, obesity, morrizg coug,y and close association with a relative dEad froW ote- of the four diseases. Tabular data on thesa risks are presented. Occupat+ozai exposure to dust, f'untes or, pollution are kr,oun to co found the obsErvat_on of effects due to ci•3arette smoking. Cortality risks based on enviror.meatai exposure to air pollutants are givan•- Among persons who had diaa trom lnag cancer, a survey of' tho:r - smoking h abits based on hospital recores was made. l rElaticushipi betr2en ,:smo;cin!a habit and lunq tumor histolo,ical type :as made. Th=_sE data includE tnaoz call types or pi.ps, cs.gar azd &z-smQ4ars and manuf3cturEd vs. haaa- y+r_rolled cigarette smokers. !lortality nroa all four diseases studied was Psignificaatly associated both.vith izcreasing age and v.th the smoking of manufactared cigarettes. The associatioL Lita cigaratt2s was strongest for = ltaag cancer and caronic bronchitis waats tbera was a clear trend both wi tw . tme number or cigarettes smoked azda ylth the ltvel of -zhal:}tlon. It was .:; , waikEr for coronary heart disease and carebrovascular disease where neith_r"": a significant doseiresponse relationsaij nor a significant effect of , inhalation was seea. T:~a smoking of' rilter cigarett,s was less associ~atEd with mortality from all four diseases thai was the smoki.zg of plain . eig,arettes. The advaLtage of smoking filtEr cig,arettes Y3s statisticallr sig,rif'icart for all the diseases ezce f,t cErebrovascular disease. The' Zor:c4r filt_red cigarettes had been sgoked the less mottality was associatad with > these diseases. Those rhol had smoked filter cigarettes since 1954 had aL estimated risk of mortal'ity, from eacL af' the four diseases which was about a half' that of continuing, plain smokersh bltLough this estimate . has bee:n eorractedr for the- fact that the information on the living and the dece3er:t populations related to diffsrEnt poa,Lts in t:me, further study is still needed in view, of' the possibility of' othitr biassing, factors that arE discussed. .

~^ 72-0451- EIson; L A., Betts, T. E. Sugar Content of theTobaeco and pH'1 of the Smoke in Relation to Lung Cancer Risks of Cigarette Smoking. Journal of the Ya[ional Cancer Institute 48(6)s 1885-1890, J>ane 1972. Some preliminary results are presented of an investigation on the relation between sugar content.of the tobacco and pH' of the srnoke of a range of cicarettes drawn from differenrcountrries. Tltrinvestigation is attempting tolascertain whether the differences in lurte<,•trtcer deatrh rates in different countries have any connection with, the predomutattt type of oigarettessmokediinthese countries. 78-1132 Feyerabe3d, C.; Russell, Effect ofl Urinary pH and Nicotine. Excretion Bate on Plasma Nicotine During Cigarette Smoking and Chewing Hicotine Gum. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 5('4) : 2I93'-2'97, Ap~ril-. 1I978. English. _ ~ . Plasma nicotine levels prodiuced' by chewing nicotine g~m were compared with those obtained by cigarette smoking under conditions of control'Zed nrinary pzi. Although absorption was slower, plasma levels comparable to ci;zrette smoking were buzt t up on 4 mq (but not 2 mg) nicotine gum. Urinary excretion of nicotine was influenced markedly by' pH an& therate of urine flow. Plasma nicotine was higher under alkaline compared to acidic conditions (p<0.0101) but the rate of urinary nicotine excretion appeared to aave little effect on the plasma level. (A'uth. l,bs.) z.72-0457. Freedman, S., Fletcher, C. M., Field, G. B. Effects of Smoking Modified Cigarettes on Respiratory Symptoms and Venulatory Capacity. Journal of the NauonaliCaneer Institute 48(6):1805-18!10, June 1972. Lung function, sputum production; and cou¢h frequency were measured' in, 225 men to determine the effects of smo3ang,modifed' cig.uetrtes on the symptoms of'bronchitia: The men were asked to s7noke exclusively special cigarettes designed' for the experiment. Three types of cigarettes were used. All delivered about 1.65 mg of nicotine. Type A delivered about 22 mg of tar and types B and, C' abou!t 17' mg. Type C had approximately a 50' percent reduction in the - vapor phase constituents as compared with the otlier two types. After about four months, men,smol:ina type C cisarettes. began to have lower average cough frequency scores than men smoking, the other two types. An analysis of varixrtce Indicated that this difference was significant and' it became more marked when the results were adausted tor dttterences in s`'"' :garette consttmption There were no si¢nitlcant diffierences between the groups for sputum prodluctionlor lung function. ci. '' The results showed that modification of the composition of cigarettes and their filters can reduce smokers' cough, an early symptom of bronchitis. r~:..

79-0369 uori, G. 8'.; Lynch, C. J. Toward Less Hazardous Cigarettes. Current Ad'vances. Journal of' the American Medical Association 240( 12 ): 1255-1259, September 15, 197fi, English. Iracreased interest in the role of cigarette constituents in tobacco related disease has prompted the compilation of' critical Ievels of selected' ci garette smoKe constituents. Levels are expressed~ in terms of maximum numbers of'pre-1960 cigarettes that a smoker may consume daily without increasing,his mortality risk substantially, above that of a nonsmoker. Tar, nicotine,.carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydroaen cyanide and acrolein content of 27 popular commercial brands are given; these levels are also ta3ulatEd in terms of rPduction in yields compared with pre-1960 cigarette yie2cis. idecuctions range from a high of more than 98 ' percent (Stride - hydrocen cyanide yield) to a low of 24 percent (King Saino lSenthol - nitrogen oxide y'ield). On the average, the brands under consideration havee had'the greatest percentage reduction in tar yield (86 percent) and the -least percentage reduction in carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides yields ('69' percent) ccmYa ed with pre-1960 cigarettes. In addition, the y,ield's of these selected constituents concomitant With the yieldof .1 msof nicotine are provided as a guide for the smoker who titrates or adjusts his smoking pattern to accomodate a fixed daily intake ofl ni!cotine. =75-0696. Gray, Di.; Sill D. C'igarette Snoking Tar Content and Death- , , , __'~8~ate~s F'rolo Lung Cance~r in Auistr~ali~aa~i !len. ~ (Letter) • Lancet 1 (79T8) : 1252- ~ 1253, ~May ~ 31 ,~ 1'97~51,~ B~n~gl,ish. sar~v~~ey~ of~~ 6,637 a~ustralian~ aen over th~~e~ p~ast~ decade h~as~~ sh~o~~wn~ that the percentage of smokers decreased with age; 46 percent of' meni 20-29' years old were smokers vs. 33'percent of' men 60 years or older. From. 1969 to 1974, high-tar cigarettes virtually disappeared from the Australian market. ,ge-specific lung cancer death rates showed a decline since 1970 for men, aged 5'5-59' and 61d-64 years. The increase in the number of ez-smokers who g,ave up smoking five or aore years ago is considered the primary factor affecting, miortality. &eductions in N cigarette tar content probably had a lesser effect. Q _ . O CA O C11 2V 0~

75-023u. Guillers, 8.; tiasurel, G'.; Broussolle, B. ; Hyac,inthe, 8'. ; S'i3og, h new low-nicotine cigarette, Gallia (GA) , was developed and testEd.in ~ B'ronches 24 (4) : 209-23'.T, 1'974, French. Hiabituelle Dans un Groupe de Grands Fumeurs. [C1'inical and, 8espiratory Function Effects of' the Substituti'on of' a Cigarette With Lov Irritant SmoJce in Place of the Habitual_ Cigarettz in a Group of Heavy S'mokers. ] a. ; Bee, J. Effets Cliniques et Fonctionnels $espiratcires de la. Substitution d*une Cigarette: a Fumee Pea Irritante a la Cigarette phase and particulate phase, respectively. Chemical compcnents are reported. The subjEcts were 72 men and three Yomen (25-60 years of age), ; in good! health. They had smoked Gauloise filtered, or nonfiltered cigarettes for an average of' 310 pacJc-ye rs. Some of the subjects had : - difficulty with the regime and, were irritable; by the end of five Yeeks, cigarette consumption hiad increased i'n 45 percent of the subjlects, and, charcoal, and cme part cellulose acetate, to filtar components of tbe gas from loWer positions onthe~ stalk, mized', xith, humectants, rzapped in porous paper, and' equipped Vith a, double filter, one part activated a five-week trial., The cigarette was composed of, tobacco lzalves taJcen: decreased in nine percent (meanincrease., tyocigarettes pier day).. ~ Regressions were observed in symptoms. of cough (B6 percent of patients . improved), exp.ectorations ('77 percent improved), pharyngitis, and dy_paea ; of carbon monoxide.. g smoking or, improvedi alveolar functioning, which allowed' more absorption content in, the GA cigarette. This may have beenthe result of mcre rapid Carbozyhemoglobin levels increased in spite of lover carbon monoxide ('911 percent isproved) .. Lung function tests were adainistered before and af ter the five-week period and results are tabulated. liiost parameters were improved to the same level of' improvement noted~ in ex-smo,kers, except for vital capaicity and expiratory volume in one second. , ,

77-QC66 Guiller3, R.; Eroussolle, 8.,8esaltats-an Plan.TesFiratoire de la Substitution d'nne Cigarette a Fusee Fea Irritante a.la Cigarftte. Hahitnelle Chez de Grands Fuaenrs. ,[Bespiratory Results. Ftca Substituting a: . ."' Stand'ard Type Cigarette 1ith a Less Irritating One. in HEaviy.S'ao3cers. ] Boaaon et le Cceur 31- (5) : 277-2'81!, 1975, Prench.. . • 1 g 1 Las a slight, increase (froa 3.78 to 7.43), in blood. canccxyheso lobin 68 Fercent; ezp,ectoration disappeared. in. 33 percent, yas reduced. in 47 Fercent; FharyngeaS irritation subsidedi in ao_t sub jects; and. in aost ' suhj'ects.,, the clfactory capabilities ha4e- iaproved and the appetite has increased'. There Yas a slight iaprove4ent in the: pulaonary f'anction Yithh the folScYing statistical significance: vital ca:ma1city--p:0,GC1; saxiaaa expiraticn--p:C,02; r,esid'ual voluae--p:0,0_j'. Oa the nEg;atiye side, thez$ resn~lts were ebserved: canghing disapFearEd. in, 210 Fercent, sas reduced' in the initial stage of' chronic bronchitis. kfter• the test, the folloying ' ...The substitBtion of a standard French cigarette- of; the Gaulcise type (!G0) by G'allia (GA), the new reciently sarketed cig rEtte with less irritating , constituents, has, been t.ested for 36 days on 80 heary stckers to assess its effect on the :resFiratory tract. She. ccaFcnents of' the gasecus phase cf GO . versus GaA are (per one! cigarette) :.canccn dioxide--3'2.5- vs. „24.5 agi;; carbon, nionoxide--17.'s vs. 11'.4 ag; acrolein--7•1.5 Ts..36' sicrcgrais; nitrogen . cxid'E/Litzcger dicZid!e--390 vs. 3118 aicrcgra°is. CcsFcterts. of the : particulate phase are: tar--28'~.8' vs.vg; alkalcids• (tctal)--1.7 vs~.. .a.7 mg; indclE--505 vs,. .12'6' aicrograms; phienol--168 is. .69 aicrograas. „All. saokers, before smbaitting to the test, had, the usual sicker's sya.g,toas: _ nasal; con}estion, bronchial :intolerance to tcbacco- sackE, coaghing, expectoration, dyspnea, irritated Fharynx, and,.inc sose.instances, were in. _. EvE S.

77-u222 FJlammonid. E. C.: Garfinkel, L: Sei'4:aan, H.; Lew, %. A. "!"Tar"' and Nico*_ine Content of Ciciarette Smoke in Ee.stioa to Weath Rates. Env:;ronment:al 8ese3rch 12 (3): 2'0 3-274, Gecember 1976. Enqlish. Il3re than 1',00r7,000 man and womeni w2rz turolled in an ecidemioloctical stu.lv in 1959-60 and were followed, with i3w exceptions, for 12 years; all ansiered auestioncaires on ciqarette ss+okanq and other factors u!Don e.nroila-z~nt; survivors answered three reneat q.uzstior.naires. Civarette smoRers vere cLassified by the:amount of zar and nicotinie ('T/N) delivered bv the brand they usua119' saoke3' at the stdrt of each, of two 6-year peroids (Paroid 1 and Peroidi 2) : hiah T/K (2.0-27 i mo nicoti,ne and' 25.8-35.7 mq tar) : low TIN (less ttaa 1'.2 ma nicotine oaci, with few exceptions, less than 17'.6 mc tar) : and' mledium T/N' ('intarmi:uiate bptVPen hiah and lav) Aman:1 those who smoked the~samm number or ciararettes/3'ay, the total death ratas, death ratts from coronarv heart nisdasa, and death rates~from~ lun:7 c3nlzJr Y,3re somevcat lorer' for those who aaloked low T/N ciq'arettes than for tho:aL v:ao smo ed hiaa T/'!t ci!qarettes. T'otai number of deaths were 4,735.5 for hliah T/N smokers, 4.299.9 for meuium ond' 3.9191.1 for low; cor_eWvondinq~ numoars of luna cancer deaths were 310.4, Ad5.5', and 235.2, respectively. The diffarences between hioh and low W2xe atatisticallv siqnificant in, both c3ses.., Luno cancer mortalitv ratios oz to. T/N smokers were lower for women th3a for men (0.57 a.^.d' 0.43', rzsoectivelY, in Period' 1 and 0.62 and 0.719, resuactivaly.. in Period 2). GorrssponaiLa ticures for coronary heart disease (1616.d in hiua. 1483.3 in medius, an& 1392.7 in lov) also show a szacisticallv sianificant dilferencz bezti*zzn the hiqh and loy Qroups. In an: an3lvsis commarinc subiiects who smol:a4 adwY low T%`I ciqar2ttPS with those _ who smoked' f:wer hiah :/ti ciyarettes, the&e was a statistically siqnificaut dif=erence in coronary hiPart disease aeatos (670.& for sub!ects smokinQ 1- 11S uiah ciuarettzs and 713o.ti i'or those smw4ir.Q 20-39 low civiarettes). There was also a differe¢rce iz luulc: cancer deatja (75.6 ior those smoking 1-1'9 hici and 129.5' for tr.ose smokina 20-3'y lo:1 : for each of 4 ind!ividual sets of comnariscns (men and women in Periods 1 and 2), th e number of lung canc,tr deaths was lower iz those who sr-okea 1!-19 hivh than iu those snokimQ '_20-39 low. Ar.other analysis compared low i/N smokers with nonsmoKers: death - =~r~"~' ,.,ratas were far hiaher in the low T/N' ©zou~;~ than in the nonsmokinct. Qroup LTG aths vprp 4 3 3 099' 0 ectzvel rY °- lt tal d r s corona h t , . . , . C aa y ,, o e r~r mar disease oeazhs 1,674.3 and 1, Oiln.3, resaectively, ana, Iun(4 cancer deaths ,2158. 0 and 39.4,: respectivel'v). lt was conc.juided that a red'nction in the tar and nico±ine content of ciaalrettes did not maice ci(7a'rette smokinq "'"safe' I for the mea and women in this acalvsis, m.Li of whcm vera over the aQe or 40 in 1959. _

78!-1250 Ha.mmond, E. C. ; Garfinkel',, l. ; Seidman, PH. ;, Lew, S. 1. Some Hecent. Findings Concerning Cigarette Ssoking. pp. 107-T12;. 1977, In• Hiatt, Hi. H.; Hatson, J. D,- ; ainstea, J. a. (Editors) .©rig,ins of guman Cancer. B'ook A. Incidence of'Cancer in Humans, Cold Spring, Harbor Conferences.on Cell P'roL•'feration,. Yolume 4, New York, Cold Spring Harboa Laboratory, E'ng,lish. The preponderance ofl scientific evidence strongly suggests that the lower 0 studies have shown that material cond'ensed from cigarette smoke (tar), is -carcinpgenic when applied to~ animals. The known acute effects~ of nicotine . upon the heart and circulatory system suggest that the nicotine content of cigarette smoke is partly, if' not entirely, responsible for the fact that age specific death rates are higher among cigairette .mokers than among nonsmokers. The reduction in the tar and nicotine content of cigarette smoke did not make smoking safe for the men and women, in this analysis, all of whom were over the age of a'A pears. Cigarettes srith, reduced tar and nicotine were not introduced until the mid 195IO1's,. dlmost all of the male " cigarette smokers and the great majority of the female cigarette smokers in increase with degree of' exposure to c;'garette smoke. Sany experimental f~ `= effects. Death rates from lung cancer and cancer of' several other sites the tar and nicotine content of cigarette smoke the less harmful are the , pro ucing, cigarettes with ex.remely little tar and nicotine. some future health of those who make this youthful decision would be at least .-sooewhat reduced if high T/N cigarettes were removed from, the market- In this study began smoking cigarettes long b!efore. Therefore, the sub jects classified here as low tar/nicotine ('T/N) cigarette: were, with few _exceptions, persons who smoked high T/N or vediam T/N' cigarettes for many years and the3, switched to loti T/N cigarettes. It appears that by so doinq, they somewhat reduced the serious risks incurred by smoking. The switehinq from high T/N' to low T/N cigarettes was at least a small step in the right ` direction for those who continued to smoke cigarettes.. lfter all warnings, many thousands of young people take up the smoking habit. The threat to the the additI9es and the tar should be tested, for carcinogenicit9 before such vanutacturers ay use additives for flavor or for some other purpose. Both : `eigarettes are put on tae aarxet.