Tobacco Documents Online

79-0369 uori, G. 8'.; Lynch, C. J. Toward Less Hazardous Cigarettes. Current Ad'vances. Journal of' the American Medical Association 240( 12 ): 1255-1259, September 15, 197fi, English. Iracreased interest in the role of cigarette constituents in tobacco related disease has prompted the compilation of' critical Ievels of selected' ci garette smoKe constituents. Levels are expressed~ in terms of maximum numbers of'pre-1960 cigarettes that a smoker may consume daily without increasing,his mortality risk substantially, above that of a nonsmoker. Tar, nicotine,.carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydroaen cyanide and acrolein content of 27 popular commercial brands are given; these levels are also ta3ulatEd in terms of rPduction in yields compared with pre-1960 cigarette yie2cis. idecuctions range from a high of more than 98 ' percent (Stride - hydrocen cyanide yield) to a low of 24 percent (King Saino lSenthol - nitrogen oxide y'ield). On the average, the brands under consideration havee had'the greatest percentage reduction in tar yield (86 percent) and the -least percentage reduction in carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides yields ('69' percent) ccmYa ed with pre-1960 cigarettes. In addition, the y,ield's of these selected constituents concomitant With the yieldof .1 msof nicotine are provided as a guide for the smoker who titrates or adjusts his smoking pattern to accomodate a fixed daily intake ofl ni!cotine. =75-0696. Gray, Di.; Sill D. C'igarette Snoking Tar Content and Death- , , , __'~8~ate~s F'rolo Lung Cance~r in Auistr~ali~aa~i !len. ~ (Letter) • Lancet 1 (79T8) : 1252- ~ 1253, ~May ~ 31 ,~ 1'97~51,~ B~n~gl,ish. sar~v~~ey~ of~~ 6,637 a~ustralian~ aen over th~~e~ p~ast~ decade h~as~~ sh~o~~wn~ that the percentage of smokers decreased with age; 46 percent of' meni 20-29' years old were smokers vs. 33'percent of' men 60 years or older. From. 1969 to 1974, high-tar cigarettes virtually disappeared from the Australian market. ,ge-specific lung cancer death rates showed a decline since 1970 for men, aged 5'5-59' and 61d-64 years. The increase in the number of ez-smokers who g,ave up smoking five or aore years ago is considered the primary factor affecting, miortality. &eductions in N cigarette tar content probably had a lesser effect. Q _ . O CA O C11 2V 0~

75-023u. Guillers, 8.; tiasurel, G'.; Broussolle, B. ; Hyac,inthe, 8'. ; S'i3og, h new low-nicotine cigarette, Gallia (GA) , was developed and testEd.in ~ B'ronches 24 (4) : 209-23'.T, 1'974, French. Hiabituelle Dans un Groupe de Grands Fumeurs. [C1'inical and, 8espiratory Function Effects of' the Substituti'on of' a Cigarette With Lov Irritant SmoJce in Place of the Habitual_ Cigarettz in a Group of Heavy S'mokers. ] a. ; Bee, J. Effets Cliniques et Fonctionnels $espiratcires de la. Substitution d*une Cigarette: a Fumee Pea Irritante a la Cigarette phase and particulate phase, respectively. Chemical compcnents are reported. The subjEcts were 72 men and three Yomen (25-60 years of age), ; in good! health. They had smoked Gauloise filtered, or nonfiltered cigarettes for an average of' 310 pacJc-ye rs. Some of the subjects had : - difficulty with the regime and, were irritable; by the end of five Yeeks, cigarette consumption hiad increased i'n 45 percent of the subjlects, and, charcoal, and cme part cellulose acetate, to filtar components of tbe gas from loWer positions onthe~ stalk, mized', xith, humectants, rzapped in porous paper, and' equipped Vith a, double filter, one part activated a five-week trial., The cigarette was composed of, tobacco lzalves taJcen: decreased in nine percent (meanincrease., tyocigarettes pier day).. ~ Regressions were observed in symptoms. of cough (B6 percent of patients . improved), exp.ectorations ('77 percent improved), pharyngitis, and dy_paea ; of carbon monoxide.. g smoking or, improvedi alveolar functioning, which allowed' more absorption content in, the GA cigarette. This may have beenthe result of mcre rapid Carbozyhemoglobin levels increased in spite of lover carbon monoxide ('911 percent isproved) .. Lung function tests were adainistered before and af ter the five-week period and results are tabulated. liiost parameters were improved to the same level of' improvement noted~ in ex-smo,kers, except for vital capaicity and expiratory volume in one second. , ,

77-QC66 Guiller3, R.; Eroussolle, 8.,8esaltats-an Plan.TesFiratoire de la Substitution d'nne Cigarette a Fusee Fea Irritante a.la Cigarftte. Hahitnelle Chez de Grands Fuaenrs. ,[Bespiratory Results. Ftca Substituting a: . ."' Stand'ard Type Cigarette 1ith a Less Irritating One. in HEaviy.S'ao3cers. ] Boaaon et le Cceur 31- (5) : 277-2'81!, 1975, Prench.. . • 1 g 1 Las a slight, increase (froa 3.78 to 7.43), in blood. canccxyheso lobin 68 Fercent; ezp,ectoration disappeared. in. 33 percent, yas reduced. in 47 Fercent; FharyngeaS irritation subsidedi in ao_t sub jects; and. in aost ' suhj'ects.,, the clfactory capabilities ha4e- iaproved and the appetite has increased'. There Yas a slight iaprove4ent in the: pulaonary f'anction Yithh the folScYing statistical significance: vital ca:ma1city--p:0,GC1; saxiaaa expiraticn--p:C,02; r,esid'ual voluae--p:0,0_j'. Oa the nEg;atiye side, thez$ resn~lts were ebserved: canghing disapFearEd. in, 210 Fercent, sas reduced' in the initial stage of' chronic bronchitis. kfter• the test, the folloying ' ...The substitBtion of a standard French cigarette- of; the Gaulcise type (!G0) by G'allia (GA), the new reciently sarketed cig rEtte with less irritating , constituents, has, been t.ested for 36 days on 80 heary stckers to assess its effect on the :resFiratory tract. She. ccaFcnents of' the gasecus phase cf GO . versus GaA are (per one! cigarette) :.canccn dioxide--3'2.5- vs. „24.5 agi;; carbon, nionoxide--17.'s vs. 11'.4 ag; acrolein--7•1.5 Ts..36' sicrcgrais; nitrogen . cxid'E/Litzcger dicZid!e--390 vs. 3118 aicrcgra°is. CcsFcterts. of the : particulate phase are: tar--28'~.8' vs.vg; alkalcids• (tctal)--1.7 vs~.. .a.7 mg; indclE--505 vs,. .12'6' aicrograms; phienol--168 is. .69 aicrograas. „All. saokers, before smbaitting to the test, had, the usual sicker's sya.g,toas: _ nasal; con}estion, bronchial :intolerance to tcbacco- sackE, coaghing, expectoration, dyspnea, irritated Fharynx, and,.inc sose.instances, were in. _. EvE S.

77-u222 FJlammonid. E. C.: Garfinkel, L: Sei'4:aan, H.; Lew, %. A. "!"Tar"' and Nico*_ine Content of Ciciarette Smoke in Ee.stioa to Weath Rates. Env:;ronment:al 8ese3rch 12 (3): 2'0 3-274, Gecember 1976. Enqlish. Il3re than 1',00r7,000 man and womeni w2rz turolled in an ecidemioloctical stu.lv in 1959-60 and were followed, with i3w exceptions, for 12 years; all ansiered auestioncaires on ciqarette ss+okanq and other factors u!Don e.nroila-z~nt; survivors answered three reneat q.uzstior.naires. Civarette smoRers vere cLassified by the:amount of zar and nicotinie ('T/N) delivered bv the brand they usua119' saoke3' at the stdrt of each, of two 6-year peroids (Paroid 1 and Peroidi 2) : hiah T/K (2.0-27 i mo nicoti,ne and' 25.8-35.7 mq tar) : low TIN (less ttaa 1'.2 ma nicotine oaci, with few exceptions, less than 17'.6 mc tar) : and' mledium T/N' ('intarmi:uiate bptVPen hiah and lav) Aman:1 those who smoked the~samm number or ciararettes/3'ay, the total death ratas, death ratts from coronarv heart nisdasa, and death rates~from~ lun:7 c3nlzJr Y,3re somevcat lorer' for those who aaloked low T/N ciq'arettes than for tho:aL v:ao smo ed hiaa T/'!t ci!qarettes. T'otai number of deaths were 4,735.5 for hliah T/N smokers, 4.299.9 for meuium ond' 3.9191.1 for low; cor_eWvondinq~ numoars of luna cancer deaths were 310.4, Ad5.5', and 235.2, respectively. The diffarences between hioh and low W2xe atatisticallv siqnificant in, both c3ses.., Luno cancer mortalitv ratios oz to. T/N smokers were lower for women th3a for men (0.57 a.^.d' 0.43', rzsoectivelY, in Period' 1 and 0.62 and 0.719, resuactivaly.. in Period 2). GorrssponaiLa ticures for coronary heart disease (1616.d in hiua. 1483.3 in medius, an& 1392.7 in lov) also show a szacisticallv sianificant dilferencz bezti*zzn the hiqh and loy Qroups. In an: an3lvsis commarinc subiiects who smol:a4 adwY low T%`I ciqar2ttPS with those _ who smoked' f:wer hiah :/ti ciyarettes, the&e was a statistically siqnificaut dif=erence in coronary hiPart disease aeatos (670.& for sub!ects smokinQ 1- 11S uiah ciuarettzs and 713o.ti i'or those smw4ir.Q 20-39 low civiarettes). There was also a differe¢rce iz luulc: cancer deatja (75.6 ior those smoking 1-1'9 hici and 129.5' for tr.ose smokina 20-3'y lo:1 : for each of 4 ind!ividual sets of comnariscns (men and women in Periods 1 and 2), th e number of lung canc,tr deaths was lower iz those who sr-okea 1!-19 hivh than iu those snokimQ '_20-39 low. Ar.other analysis compared low i/N smokers with nonsmoKers: death - =~r~"~' ,.,ratas were far hiaher in the low T/N' ©zou~;~ than in the nonsmokinct. Qroup LTG aths vprp 4 3 3 099' 0 ectzvel rY °- lt tal d r s corona h t , . . , . C aa y ,, o e r~r mar disease oeazhs 1,674.3 and 1, Oiln.3, resaectively, ana, Iun(4 cancer deaths ,2158. 0 and 39.4,: respectivel'v). lt was conc.juided that a red'nction in the tar and nico±ine content of ciaalrettes did not maice ci(7a'rette smokinq "'"safe' I for the mea and women in this acalvsis, m.Li of whcm vera over the aQe or 40 in 1959. _

78!-1250 Ha.mmond, E. C. ; Garfinkel',, l. ; Seidman, PH. ;, Lew, S. 1. Some Hecent. Findings Concerning Cigarette Ssoking. pp. 107-T12;. 1977, In• Hiatt, Hi. H.; Hatson, J. D,- ; ainstea, J. a. (Editors) .©rig,ins of guman Cancer. B'ook A. Incidence of'Cancer in Humans, Cold Spring, Harbor Conferences.on Cell P'roL•'feration,. Yolume 4, New York, Cold Spring Harboa Laboratory, E'ng,lish. The preponderance ofl scientific evidence strongly suggests that the lower 0 studies have shown that material cond'ensed from cigarette smoke (tar), is -carcinpgenic when applied to~ animals. The known acute effects~ of nicotine . upon the heart and circulatory system suggest that the nicotine content of cigarette smoke is partly, if' not entirely, responsible for the fact that age specific death rates are higher among cigairette .mokers than among nonsmokers. The reduction in the tar and nicotine content of cigarette smoke did not make smoking safe for the men and women, in this analysis, all of whom were over the age of a'A pears. Cigarettes srith, reduced tar and nicotine were not introduced until the mid 195IO1's,. dlmost all of the male " cigarette smokers and the great majority of the female cigarette smokers in increase with degree of' exposure to c;'garette smoke. Sany experimental f~ `= effects. Death rates from lung cancer and cancer of' several other sites the tar and nicotine content of cigarette smoke the less harmful are the , pro ucing, cigarettes with ex.remely little tar and nicotine. some future health of those who make this youthful decision would be at least .-sooewhat reduced if high T/N cigarettes were removed from, the market- In this study began smoking cigarettes long b!efore. Therefore, the sub jects classified here as low tar/nicotine ('T/N) cigarette: were, with few _exceptions, persons who smoked high T/N or vediam T/N' cigarettes for many years and the3, switched to loti T/N cigarettes. It appears that by so doinq, they somewhat reduced the serious risks incurred by smoking. The switehinq from high T/N' to low T/N cigarettes was at least a small step in the right ` direction for those who continued to smoke cigarettes.. lfter all warnings, many thousands of young people take up the smoking habit. The threat to the the additI9es and the tar should be tested, for carcinogenicit9 before such vanutacturers ay use additives for flavor or for some other purpose. Both : `eigarettes are put on tae aarxet.

77'-u1223 Herson. J.: Simpson: C.: Kennedy, j.: K&poor, S. A Theoretical Aporoach to the Evaluation of the Corta.Lizv Effects of a""Lov. Tar" C:zirette. Journal of Claronic Diseases z94112' : 7v7-75a1, Deceaber 1976. Wuolish. Recer,t smof:ina and healza controversv hss centered around the likely the sale of effacts on human aoytslitY' of a federal UL.~i'cq sanetioniaq only low-tar cigarettes. At mresent, verv lit"a data atm available.to documenz the tiortalitv effects of vrolonqed smoi.iny of civarettas at various tar levals. cfiureovmr, ethical and Qracticmlity considiarations preclude the aossibilitv of a controlled clinical tria.L beirna verflormed' to estimate theseefrects. The obtectives or this vap".r are thus to davelov various matzc=aticaL mo&eis to: l1J Estimatc tnm variatiou in various measures of mo`r~3litv by daily saokine f'rzcuencY and civarette tar conzent. (2) Discuss ioplicdtions of the mortality results in taz=s of' public health volicv that Yoinld enicouiraQi3 the US'2 of Zoii!-L9L ciziaL.3Tt2s a;3'.3,/or eZco'uraQe smoiCers' to lo.:r daily sc,ot:ina Erevuency. The tYU ndA.aaeter Govrortz hazard function is aho:jn to fi•.. t1d©moaai"s 1ylo0 American C:oucc~r Socicty life• tables rhich demict survivorstrio of men aceci 25!-1'OG yaars for f ive lovels of smokinq frezuaacv. UsiaJ data on tar, levels oz cic,arettes on the market durinq the period' 13o0-65, various aodels are prooosad to esti'm3te the covariation, of . 'the .7oimrn-~%rtc vardm_t3rs bv smokina freuurucv and tar content. For each molai, ms tima*_ar3 life expectancv and aciE zgijeclfic death rates arp pr.esentvi" fnc_ various smo.:ina treruaBcy/ta'r croups' autd tha mortality coitseane,nces of al law tar and lou freauencv v!ublic hcalth uolicy are discussed. FlultiFle recression analYS'ss.is nsed to summarize tup mo**alitv findiaas and to croviae a auantitative assess,neut ot tne reiative imoortauce of tar content and srruklnq frzcvmmncy, in deteranini,nc lize exvectancy and death rate. E7ijaace froa the models favors a lov-tar, uoticw over a low freetrt:emcy mal=cv but coasi&er35le benef'its can be o6;.ained from a combined' volicY. (Auth. A os. M'od'. )

76-11Id1 Hill, P. Hicotiae: kn Etiological F.actor for Coronary Heart Liszase. pp. 313-319. 19761, In: Rynder', E. L. ; Hoffmann, D. ; Gori, G. 8. (c:iitors) . Modifyinq the Risk for the Smo;eer, Volume 1. Proceedings of the 3rd Horld Conferenca on S'moking and Health, New York, June 2-5, 1'975. Dfi?.;i ' Publication .bo. (NIH) 76-1221, EhNlish. Although the relationship of nicotine to, atherosclerosis is unclear, nicotine may be a major factor in sudden death and be responsib le f or the increase in CE'D in women. Concerning the need' to smoke, the environmental coadiLi,ons~ initiatiaq low or hig,h arousal situations may, control the nicotine intake in smokers and the ease of smoking; vithdlrawal. Thus the physiological andibiochzaical changes on smaking withdraval may qive leads on the nicotine "I'demand"' and its relation to, CHD6 Investiq~ation of the daily, patterns of nicotine intake~ an3'i changes in plasma nicotine, cotinine, catecholamines, cortisol and carboxyhemo4lobin (C©Hb) levels in smokers and ex-smokers, shoJed initia:l rapid increase in serum adrenaline on smoking which is not maintained, iiut a prolonged elevation of' cortisol, which was maintained throughout the day in a heavy smoker. These changes were - depenuent on the content and rate of intake of nicotine. 3:apid clearance of plasma nicotine occurres, but a, hiq,h plasma cotinine content was maintained from day to, day. Similarly, smokers maintained an elevated~ COHb throughout the day; a, level independent of' the nicotine content of the cigarettes smoked. One week after stopping smokinq, these biochemi:cal parameters are similar to those in nonsmokers. Since smoking withdrawal decreases the risk of CHU1, the effects ot nicotine and C'Ofib, vnich are indeflendent risk factors, appear to be reversible. Although less harmful cigarettes can be develooed only smoking VithdraVal will remove the hazard. (Auth. Abs, ) -79'-o5E@ Hoim-burger, F.; Gori, G. E.; Lynch, C, J. Socially Tolerable Ciq,arette Stoke? (Dettezs) . Jourr.al of the Aaerican nedical Association. ~~2v 1(Zm) : Z'142-21u3, "aY 1s, 1979. Frglish. 100'S052$17' ~This'letter eodments on a study by Gio H. Gori reported in the Wall Street. Journal Xovember 1, 1578,, p. 18' which Lef t the public with the i,pression that some cigarettes are relativelJ safe to! sLcke~ in limited quantity. Results of that study were based on, tar and nicotine values extrapoLa:ted II'rom pre-1960 cigarette smoke. This extrapolation would be justified' only if tfie eompcsiticn of the diliuted smoke remained basically the saae.. The complex naniFulaitioas necessary to obtain lower yields of the six substances studied bi Cori ar,d coworkers aay change the biologic activity of smoke or new sm~oke coc?.onents maY be introduced by addition of flavorings or adaitives not reculated in the United States. Only a, valid lf' c'scrisinate betv h d fl i ee n azar ous saoke. A bioassay of smoke ca previously Fubl'ishedi assay for seasuring the cancer causing potency of various cigarettes is advocated, In his reply, G', 8, Gori.emphasizes that todaY's cigarette pr'eceszina reduces known toxic constituents quantitatively. There is no evidence that the red'uction, of' these constituents is accompanied by an incre3se' in other suspected toxic constituents, Fu'rthezmiore, there is evi3'ence that toda7•s cigarettes produce less tumorigenic tars than Fre-19160 cigarettes, There is no evidence that present flavor addi'itives increase the toxicity of cigarette smoke. Gradual reduction in exFesure to tcxic coastituents remains the reasonable approach until. bi'oassar dat3, are availabl'e fro., onqoiaq buman studies.

76-1250 Kannel, i. B. ; Castelli, W. P. Siqniiicance of Nicotine, Carbon Monoxine and otaer Smoxe Comiponents in the Development of Cardiovascular Disease. pp. 369-381. 1976, Ia; iyndar, B. L.;, Eioifmaan, D.; Gori, G. g., - (zditors) . nodifying the Bisk for the Smoker, qolume 1. . Proceedings of' the 3rd .orld Conference on Saoking and Bealth, New York', 3.une 2-5, 1975. . D(iE'W Publication do. (.VId) 76-1221, Eaqlish. , There is now, ample evidence to show, that nicotine absorbed from inhaled tobacco has acure, transient effects on the circulation which could explain many of tne observed epidemioloqic faaturzs of tae relation of' cigarette. smokiagi to the d'evelopment of cardiovascular disease. Its actions are comparable with a transient, noncumulative and! reversible triqqerinq effect operative in persons with an already compromised coronary circulation. The hiyh carbioxyh,emoqlobin values qen3rated by cigarette- smokers. also fits this pat:.oa1enetic! conceptualization by causinq further impairment of oxyqen utilization; by isctanic tissues supplied' by critically narrowed' vessels and' catechol stimulated by nicotine. In addition, etfects of nicotine on, -piatelet adhesiveness and other clottinq factors could impair flow in the microvasculature or proaote thrombosis in, near occluded arteries. Evidence which incriminates ciqarettes in the process of atherogenesis is less substantial- and does not explain as well the epidemiological relatioashipss of the cigarette habit to the~occurrencz of cardiovascular disease., altaoulqh, it is quite likelq that severe exposure to carbon, monoxide _pzouotzs ath_rosclerosis in the heavy smoker, it is more. likely that the acute precipitatinq effects of' nicotine an& carbon monoxide are~ responsible for the excess risk in the cardiovascular disease-prome smoker. Giving up smoicinq has been shown to red'uce risk by about half so there is muchl to be qained by abolishinq the use of ciqalrettes or, in reducing their nicotine ana car5on, monozide content. (Auth. Abs.) ~.-.=7'9-1v13 K'och, A.; Roffmann, K',,; Siteck, W,; Horsch, A.; Hengen, 11,,; nberl, H', Einffluss von 2igarettenrauchinhalationi aluf Kreislauf- und' :-,S'toffrechselgrossen. [ Ef'fect of' Cigacette Saoke Inhalation on Circulatio,-, -,and netalbolism, ] Yerhandl'uagen, der Deutschen Gesellschaf t fur Innere redizia 84; 1397-1I400, 1976, G'erman. 10il 52 5 0 ~918. Biochemical and b1!ood circulation parameters were eas.uredl in. a g,roup of six healthy men, 20 to 30 years old before and after they smoked' txo 6.5 ca. lona cigarettes, each in 12 iin, Nicotine content of one saoked cigarette was either 1, 54 (hig,h-nicotine) or 0!.08 mg (""nicotine-f ree "') . A .""shamsmoking'" test was also d!one. The aeasuresents were made 1!, 10, 20, 45, and 120 aia after smoking. Pulse rate was directly proportional to thie nicotine variations in plasma after smoking either two high-nicotine or two "'"nicotine-free''' cigarettes, The spstolic Fressure increased considerably with the high-nicotine cigarettes and to a smaller extent with "'"nicotine- free" cigarette.s, The pulse wave velocity decreased significantl7, with high-nicoltine cigarettes. The blood flow through the calf increased slightly for a short time with hish-nicotinle cigarettes but retained unchanged with "'"nicotine-f'ree''' eigar'ettes, The acral flow decreased ;ignificantly with high-nicotine cigarettes and less so with: ""nicotine- '' ; f t Th 2' i ' ` ~ ree acta e c giarettes. e to ppruvaite ratio and blood sugar Iievel increased significantly and continuously with high-nicotine cigarettes, but onlr slightly with ""nicotine-free" c'igarettes.

7'6-1 2'66I M'aaaing, P. A. ; Feyerabend, C'. Cigarette Smoking and F'etal : 3reathinq !lovements, Obstetzical and Gynecoloqiical Survey 3'1 j10) : 7'1I6-71d', October' 1976. Enqlish. The present study investigated the factor in cigarette smok;e responsible for tae depression of fetal breathing. Ultrasound recordings were mad'e of' ' the fetal chest wall movement. Fetal breathing movements were measured before and after smoking two consecutive cigarettes in 19 vomen Vith normal pregnancies, 10 rrith Preeclampsia, 12 with diabetic pregnancies, and 6 vcmen who ultimately delivered small-ior-date babies. In the normal preqnancy group fetal brea.thing movements were present for 69.7 percent of the time before smoking. There was a significant reduction in the. proportion of time d:urinQ which fetal breathing movements were present within 5 minutes after the start of smoking. The reduction was progressive rea :hinq a nadir of 5!0 percent at 3'0 minutes. Plasma nicotine level rose from an initial value of .6' nq/ml to 15'.1' nq,/nl after, the second' ciqarette. There was a siqniticant correlation between the rise of pLasma nicotine 'i-i after simoking and the fall in the amount of fetal breathinq,. This correlation was also evident in, the diabetics and small-for-date preqinain:.ies.. T'hie preeclamptics showed no reductionl in fetal breathing moveaents. Correlations between fetal breatainq movements and' chalnqes in blood sugar or carbozyhemoqlobin levels were not observed. Hence, nicotine appeared to be the ractoz in cigarette smoke responsible tor the reduction, in the incidence of fetal breathing movements. 7'9-1v78 Rabinovitz, B'. ID.; T'horpi, 1t.: Huber, G„ L.; Abelnann, W, H. Acute i ".:-Sixteen healthy, sub jects, ages 18-351 rears,' were studied in the supine. .: HemocTnamic Eff''ects of Cigarette Simok,ing in Can Assessed by Systolic Time , Intervals and EchocardiograFhi. Circulaition 60 ('u) : 75Z-76'0, October 19719. ~--k':'aad after smoking a hi'gih-nicotine cigarette (2.5 mg nicotine) and a lov- :'f+?9''posi'tion by means of systolic time intervals and echocardiography before ;•~ nicotine cigarette (<0.02 mg nicotine) to assess and comFare the immediate effects upon left ventricular function. Smokers (a-12) and nonseckess (n=4) behaived alike. Righ- and low-nicotine cigarettes both caused significant i'ncreases in heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the triple product (systolic blood pressure x left ventricular ejection, (LVET) x heart rate) , prolonged LY'ET, and decreased the pre-eji,ection period ('PE'P). and FE'P/LV'E:. In add'ition, smoking a aicotine reference cig,arette increased the eehoeardiographicallr-derived' LV enid-diastolic volume by 7.5 percent and augmented ejection fraction by u percent, while significantly enhancing meaa normalized circumferential fiber shortening by 12.5' percent and mean . normalized posterior wall relocity by 91 percent. Smoking a tobacco - cigarette of ultra-Zow nicotine content resulted in comparable inczeases in ejection fraction and mean circumferential fiber shortening, albieit on the basis o-f a significant decrease in end-systolic volume without alteration in end-diastolic volume. These data suggest that s3oking, a high-nicotine cigarette Mhile in the supinie position acutely increases venous return and augments the principal determinants of myocardial oxygeni consumption. (i.e.,, heart rate, contractility, preload and afterload) and that cigarette smoke ma7 contain inotropic and chronotropic substances other than nicotine. (Auth. Abs.) 1005052819

6-068'.4 &awbone, 3. G. . Closing Volume. The Effects~ of' Acute Exaosure to Tobacco and Tobacco~ Substitute dixtures. (Su©olement y5) - 9'1-916, 1976. In: l Closiaa YoLume. Phvsiolomy, tilethodolovy, c,pideaiolo4v and Clinical Invastiaacioas. An International Svmposium fdeLd' in: od'ense October 20-21, 1975. Scandinavian Journal of' Respiratory Diseases Eaglishi. Tae ef'fects of tobacco cigarette smokina on oulmonary function vere. comioared to the eftects of ciaa~rettes containinq tobacco-substitute material. Twenty-nine male snbiects were aivided into 4 studv crouvs: nonsmokers, normal ciuarette smokers, (whose averaae consumption was greater than 20 middle tar cicarettes containing 17-22 mq tar, per day), substituta simo7cers A and substitute smokers B. Twenty-four hours before , Jarette smokers did exist.,y . attending the laboratory s!ubj~ects (,who~ were smokers) were given a supply of unmarked cigarettes to sAoke for the intervening neriod. Otaon arrival all subiects were aiven a pulmonary function test. The~ test groups ta11 sumiects except nonsmokers) were then asked to t''chain-smoute" five cigarettes followinc which the pul- monarv function test was reajainistered'. All cic:arettes were filter tipped and idl ntical in apoaaranca. Control cigarettes contained'1010 percent flue-cured tobacco while the test cigarettes contained one ot two substitute materials in a mixture of 4 0~ percent sub•szitute to 60 percent control tobacco. Both nitroQen and araon closing volumes were measured to indicate pulmonarY funntioa. The subiect coefficient of' vari3tion •ras nreat: u~c to 3© percent in zonsmakers~ and up to 50 Percent in smo,cers. For the nitroQen closing volume no sicnificant_ d.ifference existed between the 4 groups; hovever, for 'i3 arvon•test a sianificant difference between nonsmokers and the control 7,3-095'9. Russell, xilson, C'. , Cole, P. V., idle, !i. , Feyerabend', r Comparison of Increases in Calrboxy'hiaemoglobia After' Smoking "Extra.- Lancet 2(7831) : 687-694, Septem er , arettes ld" Ci - d "H " ' . ai g on an mild ~. ; ~ T~*nk1973',.. English. carbozyhemoglobin (COH'b) after smoJting, "extra-mild'' and "'nonmild" cig'arettes. The mean increase after smokingi a single nonmild cigarette A"c'ross-over, comparison was aade, in 22 smokers, of increases in , yas 1.45 percent for the standard-size brand (ten puffs) and 1.091percent ~' for the small-size brand (seven puffs) . The meanincrease after a, single extra-mild cigarette was 01.64 percent for the: standard and 0.75 percent for the small brand',. The low Co, absorption from the standard-size mild cigarette was less than half the amount absorbed~ from the similar-sized nonmild cigarette. . This low CO brand' also has a. low tar and nicotine yield. CoHb increases after smoking were g,reatere in tae women than in the men, and there was an inverse! relation betYeen C'D8b increase and hemoglobin level.. The health implications of variations in CO yield of cigarettes are probablp as iaportant as those of' differences in tar and nicotine yield; the C0lyield'f of cigarettes should thus be pubsished! together with tar and! nicotine yield. See Abstract 73-G9©7. ,(Auth. Abs.) 1-110050'52820