Tobacco Documents Online

.Name ' of Investigator (s ) John E. Hoakes, Senior Scientist, ,: , . .. . : Institution & Address: Post Office Box 317 Oak Ridge Associated Universities Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 . - .;-~.. . .. . . .... -..`.: Proposed Starting Uate: September 1, 1967 yr . . ,,. ' ~ .. . ~ ~ ~ . C . .. ,. ' ~'~ .. .. Short Title of Project: ':"Po-210. in Tobacco" Physical Facilities Available (Where Other ;"'Indicate Geographical Location) tate full-time uninterrupted use. In addition to the above enuinment. one pH •would be made of this instrument in the proposed tobacco research would necessi- c='...but teaching activities take priority. It is felt that 4he extensive use that ':'is available at the Special Training Division-for shorti-term,research projects. : metric d'etermination of Ra-226. Pb-210 and Po-210. This instrumentation • .'.A multichannel analyzer is needed for pulse height analysis in the radio- ~"l~s ~'~ ~~ ld h x b ~ t l t sui Se °~' ~ z ~ d n n ~rou ave to e n e arged and heat and light nhouse nstalle gr i the •-~- -

R: REDACTED MATERIAL Q 2,000 7-, 5ao Zt is understoo& that the anniicnnm ,, ,.a g a n ve read and found acceptable ~ i nstltutional offi'cers in applyiog for ~_o:jeca Di:ec-or ra ±'~'' t h the Council's State~ent of Policy Con- •,Signature~,~~ ~ YA?nfM~ C!nn.il+a....e _,_ _-_ ._ . Fxecutive Director

Current .~; .. **.Mechanisms of Radiation Injury Studies related to treatment of radiation'•injury. :. Title of Project Environmental Radiation Studies *Metals_ metabolism and medical radioisotope develop- '•: ment, Therapy with radiation., Radioisotopes in diagnosis) Biologically important radioisotopic ma,roeriais : NnsorpLion~ wnoie boay xetention ana Deposition in Specific Organs; NASA Study on. ~ : radiation effects~ Instrument development and ~= • : methodology * Research by Special Traintng Division ." .. . *)~Research by Aedical Division - while not'direetly '- related to the first phase of the proposedd projectj, : . later work in this project wi_ 11 involve the Medical ,''•: " Divis3.on. •.

R: REDACTED MATERIAL _.;_-M. S. - Texas A & M University - 1959 Ph. D. - Texas A & M Universit y - ~62 ' ... . -. . ..{~- ..,. - --. _:~:' .... --Professional :' American. Chemistry Honorary SiBr.a X! - .: ._ .. ._~;.... Experience: -1962-Present: -;-Sen_:or Scient3,st, 'Special Training Division, =-: Oak Ridge Associated Universities, sen ior _ = lecturer with research in. geochronology of ; msrine sed•iments. and, environ_*•:ental studies. .'.Assistant Professor (Research), Iastitute of ' Marine Science' University of Alaska; worx concerned with establishment of a marine -=`laboratory and research in clay minerology. it • Research Scientist II, Texas A & M U y; nivers =_.. responsible for. setting up and operatin; the carbon-24 dating laboratory using the liquid scintillation method. - -~ _.-_.. . _ .. . . _. _. . _ . . . ":; Rese arch Chem3.st, Texas A& M University; ~-IGY Progran, "Mahole" Investigation, and course instructor. Research and teaching assistant and work in '`deve].opment of an analytical method for boron eva7:uation in marine Wa.ters; =d investigation, •. of long chain unsaturated fatty acids. i955-six months Graduate Assistant at Syracuse University : ~.,._ . . = - ::Tndustrial Ecperience: - - _ 1959162 -9 Served as.a consultant for toxicity work applied to industrial application.. Research Chemist and:, JLnio_ Ri:ecutive position•, Cla:.k-Cleveland Company. Work in preduc-. devzl- opWeat in the field of plastics. Personsl contact with Battelle Ne~orial and Evans Research Centers with laboratory eval- -.uation of their subrsitted data. Soils Rngineering - New York S'Cate, Soil Anal,yst 1965-Pz~-616:.F-- Consu]tant - Picker Instrumeat Co:y-many

how Temperature Conversioa of Acetylene to PPare Benzcne #+248G'+ . "The Distribution of Boron aad. Boric Acid Cotaplexes in the Sea," Master Thesis, Texas A& M liniversity, 1559 :"Boron-Boric'Acid Complexes inSea 4Fater," presented at the Internationa2 11nio n of Geodesy and Geopqysics, Helsinssi, ': FinZand, 1960 and Noakes, J. E. and D W. Hood, Jour. of .Deep Sea Researcb, 8, 121-129, 1951. .. : . .. ...., .. • "Ci4/C~ Ratios of the Organic and Incr;anic Carbon Frac- ;:tion of' Waters of the Caribbean, and Gulf of A4exico," -: Final Report A & M) Project 235, N. S:', Grant-610232, :.:.. 15 February 1961. - • . "Benzene Synthesis Acids Cl4 'Dating," C"nemica7l and Zhgineeri, g Nesr , October 9, 19b1. ;"Carbon Dating by Liquid Scintil.ation," Noakes, J. E. and D. W. Hood, presented at the•Ouk Ridge Special Caurse, "Nuclesr ,L-thods as Applied to Oceanography, "' November, 1961. "'Conversion of Carbon Diox.ide to Beazene for Liquid Scfntil- :lation CcWUting," Noakes, J. E., A. S. Isbel.l, and D. W. Hood, ••'Trans.. Aaer. Geophys. Union, 42, No. 2, 226, 1961. "I7niv. of 2exas R_diocarbon Dates I, ° Stipp, J. J., E. M. Davis, J. E. Noases, and T. E. Hoover, Amer. Jour. of Sci. Radio- carboa, Skrppl. ~ 1962: "Natural Radiocarbon Measurements by Liquid Scintillation Counting," Dissertation, Texas A & M University, 1962. "Low Teap Benzene Synthesis for Carbon-14 Dating," Noakes, `= J.•E., A. F. Isbe11, J. J. Stiop and D. W. Hood., Geochemica - et Cosmochim.ica Acta, 2' No. 7) 797-804., 1963• "Texas A & M University Radiocarbon Dates I," Noakes, J. E., J. J. Stipp,.and D. W. xood, Amer. Jour. of Sci. Radio- carbon Sitppl., 6 189-193, 1964. "Geochronology- of the Gulf of h:.xico, Pa•.~-t I," Rona, E., L. K. Akers, J. E. Noakes, I. R. Supernaw, Prog*;ress in 0ceanography., Vol. 3, Perganon Press,, 1965.

"A Cherdca7. Studyy of an, j'L-,biEnt Tempcratu.re Catay,ytic Benzene Synthesis Used in Radioc=bon Datingy Nonlces, ; ,. J E M Kim G' Thd L K .., S..,. A.omas, a.n.. Al:ers , "' ; 'A "ORL~1S Publication 4,4b, Novemb er, 1964. "Cobaltt f.- Molybdate Catalysor Ambient ioient Ten;perat TMe S f~ F:thesis of Benzene for Liquid Scintillation Radiocarbon .` . Dati ng, " Noakes, J. E., S. M. Kim and L. K. Axers, ;; ti:' ORTwS-50,. s,prils 1965• "Chemieal and Counting.Advances in Liquid Scintillatyoa ;Counting," J. E. Noakes, S. M6 Kim and J. J. Stippi Pullman Conf June 711 1965 PtC erence --,:}aper presene 'and published in- proceedings. U.S.A.E.C. Ganf,-650652 "Electrodeposition of Actinides and L:antr.anides," .Kim,S, M.~ John E. ~it~alces, L. K. Akers, W. "v7. l~Llle_,. : ORIrISZi$, 15 1965 : - December.-. : aElectrodeposition IM--thoci- for Counting Alp: a. and Beta Eaitters," Kim, S. M:, J. E. Noakes, and W. rl. MilZer, Nucleonics, 24• #3, March, 1966, "Anoma.lies in the Th230fTh232 Activity Ratio in Some Mississippi River Sediments, Noakes, J. E„ and I. R. Supernaz•, (presented at AGU N-meting in April!J 1965. Jaarnal Geophysical Research- (in press) "Recent Improvements in Benzene Chemistry for Radio- _ carbon Dating," J.E. Noakes, S. M. Kim and• L. K. Akers; Peochiaica and Cosmochimica Acta (in press) .: . "Oek. Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies Radioearbon Dates'~ . I," Noakes, J. E.I S. M. Kim and L. K. Akers, Jour, Of ~;Sci Radiocarbon Suppl (i) ..n press "The Mass of a Neut"ron: A Student Exercise", H. E. Banta and J. E. Hoakes, American Journal of Physics (aecepuez for publication) "Uranium Content of G•,zlf of Mexico Sea Water", J. E. veakes, S M Kira and L K Ak Ptd A ....ers,resene at-aeri can Geophysica]. UnioL) Apr.il,:'19&7;.(to be ptiolished) • "A New i~'ethd' f Thi A' loororumnalysis from Marine Seci ent" , ,- S M J Ek P ~ .. Kim,.. Noaes,resented:,at Americ an Geophysical •Union, April, 1967 (to be published) ~

- APPLICATION FOR RE3?CH, G;Aw, Objectives of Pronosed Po-210 Toba.cco Re;,.curch ' The first phase of the proGram would be a Zeochcmicai study of the sources of'Po-210 which mig7ht be available to tobacco plzntc snd- :'the gross mechanism by which Po-210 could eutcr thc.plant system. : The second pha,e would be a medical study to deter:u:ne if and at what concentration levels Po-210 in biological systems could be 'conszdered to b e carcinoaenic. ' Specific Aims on a Yearly Basis "(a) Id'entification of parent radioactive source ;r.aterial .;.ost responsible for the occurrence of Po-210 in tobacco (~a-226, Rn-222~ Po-210). Mechanism by which Po-210 parent finds its way into ihe plant -.system;(air•-plant interface, soil-root intcr•~ace, eLc.)' c) 'r'.stablish conditions for decreasing Po-210 content in tobacco . plants grown in a natural environment (phosphate fertilizer, soil pH control, etc.). . ) Verify control!led;;ponditions for growin<; tobacco with ]:ow, and high coneentrati.ons of Po-210,for medical studies.. .), Bulk amounts of tobacco grown with high and ultra low Po-210 :: content under conditions established from ~first year stUdJ. ) Bulk tobacco of high and low Po-210 content analyzed for trace metal content, tars, nicotine, etc., to be used as standardized reference tobacco sources-for biological studies. c) Consultation and preliminary evali:ation or most suitable bio- logical specimens to be used in medical studies. I _Perfection of inethods.and equipment for introducing tobacco smoke into.biological specimens and analytical methods to be eMpioyad in the evaluation of results. (c and d= Gurrent tobacco research projects to be evaluated.) Third Year (a)- Medical studies of biological sp eci:nens' sub jected to hi ;h a:d low concentratio n of Po-2101 tobacco smo:ce. (b) Pathologica7: and: che:^ical ana ly$is to be carried out on suc- rificed. animals to determine ?o-210 content in various or,=ans any evid'ence of alteration in cell development. . .._.,.:

:Fourth Year - - - y;. ) Continuation of inec2ical investigation looking into spec„fic aspects of third year study which indicate:, further invclsti- :gation is warranted. ) 'slorkinr;, H-ypothesis of tobaceo-smoking individuals. The radiation dose rate in bronchial ;conttif P210fd ih cenra.on oo-'ounn te respirntory and pulmonary syste:rs ``•: Radfor.d and Hunt (Science 1964) were first,`to ~~i ~ ' publish the fi..a~n„ of ci!T ` d calculated to. be as high, as 200 RD1. This value far exceeds L'c,e m:x: m pituelium for long duration smokers (2 packs a day for 25 yearo) wa.: should be a prime suspect as a cancer forming agent. etc., of tobacco-snolcing people wr.icht has led to supposition tha-t it recent studies have reported Po-210 found in the liver, lzidneys, blood, important source for initiating bronchial cancer im smokers. '-:ore -was sufficient to .cause alteration in cell development and. could be :n Council for Radiation Protection (ICRP). They concluded that the dose dose of 1.1 n.:~til to an entire lung as recommended by the Intercatioaa.i.. organs, no mathematical model can,be constructively applied. biological half-life of Po-210, and its alpha rad i ationt damagc to various,', of the rather limited experimental and analytical data available for the =~=formulated mathematical models to substantiate their statement. Bccause Skrable (Science 1964) and others have taken c:ceepLiotm to th~:s work ,nc:, _:; 1-0.5 pc/g of tobacco. . °: iT. S. tobaccos rank among the highest in Po-210 content with values of tobacco obtained from all parts of the world show a wide variation. n en n r th Stdi b G(S6) e plant.uesyregory-cience 195 on the Po-210 co t t i the source and mechanism by which this radionuclide finds its way into The occurrence of Po-210 in tobacco has also raised the question as to interface. Atmospheric Rn-222 concentration is between,50-200 pc%u~ and resulting fron~the .assimilation of Rn-222 of gas at the piant-atu,osnaer e Berger (Science 1965) has attriliuted the Po-210 content of tobacco as . ... .. .. ... - .:--. ..-.. .'. . . .. . - ~ in tobacco occurs after.harvest and during the curing period. -"has concentrated on showing, that the major portion of the Po-220 uptake originates fron,the decay of Ra-226.in ground materials. Berger's wo=k ~ Tso (Science 1966) has attempted to• refute this work by showing. that a more plausible explanation for Po-210 in tobacco is in plant root uptake of Pb-210 from the soil. He demonstrated in his studies that tobacco plants subjected to high-concentrations of Ph-210 for a short growth period can contain Po-210 as high as 150 pc/g of tobacco.

Po-210 contcnt of tobacco has been of ON.U, sin_ff interest si;:cc t::a first reports appeared in tFie literature. Spceulo,tion• vras that o::e 1.-.source of Po-210 in tobaeco- could be the Florida phosphate rcci. used as a phosphorous source for essentially all fertilizers irn taa U:;itcd ::'States. _ ahis phosphate rock is rcported to contain o.01-0.05io u_a- niurr, and would be expected; to have in secul :r ec,uilibriun;, e ; wdio- active daug,hter Po-210: Ra.diometric analysis of the•,~,ajor constitucnts of co:;Tercial tobaeco fertilizers have revealed that Po-210 occarG in - thc phospnat~_o rock fraction in concentrations of 20-25 Pc1g• Ti:e ,ycarly-app.lication of high•phosphate fertilizer to American tob,,.cco growing soils may well be the prime reason for the high Po-210 found• :in U. S. tobaccos. rrirther :st.ucr'ie5 have been carried out at ORI:iJ to determine i= Po-210 free tobacco could be grown in a controlled enviror.rr,ent. Tobacco :.-pla.nts grown hydroponically in nutrient solution free of Po-210 or ,_~its precursors have been.found to contain Po-210 in concentrations of .<.01 pe/g of tol~acco. These studies and those of Tso, clearly show `.that Po-210 content in tobacco can be regulated to desired amounts ". under controlled experimental Concli.tions. These studies also• i_.dicate thai similar controlled experiments could be devised to dcte=:nine tYte °sour•ce and mechanism for uptake of Po-210 into tobacco plants. ::,: The ability to produce tobacco,with regulated amounts of Po-210 also ;;offers potential application to biological studies. Introduction of .controlled amounts of Po-210 in smoke to biological specimens wo•ald ;=facilitate quantitative evaluation of such parameters as Po-210 upt`:_e, body distribution and retention times. It would-also enable comparison f biological 'specimens possessing low and. high Po-210 content for carcinogenic- evaluation. :.;~:: .. . .. ~ ~ ~ Experimental AesiAn ...~ _ -- . - . _- . ~-The experimentali procedures proposed: for accomplishing the fir st year 's Y: ~;=~; ; goals set forth in sect~on 6 of this proposal can best be described as ~-_ ..... =~-~r _;~--e)e-sets-o Y--experiments trhich will be concurrently carried out. . Radioactive materials responsible for Po-210 in tobacco plants and. : gross mechanism of plant uptake. ~~ Pe`~groups of tobaceo plants will be greenhouse raised. One G--oi.p of plants willl be grown in quartz sand free of Po-210 or any parent radioactive material (photo 1). The second plant group w:_I11 be grown in typical virgin Tennessee tobacco soil. The thl'rd- group of plants will be grown in similar soil, but wi11 have p'r.osphate fcrti- lizer added' to them which eontains appreciable a.;.ounts of Po-210. :'. All plant groups will be nourished with nutrient solution, --ade with reagent grade chemicals free of any Po-210 or parent radioa.:tive material.

'A3,1 tobacco plants from the three eroup s,•ti 'l be harvesteci• at during time of growing and curing. The tobacco Po-210. content --uptake of parent Rn-222 at the atmospi.e-rc-plant inter nhase rtaturity. The. quartz sandgrownf:obacco plants should s:.ow. '-the lowest Pb-210 content of all toba.ccos. and reflec t only the ~.from atmospheric Rn-222 co:atributio7 during curing will be evaluated by preferential curing methods. :. • : . . - . :. of the Po-210 contribution- from Rn-222. add'dillflt thiltkdth R222titi •e w reece so upae an"en- conrouoa. The Po-2iQ,furniched by the soil can be calculated by sub:acti-on " Thc Po-210 content of tobacco plantsgrosnm soil with nutr:ent " soil and Rn-222 contribution will be known, the fertilizer Po-210 soil contribution and fertilizer eontribucion. Sin ce the Po-210 Ti;e Po-210 content of tobacco plants grot•m in soil tirit'rh p'_.ospc,ate ~ertilizcr added will be a composite value of 3n-222 uptake,, plus '.contribu4ion to the tobacco can be calculated. - tobacco plant at the time of harvest can be composite value of the It should be pointedi out. that the Po-210 soil contribution to t he : harvest and a'c later times will perr,d.t calculation of the decay o_ -direet non-supported Po-210 uptake from the soil und . parent -,row_ .. in. Ra-225y Pb-2]:•J and-Po-210 analysis of the nature tobacco at .the non-supported Po-210 and the grow in of zhe Po-210 parent con- tribution. These analyses will also enable identification of the ` sponsible for the •Fo-210 content in aged.smoking tobaccos. : ' Po-210,parent which is entering the plant-root system and soley re- e greenhouse conditions. Each plant will receive a known arwun: of .= .Three groups of tobacco plants will be grown in Tennessee soil ur.der Conditions .or decreasing Po-210 content in soil grown tooacco plu,nts: radioactive Po-210,in equilibrium with its daughter Po-210 and •- 7nutrient solution of controlLed pH. • . . ...,. _... : „ _. ,.. _.. .._ _ .. ... .. _ . _- _.... _. . . i: . ~' ~ ~ • "-=- . The third group will have nutrient solution of pfl7 with added s•1faze pH5. The second group will be raised with nutrient solution- of ph?. The first group of plants will be raised t•rith, nutrient solution of ions should' indicate the degree of fo.=atiorn of insoluole Pb-210 the third group under pH7 soil conditions ;-~ith excecs av'ailci~le s~;lfate uptake under acid soil conditions which shouid reflect leas ten;iency of the soil to hold the available Pb-210 and Pb-210. The second plant grouD • will represent uptake of t o-23A and Po-210 from the added radioactive spike and the norr.•,al soil contribution. Plants grova in Plants will be grown to r•,aturity. and araly Led at harvest time for Fo-210 and Po-210- content. The first group of plants will represent ions. sulfate as compared to available Po-2l0 for plant uptake. ~,

The presence of high concentrations of sulphate ions in co,=ner•cial , ----fertilizers.is due to the sulfuric acid treatment of phosphate ~ tion of insoluble PoS01+ in soil at raised.pl'i should therefore be - rock during fertilizer manufacturing, The possibility of the forma- considered: , _~ Soi1 pH is known to be a prime factor in affecting plant trace metal 'uptake. If the tobacco uptake of Pb-210 and Po-210 is found to be : altered by so11 pH, it may be one explanation for'the wide variations It may also reveal advantages to be gained by incorporation of addi- --tives to fertilizer or soils to better control soil pH. -.• -In Po-210 content found in tobaccos growain all parts of the world. 111. rp-'~1:u anaa ro-eIU todaceo uptatie stuaies to estaelisri conditions x•or growing tobaccos of high Po-2].0 content. the third group 100x,. where x = p curie levels. - administered to the first group i-rill be lx, the second group.lOx and Pb-210 in equilibrium with .its dau;;hter. Po-210. Radioactivity greenhouse conditions. All plants will be fed nutrient solution • for their entire growth period. i,2.ch group of plants, early in its development izill be subjected to a designated amount of radioactive Three groups of tobacco•pl.antts will be grown in quarta sand under A11 tobacco plants will be raised to maturity and analyzed at time of harvest for Fb-210 and Pb-220 content. These results.will establish studies. - growino tobacco of desired Po-210 content to be used in the medical and Po-210, will be used to,establish predictable conditions for A plot of the Po-210 tobacco, uptake with regard'to available Pti-210 Low level Po-210, tobacco data will be supplied from seri es I experiments. the upper levels of Po-210t content which can be obtained in tobacco. ' AHALYTIGr'1L METHODS . Tobacco trace metals., tar and nicotine content Tobacco grown under experimental conditions (photo 2) will be analyzed for trace metals,, tar and nicotine content. Similar analyses of comercial tobaccos will be conducted for co:ipara- tive pruposes. Trace metal analysis will be carr:ted oult using non-d:iestructive slow~ and-fast.nautron ac tivation analysis. The tar and nicotine analyses will be conducted by various methods. 0

Sink with hot and; cold runnirgwate-r 'Distilied'water Bench top, 3'xl0' . . . Fume hood with elec- -~;trical outlets and water ., . 'StoraJe cabinets . " and shelves _ "" . Desk ...i..i: . . ' Greenhouse. aAproximatelv, : :108 square feet .-=Liquid Scintillation .,,Counter, prop. 78798 . '-Ton,Chamber prop`. -ihl49- facilit y --

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