Tobacco Documents Online

.Name ' of Investigator (s ) John E. Hoakes, Senior Scientist, ,: , . .. . : Institution & Address: Post Office Box 317 Oak Ridge Associated Universities Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 . - .;-~.. . .. . . .... -..`.: Proposed Starting Uate: September 1, 1967 yr . . ,,. ' ~ .. . ~ ~ ~ . C . .. ,. ' ~'~ .. .. Short Title of Project: ':"Po-210. in Tobacco" Physical Facilities Available (Where Other ;"'Indicate Geographical Location) tate full-time uninterrupted use. In addition to the above enuinment. one pH •would be made of this instrument in the proposed tobacco research would necessi- c='...but teaching activities take priority. It is felt that 4he extensive use that ':'is available at the Special Training Division-for shorti-term,research projects. : metric d'etermination of Ra-226. Pb-210 and Po-210. This instrumentation • .'.A multichannel analyzer is needed for pulse height analysis in the radio- ~"l~s ~'~ ~~ ld h x b ~ t l t sui Se °~' ~ z ~ d n n ~rou ave to e n e arged and heat and light nhouse nstalle gr i the •-~- -

R: REDACTED MATERIAL Q 2,000 7-, 5ao Zt is understoo& that the anniicnnm ,, ,.a g a n ve read and found acceptable ~ i nstltutional offi'cers in applyiog for ~_o:jeca Di:ec-or ra ±'~'' t h the Council's State~ent of Policy Con- •,Signature~,~~ ~ YA?nfM~ C!nn.il+a....e _,_ _-_ ._ . Fxecutive Director

Current .~; .. **.Mechanisms of Radiation Injury Studies related to treatment of radiation'•injury. :. Title of Project Environmental Radiation Studies *Metals_ metabolism and medical radioisotope develop- '•: ment, Therapy with radiation., Radioisotopes in diagnosis) Biologically important radioisotopic ma,roeriais : NnsorpLion~ wnoie boay xetention ana Deposition in Specific Organs; NASA Study on. ~ : radiation effects~ Instrument development and ~= • : methodology * Research by Special Traintng Division ." .. . *)~Research by Aedical Division - while not'direetly '- related to the first phase of the proposedd projectj, : . later work in this project wi_ 11 involve the Medical ,''•: " Divis3.on. •.

R: REDACTED MATERIAL _.;_-M. S. - Texas A & M University - 1959 Ph. D. - Texas A & M Universit y - ~62 ' ... . -. . ..{~- ..,. - --. _:~:' .... --Professional :' American. Chemistry Honorary SiBr.a X! - .: ._ .. ._~;.... Experience: -1962-Present: -;-Sen_:or Scient3,st, 'Special Training Division, =-: Oak Ridge Associated Universities, sen ior _ = lecturer with research in. geochronology of ; msrine sed•iments. and, environ_*•:ental studies. .'.Assistant Professor (Research), Iastitute of ' Marine Science' University of Alaska; worx concerned with establishment of a marine -=`laboratory and research in clay minerology. it • Research Scientist II, Texas A & M U y; nivers =_.. responsible for. setting up and operatin; the carbon-24 dating laboratory using the liquid scintillation method. - -~ _.-_.. . _ .. . . _. _. . _ . . . ":; Rese arch Chem3.st, Texas A& M University; ~-IGY Progran, "Mahole" Investigation, and course instructor. Research and teaching assistant and work in '`deve].opment of an analytical method for boron eva7:uation in marine Wa.ters; =d investigation, •. of long chain unsaturated fatty acids. i955-six months Graduate Assistant at Syracuse University : ~.,._ . . = - ::Tndustrial Ecperience: - - _ 1959162 -9 Served as.a consultant for toxicity work applied to industrial application.. Research Chemist and:, JLnio_ Ri:ecutive position•, Cla:.k-Cleveland Company. Work in preduc-. devzl- opWeat in the field of plastics. Personsl contact with Battelle Ne~orial and Evans Research Centers with laboratory eval- -.uation of their subrsitted data. Soils Rngineering - New York S'Cate, Soil Anal,yst 1965-Pz~-616:.F-- Consu]tant - Picker Instrumeat Co:y-many

how Temperature Conversioa of Acetylene to PPare Benzcne #+248G'+ . "The Distribution of Boron aad. Boric Acid Cotaplexes in the Sea," Master Thesis, Texas A& M liniversity, 1559 :"Boron-Boric'Acid Complexes inSea 4Fater," presented at the Internationa2 11nio n of Geodesy and Geopqysics, Helsinssi, ': FinZand, 1960 and Noakes, J. E. and D W. Hood, Jour. of .Deep Sea Researcb, 8, 121-129, 1951. .. : . .. ...., .. • "Ci4/C~ Ratios of the Organic and Incr;anic Carbon Frac- ;:tion of' Waters of the Caribbean, and Gulf of A4exico," -: Final Report A & M) Project 235, N. S:', Grant-610232, :.:.. 15 February 1961. - • . "Benzene Synthesis Acids Cl4 'Dating," C"nemica7l and Zhgineeri, g Nesr , October 9, 19b1. ;"Carbon Dating by Liquid Scintil.ation," Noakes, J. E. and D. W. Hood, presented at the•Ouk Ridge Special Caurse, "Nuclesr ,L-thods as Applied to Oceanography, "' November, 1961. "'Conversion of Carbon Diox.ide to Beazene for Liquid Scfntil- :lation CcWUting," Noakes, J. E., A. S. Isbel.l, and D. W. Hood, ••'Trans.. Aaer. Geophys. Union, 42, No. 2, 226, 1961. "I7niv. of 2exas R_diocarbon Dates I, ° Stipp, J. J., E. M. Davis, J. E. Noases, and T. E. Hoover, Amer. Jour. of Sci. Radio- carboa, Skrppl. ~ 1962: "Natural Radiocarbon Measurements by Liquid Scintillation Counting," Dissertation, Texas A & M University, 1962. "Low Teap Benzene Synthesis for Carbon-14 Dating," Noakes, `= J.•E., A. F. Isbe11, J. J. Stiop and D. W. Hood., Geochemica - et Cosmochim.ica Acta, 2' No. 7) 797-804., 1963• "Texas A & M University Radiocarbon Dates I," Noakes, J. E., J. J. Stipp,.and D. W. xood, Amer. Jour. of Sci. Radio- carbon Sitppl., 6 189-193, 1964. "Geochronology- of the Gulf of h:.xico, Pa•.~-t I," Rona, E., L. K. Akers, J. E. Noakes, I. R. Supernaw, Prog*;ress in 0ceanography., Vol. 3, Perganon Press,, 1965.

"A Cherdca7. Studyy of an, j'L-,biEnt Tempcratu.re Catay,ytic Benzene Synthesis Used in Radioc=bon Datingy Nonlces, ; ,. J E M Kim G' Thd L K .., S..,. A.omas, a.n.. Al:ers , "' ; 'A "ORL~1S Publication 4,4b, Novemb er, 1964. "Cobaltt f.- Molybdate Catalysor Ambient ioient Ten;perat TMe S f~ F:thesis of Benzene for Liquid Scintillation Radiocarbon .` . Dati ng, " Noakes, J. E., S. M. Kim and L. K. Axers, ;; ti:' ORTwS-50,. s,prils 1965• "Chemieal and Counting.Advances in Liquid Scintillatyoa ;Counting," J. E. Noakes, S. M6 Kim and J. J. Stippi Pullman Conf June 711 1965 PtC erence --,:}aper presene 'and published in- proceedings. U.S.A.E.C. Ganf,-650652 "Electrodeposition of Actinides and L:antr.anides," .Kim,S, M.~ John E. ~it~alces, L. K. Akers, W. "v7. l~Llle_,. : ORIrISZi$, 15 1965 : - December.-. : aElectrodeposition IM--thoci- for Counting Alp: a. and Beta Eaitters," Kim, S. M:, J. E. Noakes, and W. rl. MilZer, Nucleonics, 24• #3, March, 1966, "Anoma.lies in the Th230fTh232 Activity Ratio in Some Mississippi River Sediments, Noakes, J. E„ and I. R. Supernaz•, (presented at AGU N-meting in April!J 1965. Jaarnal Geophysical Research- (in press) "Recent Improvements in Benzene Chemistry for Radio- _ carbon Dating," J.E. Noakes, S. M. Kim and• L. K. Akers; Peochiaica and Cosmochimica Acta (in press) .: . "Oek. Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies Radioearbon Dates'~ . I," Noakes, J. E.I S. M. Kim and L. K. Akers, Jour, Of ~;Sci Radiocarbon Suppl (i) ..n press "The Mass of a Neut"ron: A Student Exercise", H. E. Banta and J. E. Hoakes, American Journal of Physics (aecepuez for publication) "Uranium Content of G•,zlf of Mexico Sea Water", J. E. veakes, S M Kira and L K Ak Ptd A ....ers,resene at-aeri can Geophysica]. UnioL) Apr.il,:'19&7;.(to be ptiolished) • "A New i~'ethd' f Thi A' loororumnalysis from Marine Seci ent" , ,- S M J Ek P ~ .. Kim,.. Noaes,resented:,at Americ an Geophysical •Union, April, 1967 (to be published) ~

- APPLICATION FOR RE3?CH, G;Aw, Objectives of Pronosed Po-210 Toba.cco Re;,.curch ' The first phase of the proGram would be a Zeochcmicai study of the sources of'Po-210 which mig7ht be available to tobacco plzntc snd- :'the gross mechanism by which Po-210 could eutcr thc.plant system. : The second pha,e would be a medical study to deter:u:ne if and at what concentration levels Po-210 in biological systems could be 'conszdered to b e carcinoaenic. ' Specific Aims on a Yearly Basis "(a) Id'entification of parent radioactive source ;r.aterial .;.ost responsible for the occurrence of Po-210 in tobacco (~a-226, Rn-222~ Po-210). Mechanism by which Po-210 parent finds its way into ihe plant -.system;(air•-plant interface, soil-root intcr•~ace, eLc.)' c) 'r'.stablish conditions for decreasing Po-210 content in tobacco . plants grown in a natural environment (phosphate fertilizer, soil pH control, etc.). . ) Verify control!led;;ponditions for growin<; tobacco with ]:ow, and high coneentrati.ons of Po-210,for medical studies.. .), Bulk amounts of tobacco grown with high and ultra low Po-210 :: content under conditions established from ~first year stUdJ. ) Bulk tobacco of high and low Po-210 content analyzed for trace metal content, tars, nicotine, etc., to be used as standardized reference tobacco sources-for biological studies. c) Consultation and preliminary evali:ation or most suitable bio- logical specimens to be used in medical studies. I _Perfection of inethods.and equipment for introducing tobacco smoke into.biological specimens and analytical methods to be eMpioyad in the evaluation of results. (c and d= Gurrent tobacco research projects to be evaluated.) Third Year (a)- Medical studies of biological sp eci:nens' sub jected to hi ;h a:d low concentratio n of Po-2101 tobacco smo:ce. (b) Pathologica7: and: che:^ical ana ly$is to be carried out on suc- rificed. animals to determine ?o-210 content in various or,=ans any evid'ence of alteration in cell development. . .._.,.:

:Fourth Year - - - y;. ) Continuation of inec2ical investigation looking into spec„fic aspects of third year study which indicate:, further invclsti- :gation is warranted. ) 'slorkinr;, H-ypothesis of tobaceo-smoking individuals. The radiation dose rate in bronchial ;conttif P210fd ih cenra.on oo-'ounn te respirntory and pulmonary syste:rs ``•: Radfor.d and Hunt (Science 1964) were first,`to ~~i ~ ' publish the fi..a~n„ of ci!T ` d calculated to. be as high, as 200 RD1. This value far exceeds L'c,e m:x: m pituelium for long duration smokers (2 packs a day for 25 yearo) wa.: should be a prime suspect as a cancer forming agent. etc., of tobacco-snolcing people wr.icht has led to supposition tha-t it recent studies have reported Po-210 found in the liver, lzidneys, blood, important source for initiating bronchial cancer im smokers. '-:ore -was sufficient to .cause alteration in cell development and. could be :n Council for Radiation Protection (ICRP). They concluded that the dose dose of 1.1 n.:~til to an entire lung as recommended by the Intercatioaa.i.. organs, no mathematical model can,be constructively applied. biological half-life of Po-210, and its alpha rad i ationt damagc to various,', of the rather limited experimental and analytical data available for the =~=formulated mathematical models to substantiate their statement. Bccause Skrable (Science 1964) and others have taken c:ceepLiotm to th~:s work ,nc:, _:; 1-0.5 pc/g of tobacco. . °: iT. S. tobaccos rank among the highest in Po-210 content with values of tobacco obtained from all parts of the world show a wide variation. n en n r th Stdi b G(S6) e plant.uesyregory-cience 195 on the Po-210 co t t i the source and mechanism by which this radionuclide finds its way into The occurrence of Po-210 in tobacco has also raised the question as to interface. Atmospheric Rn-222 concentration is between,50-200 pc%u~ and resulting fron~the .assimilation of Rn-222 of gas at the piant-atu,osnaer e Berger (Science 1965) has attriliuted the Po-210 content of tobacco as . ... .. .. ... - .:--. ..-.. .'. . . .. . - ~ in tobacco occurs after.harvest and during the curing period. -"has concentrated on showing, that the major portion of the Po-220 uptake originates fron,the decay of Ra-226.in ground materials. Berger's wo=k ~ Tso (Science 1966) has attempted to• refute this work by showing. that a more plausible explanation for Po-210 in tobacco is in plant root uptake of Pb-210 from the soil. He demonstrated in his studies that tobacco plants subjected to high-concentrations of Ph-210 for a short growth period can contain Po-210 as high as 150 pc/g of tobacco.

Po-210 contcnt of tobacco has been of ON.U, sin_ff interest si;:cc t::a first reports appeared in tFie literature. Spceulo,tion• vras that o::e 1.-.source of Po-210 in tobaeco- could be the Florida phosphate rcci. used as a phosphorous source for essentially all fertilizers irn taa U:;itcd ::'States. _ ahis phosphate rock is rcported to contain o.01-0.05io u_a- niurr, and would be expected; to have in secul :r ec,uilibriun;, e ; wdio- active daug,hter Po-210: Ra.diometric analysis of the•,~,ajor constitucnts of co:;Tercial tobaeco fertilizers have revealed that Po-210 occarG in - thc phospnat~_o rock fraction in concentrations of 20-25 Pc1g• Ti:e ,ycarly-app.lication of high•phosphate fertilizer to American tob,,.cco growing soils may well be the prime reason for the high Po-210 found• :in U. S. tobaccos. rrirther :st.ucr'ie5 have been carried out at ORI:iJ to determine i= Po-210 free tobacco could be grown in a controlled enviror.rr,ent. Tobacco :.-pla.nts grown hydroponically in nutrient solution free of Po-210 or ,_~its precursors have been.found to contain Po-210 in concentrations of .<.01 pe/g of tol~acco. These studies and those of Tso, clearly show `.that Po-210 content in tobacco can be regulated to desired amounts ". under controlled experimental Concli.tions. These studies also• i_.dicate thai similar controlled experiments could be devised to dcte=:nine tYte °sour•ce and mechanism for uptake of Po-210 into tobacco plants. ::,: The ability to produce tobacco,with regulated amounts of Po-210 also ;;offers potential application to biological studies. Introduction of .controlled amounts of Po-210 in smoke to biological specimens wo•ald ;=facilitate quantitative evaluation of such parameters as Po-210 upt`:_e, body distribution and retention times. It would-also enable comparison f biological 'specimens possessing low and. high Po-210 content for carcinogenic- evaluation. :.;~:: .. . .. ~ ~ ~ Experimental AesiAn ...~ _ -- . - . _- . ~-The experimentali procedures proposed: for accomplishing the fir st year 's Y: ~;=~; ; goals set forth in sect~on 6 of this proposal can best be described as ~-_ ..... =~-~r _;~--e)e-sets-o Y--experiments trhich will be concurrently carried out. . Radioactive materials responsible for Po-210 in tobacco plants and. : gross mechanism of plant uptake. ~~ Pe`~groups of tobaceo plants will be greenhouse raised. One G--oi.p of plants willl be grown in quartz sand free of Po-210 or any parent radioactive material (photo 1). The second plant group w:_I11 be grown in typical virgin Tennessee tobacco soil. The thl'rd- group of plants will be grown in similar soil, but wi11 have p'r.osphate fcrti- lizer added' to them which eontains appreciable a.;.ounts of Po-210. :'. All plant groups will be nourished with nutrient solution, --ade with reagent grade chemicals free of any Po-210 or parent radioa.:tive material.

'A3,1 tobacco plants from the three eroup s,•ti 'l be harvesteci• at during time of growing and curing. The tobacco Po-210. content --uptake of parent Rn-222 at the atmospi.e-rc-plant inter nhase rtaturity. The. quartz sandgrownf:obacco plants should s:.ow. '-the lowest Pb-210 content of all toba.ccos. and reflec t only the ~.from atmospheric Rn-222 co:atributio7 during curing will be evaluated by preferential curing methods. :. • : . . - . :. of the Po-210 contribution- from Rn-222. add'dillflt thiltkdth R222titi •e w reece so upae an"en- conrouoa. The Po-2iQ,furniched by the soil can be calculated by sub:acti-on " Thc Po-210 content of tobacco plantsgrosnm soil with nutr:ent " soil and Rn-222 contribution will be known, the fertilizer Po-210 soil contribution and fertilizer eontribucion. Sin ce the Po-210 Ti;e Po-210 content of tobacco plants grot•m in soil tirit'rh p'_.ospc,ate ~ertilizcr added will be a composite value of 3n-222 uptake,, plus '.contribu4ion to the tobacco can be calculated. - tobacco plant at the time of harvest can be composite value of the It should be pointedi out. that the Po-210 soil contribution to t he : harvest and a'c later times will perr,d.t calculation of the decay o_ -direet non-supported Po-210 uptake from the soil und . parent -,row_ .. in. Ra-225y Pb-2]:•J and-Po-210 analysis of the nature tobacco at .the non-supported Po-210 and the grow in of zhe Po-210 parent con- tribution. These analyses will also enable identification of the ` sponsible for the •Fo-210 content in aged.smoking tobaccos. : ' Po-210,parent which is entering the plant-root system and soley re- e greenhouse conditions. Each plant will receive a known arwun: of .= .Three groups of tobacco plants will be grown in Tennessee soil ur.der Conditions .or decreasing Po-210 content in soil grown tooacco plu,nts: radioactive Po-210,in equilibrium with its daughter Po-210 and •- 7nutrient solution of controlLed pH. • . . ...,. _... : „ _. ,.. _.. .._ _ .. ... .. _ . _- _.... _. . . i: . ~' ~ ~ • "-=- . The third group will have nutrient solution of pfl7 with added s•1faze pH5. The second group will be raised with nutrient solution- of ph?. The first group of plants will be raised t•rith, nutrient solution of ions should' indicate the degree of fo.=atiorn of insoluole Pb-210 the third group under pH7 soil conditions ;-~ith excecs av'ailci~le s~;lfate uptake under acid soil conditions which shouid reflect leas ten;iency of the soil to hold the available Pb-210 and Pb-210. The second plant grouD • will represent uptake of t o-23A and Po-210 from the added radioactive spike and the norr.•,al soil contribution. Plants grova in Plants will be grown to r•,aturity. and araly Led at harvest time for Fo-210 and Po-210- content. The first group of plants will represent ions. sulfate as compared to available Po-2l0 for plant uptake. ~,