Tobacco Documents Online

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,_WQKING BEHAVIOR: MOTIVES AND INCENTIVES EDITOR: WI LLIAM L. DUNN, JR. A highly distinguished group of behavioral scientists addresses itself to the issue that, despite a decade of dissuasion, 35%'0 of the American adults continue to seek the gratificationi of smoking. Most tend to agree. that a pharmaco- logical effect, probably mediated by nicotine, is sought under conditions that have an emotional meaning to the smoker. It is assumed! that the emotional state is modulated or altered in some positive manner and evidence is provided to support this hypothesis. The authors attempt to delineate the underlying mechanisms and processes and offer, new and! intriguing ideas to explain why people smoke. contents: Hans Selye Some Introductory Remarks Edward F. Domino Neuropsychopharmacolbgy of Nicotine and Tobacco Smoking Murray E. Jarvik Further Observations on Nicotine as the Reinforcing!Agent in Smoking Walter B. Essman Nicotine-Related Neurochemical Changes: Some Implications for Motivational Mechanisms and Differences Barbara B. Brown Additionall Characteristic EEG Differences Be- tweeniSmokers and Nonsmokers A. K. Armitage ~ Some Recent Observations Relating to the ~ Absorption of, Nicotine from Tobacco Smoke. ~ William L. Dunn, Jr. Experimental Methods and Conceptual Models as Applied to the Study of Motivation in Cigarette Smoking W ~ ~ (continued on inside back flap) '/+

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SMOKING BEHAVIOR: MvTIVES AND'INCENTIVES EDITED BY WILLIAM L. DUNN, JR. W V. H. WINSTON', & SONS 1973 Washington, D.C. DISTRIBUTED BY THE HALSTED PRESS DIVISION OF JOHN WILEY & SONS New York Toronto London Sydney ,n'~. '=-- Fj

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SMOKING BEH~AVIOR: MOTIVES AND INCENTIVES

Copyright © 1973, by V. H. Winston & Sons„lne. All rights reserved. No part of this book may, be reproduced in any form, by photostat„ microform, retrievalisystem, or any other means;,without the prior written permission of the publisher. V. H. Winston & Sons, Inc., Publishers 1511 K St. N!W.,,Washington~,D.C. 20005 Distributed solely by Halsted Press Division, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,, New York. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Dunn, William L. Smoking behavior. Includes bibliographies. 1. Smoking-Psychological aspects. 1. Title. [DNLM: 11. Behavior. 2. Nicotine-Poisoning. 3. Smoking. QV 137 D923s 1913] BF789:S6D85 615:7872-13271i ISBN 0-470-22746•X Printed in the United States of Amerioa Data:

CONTENTS ,. a Preface xi 1 SOME INTRODUCTORY REMARKS, Hans Selye.... ......... I 2 NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY OF NICOTINE AND TOBACCO SMOKING, Edward F. Domino .............. ............ . . 5 Introduction 5 Behavioral Effects in Animals 9 Neurological~ Effects in Animals 14 Effects of Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine on the Patellar Reflex of Man 20 Conclusions 29 References 29 3 FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON NICOTINE AS THE REINFORCING AGENT IN SMOKING, Murray E: Jarvik .... ............... Summary Statement 45 References 49 . 33 4 NICOTINE-RELATED NEUROCHEMICAL CHANGES: SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR MOTIVATIONAL MECHANISMS AND DIFFERENCES,Walter B. Essman. : ... 51 Brain Indoleamine Changes 52 Cellular Specificity of Nicotine-related CentrallEffects 55 Nicotine-I nduced'Centrall Cholinergic Effects 56 Differential Housing: Neurochemical Status and Nicotine Uptake 57 Cholinergic Effects of Differential Housing and Nicotine 58 Cerebral Protein Synthesis: The Interactive Effects of Nicotine and Differential Housing 60 V ..::.:..~. -~-

vi CONTENTS ADDITIONAL CHARACTERISTIC EEG DIFFERENCES BETVIIEEN SMOKERS AND NONSMOKERS, Barbara B. Brown .................................... 67 Introduction 67 Method 68 Results 70 Discussion 72 References 78 6 SOME RECENT OBSERVATIONS RELATING TO THE ABSORPTIONIOF NICOTINE FROM TOBACCO SMOKE, A.K.Armitage ...... .................................. 83 A Comparison of the Effects of Nicotine Inhaled in the Form of Tobacco Smoke With the Effects When it is Injected Directly into the Bloodstream 83 Effects on the Brain of Small Multiple Intravenous Injections of Nicotine 85 Effects of'pH on Nicotine Absorption from the Mouth, 85 ' References 90 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND CONCEPTUAL MODELS AS APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF MOTIVATION IN _ CIGARETTE SMOKI NG, William L. Dunn, Jr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . 93 Introduction 93 On Methods 93 On Models 102 Summary 107 References 108 8 PERSONALITY AND THE MAINTENANCE OF THE SMOKING HABIT, H. J. Eysenck ................................. 113 Results 131 References 142 9 NESB1TT'S PARADOX, Stanley Schachter .................... 147 References 155 10 THE RELATIONSHIP OF SMOKING AND HABITS OF NERVOUS TENSI ON, Caroline Bedell Thomas .......................... 157 Summary 169 References 169 11 EFFECTS OF NICOTINE ON AVOIDANCE, CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION AND AGGRESSION RESPONSE MEASURES IN ANIMALS AND MAN, Ronald R. Hu tchinson and Grace S. Emley ................... 171 Introduction 171

CONTENTS vii An Explanation of Methods 171 Results 177 Discussion 192 References 195 . I 12 THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON MOOD CHANGE, Norman W. Heimstra.................................... 197 General Methods 198 Results 199 Discussion 205 References 207 13 GENERAL COMMENTS ON PROBLEMS OF MOTIVATION RELEVANT TO SMOKING, Neal E. Miller ............... .... 209 Needs Versus Drives 209 Delay Weakens Reinforcement 210 Three Mechanisms Motivating Self-Administration 210 Why Are Animals Less Strongly Motivated Than People? 211 Test for Joyfullas Well as Stressful Arousal 212 Muscar~inic Versus Nicotinic Coding inithe Brain? 213 References 213 14 5 SOME COMMONALITIES AMONG THE PRECEDING REPORTS OF STUDIES ON1THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SMOKING, Joseph D. Matarazzo ................................... References 218 SMOKING ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES IN SEVEN PRELITERATE SOCI ETI ES, Albert Damon .............................. Subjects and'Methods 220 215 219 Results 220 D iscussion 229 Conclusion and Summary 230 References 230 16 COLD TURKEYIN GREENFIELD, IOWA: P S DY, FrancisJ: Ryan ...................... 231 A Procedures 23 ~ Results 233 C Some Final Comments 240 ~ References 241 Go 17 MOTIVATIONAL CONFLICTS ENGENDERED BY THE ON-GOING © DISCUSSION OF CIGARETTE SMOKING, ~ Alan S. Meyer, Lucy N. Friedman, and Paul F. Lazarsfeld ........... 243 ~ Introduction 243 w