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foi~hi New ''York, 1969). The argument density of poputation ia cities and td -~ -wns L ~g interaction and feedback wen presented by W H. Whyte [Tlte Last ~~ problem of how to do researdt It pomta continuing,." 1%s)]. A : ouc: "The Idea of field testing social science Landscape (Doubleaay, New Yoek, comprehensive and jazgon-f~ee critique ~f moat ;; hypothoses ls not yet widely accepted by and is aot 'a sim~le, orderly process of y is giiren by either n searchers or policy makera Yet ' fo tion from one p1aCe of the schools of wban sociolog ' transmitting in The Urban Process (F Presa, '+ffiere is a sufficient number of successful I. Reissman, s to another. 7 ~ a New York, 1964).. ~~ s, applied social science research on a large i ~ ~'6 G Hazdin Science 162 1243 (1968)~" acale, and the testing of social hypothosea, to .., Two recent reports examine and evaluate ~ make it impossible to deny the potential value Referenea and Notes ~~,~'. 7. specific examples of apphed research in the ~~ uch work (p. 29). Another NAS report . ~to`be pubhshed' in 1972 is the "Study confer- t. U.S. Department of Commace, Tcehnofogica] ' ' tocial, sciences. The flrst (Policy and Program ~ironment and Management , Researeh in a University Case i, ena on research strategies in the behavioral ~ tt~ , ~Innovation: Irs Env Setting, A, Wash-}~ d sodal sciences on environmental prob - (Government Printing Of6ce Washington ~ 8tudy (National Academy of Sdences, ,~" This conference was held ~'DC n8ton DC: 1971)] examines the work done 9lems and policies. .., 1967).,., 'AR for We Office¢y T, under the joint auspices of the Division of; 2_National Academy of Sdences,ppJJed Re- .y- -, of Economic Opportunity •, "the j' Behavioral Sciences of the National Research ' arch and Technological Progress (Govern- `' the Institute for Research on Poverty at u arch ' ; "'~'t Pinti Offi Washington D C 1%T)~ University of Wisconsin It considers " a~ f Council and the Environmental Studies menrngce,, _. 8. H. Gershinowitz, Science 172, 514 (1971) •on1Y the specific issue, but discusses, puue~ Board of the National' Academy of Sdences~- 4. -, Amer. Sci: 46, 24 (1958). rt ~broadly than I have in this article the'prob-~ .'' National Academy of Engineeting: " At: Sek 22 4(1966) BullB ty-ased tnatl- 8. A. Weinber, ., a very simplistic plcture ms involved in using umiversib 3. This is, of course,g, k ms For a more complete discussion of the oom =,._To a considerable extent however. the fust :;' ,_ tutes as behavioral science research resowas ~9:_ The second repoit ~e ! pkxity of environmental problems, aee, 8` point of view is held by the advocata ot for mission agencies. ; }ha = Gershinowrtz in Environmental Quality ortd = such as the British "new towna" ' Gaviorat and Social Science Research ,garden cities, fbtk_ 1972 and permeates I McHarg s Design with No- Department of DeJense: A Fratnework for Safety (Academic Press, New York, y ` ;~ Management (National Academ of Sdeacea, vol 1, pp 1-9 Stwe (American Museum of Natural History }3 ¢3 s3f~( f ~ ~S ^ ~ i all the key players have been cast M ~-or will be as soon as the appoint`= ment of Frank J. Rauscher, Jr., as Ba-~; a ker's successor is officially annovnced: ~ 0he script, in the form of the Na- onal Cancer Plan, which will detail i ~. ''the ways to spend the money, is nearly x ~~ 4 ompleted. s at An essential feature of the new caii= q0002~0~~31 er act is the direct tie it creates:~betnween M During the last year and a half, so1- BAKER: I don't think it happensas a e NCI; and the White House. -The entists and'~ politicians have been busy . breakthrough like that r fr ~ w provider for a structural reorgani- fighting over and bragging about the or again Ption that makes the . director of the new, official U.S. commitment to the FLOOD: What day are you going to 14 NCl responsible to-_the President-not conquest~ of cancer. On 23 December tell us, what month and year, u'Iierq, to the Secretary of Health, Education, 1971 President Nixon signed into law Hallelujah," as you have done wlth~ and Welfare (HEW) or to the head of , th- National Cancer Act, which en- polio and measles? ;n4eNational Institutes of Health (NIH), dows the National Cancer Institute ',BAICER: I don't think It is going Lo as before. Both the Secretary of HEW (NCI) with privileged status and $'1.6 come that way and the NIH director have thus :1ost ~. billion to spend in the course of the -To be sure, Flood's questions• reflect control of the NCI budget. Under the next 5 years. a simplistic view of the cancer'prok ~ new provision, they may comment'on Intermingled with lavish and optimis- lem, but, just as surely, they represent the budget, but neither may change it w tic words of praise for this new enter- the thinking of many members of Con-~ by so much as a comma. It will go prise is the often repeated caveat that gress and the public. His n notion that -`sttai,ght~ from Rauscher's desk to the biomedical research is a notoriously un- we are on the verge of a breakthrough President >' certain undertaking, that even the im- in cancer research is, one must admit, Another dlrect line to the White primatur of the White House and all not something he made up out of whole House has been opened by the creation that money cannot guarantee success. Be that as it may, no one, including the most sophisticated scientist, is going in- to this withouf some expectation of tan- gible results, and, among the public, expectations are great indeed. Consider, for example, an exchange between Rep- resentative Daniel F'lood .(D-Pa.), chairrnan of the House Committee on js'31't f~.' arwl~:e~ x w: :+. ational Cancer Act: Decidin on People, -Policies, and Plans cloth. It is logically derived from the special pleading and hoo-l~a~Ihat has ' t was `bille d program." patient for 3, . ~~ attended the passage of yr earlier as a "cancer `c .,. ; Cure or not, everyone is something to happen. =- In this atmosphere of,great expecta- tions, the cancer effort miit get off the ground-soon. In Decem~ber, Nixon Appropriations' subcommittee on Ia- declared, "With the enactmeni of the bor, health, education, and welfare, and National Cancer Act, the major cotr~l- Carl Baker, outgoing director of the ponents for our campaign against c?n- NCI. : ~s: cer are in place and, ready to Iq~ove FLOOD: Every time the phone rings, forward." The President was a bit pre- I expect to pick it up and have you tell mature. What he had was an putline, me that we have broken through in but neither the characters nor the script cancer virus [research]. ,~tF' I. for the anticancer drama. Now, how- Y_„~-.... ~_ ~y ~ ~ . ..~.. . .... c. -.._ .. s.s-.... ...~ . . . _..,..:{.a.! R`~Vashington D.C.. 1971)] also treats not only ~the specific question, but the more Benerai !J of the~lational Cancer Panel, a trium- vl e of one layman and two scientists, to oversee the entire operation of the NCI, reporting any bureaucratic quag- mires to presidential advisers Ken Cole S and James Cavanaugh, and, if need be, ? to Nixon himself. "The President," says Cavanaugh, "wants to be sure that this a cancer effort does not become tangled in red tape. We plan to follow its ac- _ tivities fairly closely." (This being so, a number of cancer researchers have ~ expressed fear that the program may bp ~ too carefully controlled from on high, ~~~ but, as yet, it is too soon to say whether this will be the case.) ~~"MM :, r,Benno C. Schmidt, who originally ad +ca ., _ SCIENCE, VOL.,176 ,. .„

i':management, is potentially well suited~`ffiS'ti ons are ,essential to progress. In undertaken to see if the pn ctples •` to measuring the effects of innovation order o.'achieve. this kind of result, organizataons that have ~provea~so suc~ ~ Third, within the city council (or the'interac4ion among applied research, ces6ful in industrial atid military .aci- t>- ''°" - . ~. . . .. . a i va+~ ~ .. . .. ~ equlvalent body) and within the admin tra~lon, _~ aad policy-making ence and technology are useful for the ` istrative structure of the ~tnayor's office, sltou {e close and continuous. This problems of society. Iiisimplest temm, '~ ll there are frequent opportunities for ts..,a_ ~elattonship difficult to maintain this would be a problem-onented re- '' : those whose interests or responsibilities"~n~the, applied research is done in search estabhshment closely alliedto~ ~ F M ~~ are affected by innovations to convbrse a umverstty or in a think tank. There those who are confronted with the r ` with each other. _sitll, another reason, perhaps even sponsibility for solving the problem • _ ~_ ~ A public authority suci Y, t as the ew ~ more iuiportant, for having the applied and those who are part of the problean.~ r , ~;3tork Port Authority or the Tennessee"resea~rch_ an integral part of the organi- 'an ~ in'ttial,step, it would be de- Valley Authority is also suited to inno zaiion~that is to use the research. AA sirable to set , up a study teadi to ~`vation,`bu2 in a different way from a r tgn~fifieant element in the motivation of choe boUh~sites 'and problems. _ The's ," „ ~ municipality. It has clearly a defined an~pplted research group is the realiza- coazposition of the team would depend ~~ w < area of iesponsibility but usually Itas tlonadtievelnent The kinds of re- on'the soope of the,area to be studied ,. .~Ir..r.• i._. _ . ' l.+ . .• ~broad powers to make changes in con- ~ ach needed to provide the knowledge The teamn should.probably be oompe ~ ~ ;tingent'areas. These powers are same-'" for,~pr"oblem solving 'are not always tent in industrial research manage~nent, ~ titnes used brutally, but it is possible those that are in vogue in academic cir- 'engineering, giolitical soience,' econoaa- to have wise and intelligent cooperation cles. The individual engaged in research ics, sociology, psychology, and. ecology. between the authority and the citizens in "a university l6oks to his peers for who are affected by its activities. The ~ a ' ro al, arid their acceptance of his ; freedom of many public suthonties ~Work a4s _ significantly contributing to W from political pressures and the large their knowledge is an important incen- funds available to them enable them to tive be dramatically innovative on occa- The - tnIid iual at work in a problem- sion. -tt : fv oriented 7institution has a dual audi- fi~ ence. To~a coLsiderable extent, particu- ~~'t``r'~ ~I~rly ~ work is primarily basic re- A Pilot Problem-Oriented Laboratory {' search, he still has the peer audience ~~~ tma_f of academia. But he also has the audi- I I have implied that one result of .. ence of those who are paying his way This team would be charged with re- formulating the problems •from common -1 language into professiona] _ jargon., A~~ team working with a counsnon objective . ~ .. finds little difficulty in communication. Face-to-face discussion 'greatly facilt tates mutual understanding. The func- tion of the industrial research director would be 'to ' rovide guidance that ;~ would permit the team'to' desiga pt•o- ~ =~ - grams applicable to more than one f 40 situation or geographical area and, m f applied research might be a change id' and who ex to benefit from his addition, to.. design the . or8aniza P~ the planning agency's mode of opera- _ work. The feeling that what he is doing tion in such a>:way that continuity of_ tion or even in its organization, ~n is being used is important to the re- effort' over ' a"long time could be as ~~ ~`" -` order to use effectively the results of '~ search worker. Workers in industrial re- sured. This continuity would require a~7 research. This is another reason that searcli` iaboratories who have a sub- balance of short-range and iong-range ~14,;,,: the first institutions for the application _< stantial amount of freedom of choice problems, ia _ order to give both re- ,~~,t . '_ of research to society's problems should in their projects, as well as ample facili- searchers and users of research a sense be small. What I am proposing is ities, often feel uneasy and out of place of challenge and an early sense of itself an experi,ment. It should be re- they :cannot see the relevance of achievement - garded as a pilot plant for the design wL they are doing to the objectives ~<-~i ~•~, ,~ , of bigger efforts The success of one of the'organiZation that eanploys them ~' _~~ O'~`~~' . ". °; or more of a series of small ex- In spite of a tendency to regard indus- Conclusion tlr> , The techniques that have been devel oped for the -application af `physical ~_~^"?" science to technology have been out s= i w standingly successful. It seems worth V applying them or their analogs to -~- ~~ both the •physical and social sciences ', in order to benefit the public. To do this, it will, be necessary to bring to- getlter politicians, administrators, and research workers in a manner that en- courages their interaction and coopera- tion. There is no magic formula for accomplishing this. The methods that have been successful are as diverse as the corporations or mission-oriented agencies in which they have been used. The successful methods will ,probably be as diverse as the governments and •ot.her sociopolitical entities that make I have put forth, it seems to me that use of them. The common element is one' or -inore experiments should be the recognition that the application of . `385 ~: ` periments could even bring about the.4rial research workers as mercenaries, a ?c~ y creation of political and sociological- very high percentage of them are in- environments or institutions that spired by the commercial activities and would bring problems which • tran- stated objectives of thelr employers- scend municipal or regtonal boundaries there are geologists sincerely interested under centralized or eoordinated plan- in finding more off; organic chemists ning and control, thus making posslble in developing better plastics, fibers or ~.. , ~ ihe apphcahon of research to such anttbtottcs +and inologtsts tn increastng roolems. Even in Industry the most ylelds of crpips. When a commerctal ob p successful research laboratories started }ective is c pled with a problern that as eAperiments: They did not spring full' poses a real•`scientific challenge, the re- grown from the head of whatever god sult is highly_ motivated research. When represents corporate management. They he is a me.mber of the team, the re- grew in size and developed in structure searcher 'Malizes that good results in in response to the demands on them his own activity will be recognized and and as the organizations sponsoring the used and will benefit him. If he is a research were t;heattselves reehaped in mem•ber of a'tonsulting firm or of a response to their responsibilities. - university faculty, he will not usually One of the most important results have that kind of feeling. of a program to apply research to pub- If there is any snerit in the arguments lic problems may be the clear defini- tion of what modifications of laws and 28 APRIL 1972 ° .. : `

:~~ a~, , taking the NCI out of NIH building the cancer attack around : independent agency, heads the panel. ` He is managing partner of J. H. Whit- ney and Company, a New York pri- vate venture capital firm that backs de- veloping, high risk businesses with money put up by the partners. (A num-; ber of years ago„for example, the com-` •pany gambled-and won-on an inves- ment '` ment in the Minute Maid Corporation.) 1 ~ Schmidt, who has told NCI officials ` L= `.'•that when he comes to Washington be 1,ot wants to hear about what is wrong n about what is going swimmingly, aided ~` ; in the selection of R. Lee Clark and '' ~ Robert A. Good as the scientific repre- sentatives on the panel of three. Clark, =, president of the University of Texas `>` -_ . I M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumo>r '` ~_Institute, is a surgeon better known for his practice of administrative medicine. Under his tenure, M. D. Anderson emerged as a"cancer 'center in this country. Good, on the other hand, is a scientist (immunologist) and doc- tor (pediatrician) from the University ~.of Minnesota Medical School, who is just now trying his hand at big-time ad- ministration. Last month he accepted the directorship of the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research in New York, an outfit that is reputedly much in need of administrative ironing out, (Notorious for his habit of canceling out of meetings at the last minute, Good promised a better attendance record when he accepted the position on the panel.) While the panel advises the President, the National Cancer Advisory Board will advise the chief of the NCI. Cur- rently, the board is a 26-member body that will be whittled down to 18 as the terms of_,persons who are_ serving out their appointfnents to--the old Cancer Advisory Council expire.• Everybody in this cancer hierarchy was selected by the White House. - It is already clear that the panel will have a major say in what goes on, By law, it must meet once a month at a session that is to be transcribed and made part of the public record. It may ' The new board consists of Frank J. Dixon, _" John R. Hogness, Jonathan E. Rhoads, How- ard E. Skippeq Laurance S. Rockefeller, W. Clarke Wescoe (6-year terms);, Harold Amos, Elmer Bobst, Sidney Farber, Donald' E. Johnson, t Irving M. London, Gerald P. Murphy (4-year terms); and Mary Lasker, Harold P. Rusch, Wendell G. Seott+ Frederick Seitz, Sol Spiegel- man, James D. Watson (2-year terms). Council members who will serve on the board until their current appointments expire are: Arnold' L• Brown, James S. Gilmore, Jr., John R. Hartmann, Leon 0. Jacobson, Kenneth L.. Krabbenhoft, William W. Shingleton, Philippe v~ j,~ ubik, Danny Thomas. „ 28 APRIL 1972 # -~? Frank J Rauscher, Jr Carl Baker( ,µ meet more often. The board mus rcon-~fien,: tYie matter of NCI direetorship vene four times a year to advi~had to be resolved. From the begin-; director. Board members are~sttll ning, it was widely assumed that sooner r- unclpar about what their functt will or later Carl Baker would be replaced. be. Most observers betted on later, even Their first meeting in mid- arch though lists of potential candidates for has been eharacterized as "ati int~o-~,>:is, job were circulating among White ductory, getting acquainted session," a, ".HQ.use officials at' least as early as last "circus," and an "outright disaster.." In ~ faq. But by winter, most cancer scientists the first place, a consensus of inembers . ha,d come to the conclusion that Baker is that they themselves think the boaid ~wold remain in office throughout the a bit large as it stands. Add to that the ., first ~year of the program. The White fact that at the first meeting they tried >-Hqle, however, has decided it wants to conduct' business in a room jammed r'a change now. k with more than 100 observers, and.~,?+, Carl Baker head of thP Nri f~r th x, you have what one member called last 3 years, and' a IonQ-time NCI acL, "chaos." "How we can be expected to _. ministrator has not endeared himself to carry on frank discussions in a conven- tion-like atmosphere is beyond me,"; he said. W. Clarke Wescoe, president of,,~ community, which never admired him Winthrop Laboratories in New York,~ an investigator but found him aa proposed that the cancer board clear"• ceptable as an administrator. Baker, an the room and meet in executive session. ~olished man who projects a poor Finally, it did. ~ s4.::n.'- ` Image,: has.latelv been criticized for tc What many members describe as an fai~luresten; he sometimec . Pa endless string of reports from NCI ><n senon quiturs because he has not } staff members touting, the activities of ~ar w t wac cai~l Jo hirr, r-rs at- the institute was another source of con leged railroading tactics with his ad- siderable irritation. Clearly, the-rftem- `•"psory council have come under attack, ~- bers of this board, headed by,'hilade•l=•l as we l as his attt~ude th~t ii is best to OJ phia surgeon Jonathan Rho ~ds, who get on with the show and not dawdle ~ was riamed its chairman by t~Ie Presi- aroetting advice from all sides. He dent; do not intend to be talk~ at; nor' admtt's he finds the peer review system do they plan to be a rubber s`tamp of a waste of time, an inconvenience that the NCI management asI th'~~~~former delays grant giving and takes the en- Cancer Advisory Council has 6een ac- ergies of "a lot of senior people who cused of being. But just how they will should be doing other things."' And yet go about the business of effectively in`-~t this same man says, "We have been ftuencing policy remains~ "'uneertain.•"accused, I understand, of too much They next assemble during the third , planning and too little implementing. week in June, We think it wise to find out what it is The panel appointments 'were com- that we are trying to do before we pleted by the end of January; those to launch on the spending." Baker has the board' were made by early Marc, h, asked Congress for $430 million for . ~ ~ . __ . x•. 387 . . a.7`.`:.. .. hite House Sgures and has slowly been losing ground with the scientific

fiscal year 1973, even though the can ,:£sti ~~~~.: 6 to be transferred. The selection of cer act itself places the ceiling for the y~ Ra scher was made by the White fiscal year at $530 million. Asked H~s-""and Schmidt. Clark and Good whether the additional $100 million ~ o~curred. Nobody else's approval was could be wisely spent if allocated, Baker for~nally sought although a few board Louis Carrese, now one of Baker's top`'`~_ told a House appropriations hearing tha r ~bers were polled privately. ~t aides ' Within 6 months," Rauscher ~ it' could. Why; then, he didn't ask fer rt in~~ uscher, 41, is a native of Heller iecalls, ..the program was off and run~ ".~ •Si: . the first place is something of a r~ystery. `;town, Pennsylvania. A Ph.D. graduate mng,"and I had to decide whether to ~; . `4 f as In a sense, a host of things, may o of Rutgers, he is one of a long line of 14tay with it or return to the lab. It w them centering around matters of peLr `~tumor, virologists who studied under - then thaty I chose to go into administra-' t;. sonality, have conspired to force Baker~s ~u ~~ ouster. It appears that there is no sm= ' gle, fatal faux pas that can be helrf against him. -:By late March it was known among e says e discovery was a com ma ; targe e researc e ort; `an . one o the members of the inner circle that Fpnk h th b' t d h ff d f nouncement. Meanwhile, the •"i~lnce>s-1f°`$Y6` million for research on cancer becoming scientific director for etiology House has yet to make an official an- "'It was then that Congress appropriated iow in Baket s administrative footsteps; ', `' widely known, although tbe White . and moved into administration in 1964 ~Rauscher, ironically, went on to W- • job, and by mid-April it' was fairly '';vtrology ~plus a good deal of luck"), '~see Science, 24 Dec 1971) ~~ ""w F~ ^~v ... .... . .::. -. ,t>rw) ' -o . , . incent Groupe, one of the pioneers in tion." The SVCP has been off and run- 4 at field. He came to the NCI in 1959,ning ever since. Today it is the financial ; rc ;. 1.4 R 1s,~;..~>. . ured his scientific reputation in 1962 -and organtzadonal backbone of cancer .. ~ .,:, . i h e discove of the Rauscher ;virtts research in this countr one . of ~ ' ry y ~, - he f m ' o ~ whtch induces tumors in animals t ew ;exa ples f a;'programmed, more Lcontroversial programs around Rauscher had been tapped fon ~aker's tton of""what I like to think was good community is half-functioning in limbo while waiting for the change of com- mand, and Rauscher is trying to estab- lish the new order as best he can in the absence of the authority that has 1 ~ k ~k,1 ~ NSF Of f icial Resigns as Job Sinks The Administration policy of reducing the national output of scientists has squeezed an assistant director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) out of office, the second to'resign within the last 8' months. Louis Levin~ NSF assistant director for institutional programs, said in a letter last week to President NixoA ^that the program he headed had been substantially phased' out and he thought it proper to resign. The NSF assistant d'ueetor to education, Lloyd G. Humphreys, quit last September in protest against a~ecision' by the Office of Management and Budget to withhold $30 million from'the funds appropriated by Congress for the NSF's education-support programs (Science, 17 Sep- -tember 1971). Levin, who has` been with the NSF for 20 years, told s~Science be is not resigning in pique, but simply because of the shrinkage of the programs under him,-from a high point of $80 million in 1967 - to $12 million requested in next year's budget The decline, Levin notes, started during the previous Administration. .:.' -::The institutional suppprt programs of the NSF were used, in part, as a kind of slush fund to fill the ohinks between more categorical programs. Some funds could be used'at the discretion-•of, the institutions concerned, while others were assigned to building and~ improving the quality of instruction and research. The program was pa~nccularly important during the period of university expansion. Levin is remaining with the NSF as an a~ststant to the director. His duties will include "sponsoring of research Qn the ethicali and human value implications of science." The NSF will not attempt to lay down guidelines, but simply to encourage research-that "illuminates the issues" and provides a basis for decision-making; Levin said. The assistant directorship Levin vacates will presumably be allocated to some more fashionable NSF activity than institutional support, such as the fast growing RANN (research applied to national needs) program, for which there is $80 million in next year's budget, or the experimental R & D incentives program, a new $22-million venture designed to en- courage industrial investment in R& D.-N:W: ~,^ ,... . {,t H. i vtruses-the _ first large sum so ear- in 1969, when Baker succeeded Endi- marted~and Kenneth Endicott, who cott. Both Endicott and Baker are said c " " a asked to have predi ted that Rauscher would the head of NCI, ws e Rauscltei . to help in drawing up the initia~t research plan. The other two men who figured in the bir h of'OPb would eventually become Ne multt'"- million dollar Special Virus~Cancer Program (SVCP) *ere Baker and one day head the institute ~3 .~- "Little known outside the world of cancer etiology, Rauscher is widely re=; .~< garded by his peers as a_fair and antelli- gent man. By and large, word of hii ' promotion has been warmly received ~-• within the NCI, where even those staff ~ ~ scientists who are less than enthusiastic ~ about the choice say that he is "bal- anced," "certainly' cioserto 'science ~ - than Baker," and "an essentially honest... ~~. person." From the outside, there has been little response. Baker has received some calls from physicians protesting the fact that Rauscher is not an M.D., but they, reportedly have come from ; individuals, not groups; and anyway`it is generally thought that the objection has no valid basis. ' Many members of the board, when .W, asked for their -reaction, pointed out z0~' that they know Rauschei• only slightly but, as one commented, "I like what I've seen." His performance at the first board meeting impressed most of its members. (A few months ago, he made a similarly favorable impression on Richard Nixon during ceremonies marking the conversion of Maryland's Fort Detrick from a chemical' and bio- logical warfare center to a cancer- research facility.) ~ Rauscher has the tacit 'approval of many board members and the active support of others. Of those contacted by Science, 'only James D. Watson of Harvard voiced a negative opinion, saying, "It is a very surprising appoint- ment, a very sad event. I have no further comment." An indirect measure ort was cited b 's ` ~ h supp y e er ~ _ of Rausc SCIENCE, VOL. 176

programs aimed at doing what we c n i' tYined to get some useful cancer control "about cancer ri ht awa . Cance`r con"~'V~ io ams oin . B wa of exam le g Y' r. tH P gr g g. Y Y P, ttrol is not something he has lust dis ,~.he points out that defunct programs to jcovered.) A~. ;~screen large numbers of' women for 6,.. '~, r ; Cancer control was .ortgtnally a` ,cervical~ cancer should be rejuvenated= i~ ..-,,-F ma~n for Representatit e Paul m~ enjoin the NCI from spending fun s`'~l6nc.t3'on of NCL The program was c ' an t t ar d Bake d' 1964 d f d t the c e o t through- the House -in its present form. equated with patient care. •. Uthers s aeluctance within NIH to see it rein- . . Y ...-i:~s . . mental in seeing the cancer legislation '~ contended that cancer control can .~be~Bureau of State Services. There is some , e r~ as~~ roppe m an rans err gers ~F1a.) , who was instru- for rout~ne pa ien " he said`once a rumor of strongly disagree. They want cancersatated because- of its implications to r`Usually y , ~,, , - an appointment is.as widespread as this : control programs because rthey see therm~ other institutes: cancer control is com- in- to hear from a man's `as a way of doing something about~Vevertheless ~< r now is we be , , g , 1ta:~? ° ~ 1~[:.1 t, . .., ff mg~ack into opecation. The act puts ~< . enemies. They seem to come crawling cancer now. itThey in n this case, is a~ out of the woodwork. On this one, we mixed group of' persons that includes''r~a ceiling of $30 million on cancer con- `"~ haven't heard a thing." "~,~~Rogers, who insisted that cancer con~tl iograms for fiscal 1973, raising '`*-One of Rauscher's toughest jobs dur- : trol be written into the legislation,'the ~the upper limit to $40 million by fiscal ' - ing the next few months will be to clean ''President and his aides, the American " 974. (In the appropriations requests T r'`s house at the NCI itself. Inevitably, that ., Cancer Society, and Frank Rauschei ~ aker submitted for fiscal 197.3 , he asks F ' ~= " ` (~t it be said in all fairness "tha only $4 million for control) hill h ttidfom meanse waveo ge r o se. r`~ s d eter= ~''af his friends who have worked with .-' Rauscher consistently has wanted more-{'`_Rauscher, however, says he is _ ~ him for years at the administrative levels of the institute. Such bloodletting -'won't be easy but is seen by both board members and persons close to the White s`1'House as an important test of his ability ~,: to lead well. "The NCI is full of people who are not up to running a program ' 4.:of this magnitude," one board member - F~says. "The issue is whether Rauscher is up to rooting them out " In spite of his ties to cancer virology, # 'Rauscher is not as single-minded an advocate of this approach as many Oeople assume. "I think I may surprise some of my friends in basic research," he said recently, while talking about the areas he feels need new emphasis 'in the cancer war. He noted, as he has often in the past, that too little atten- tion is being paid to environmental carcinogens, particularly in light of demographic data that suggest that a significant percentage of human can- cers are caused or triggered by environ- mental factors. Immunology, in his view (which he says is shared by Good), is "ripe for exploitation, but not for wide application in man." , While fundamental cancer research plows ahead, Rauscher would like to 'see more action in the area of cancer control, a catch-all phrase that refers to programs for early diagnosis (Pap smears, mammography for breast can- cer, an& so forth), new techniques for early detection (identification of anti- bodies to cancer antigens, for example), + 4 and education of both the public and the medical community. . Here, Rauscher and Baker disagree on just what cancer control means. Al- though throughout his tenure as direc- tor, Baker argued tenaciously that re- search should be geared to solving the human cancer problem, and talked about putting new tools in the hands of the physician, he balked at the idea of liberally interpreting the section of the National Cancer Act that deals with ~ cancer control programs. The act' does ,:4 z„.,~ Cancer Research: Youth and Superstars Young biology researchers~s f uld hasten to grab a share of the new money being poured into cancer research a,n.d+ t e National Cancer Instftute (NCI), which otherwise will serve only t belster~till more the egos of the "current superstars on the cancer scene." This is theeord set forth by James D. Watson, professor of biology at Harvard and'author,of The Double Helix, in a provocative essay on cancer research strategy publishAtn the New Republic (26 February 1972). Watson warns against the ereation oll"huge establishments with all the power closely controlled by superstars who~laily direct their Ph.D_ minions to do this or that particular experiment." Instead, he advocates free-style research groups in which younger scientists should play a dominant role. Watson is a member of the newly created National Cancer Advisory-Board. Even if -the NCI bureaucracy upon~ the advice of its advisory committees decides to back the formation of exciting new labs for fundamental animal cell biology, they are unlikely to know hop~ to move. We must remember that until very recently most creative scientists avoidell "cancer research" as if it were the plague. They smelled an impossible task and did not want to enter an intellectual graveyard. Now there does not exist a conhdent body of senior cancer workers who; armed by past success have much feeling for what the future may bring. The scientists who probably have the best ideas as_to which experiments make sense and how •they should be accomplished are individuals in their late twenties or early thirties. But on -the whole, they have been brought up to face a world not only where the real power is held by thein.elders,; but where common sense says to stick closely to the lab bench and grind out enough real science so that tenure will come; then they cian stop Worrying whether they can do science. At their age it is all too easy,to equate committee membership with premature stuffiness and a secret desire, to let one's students and postdocs do all the night work. They must realize, however, that at this critical moment, there is no organized or even disorganized group.; of wise decisionmakers who will map out their science. The only predictable'ohject above them is the bag of free money that our nation's people want' well spent:. It is much too big to sit unused for any period and very likely will fall upon. those who ask for it first. So if our better younger biologists get together and quickly ask to set up flexible and nonauthori- tarian new departments (institutes) the ,finaneial wherewithal can be found within the NCI and eventually the universit es to let such bodies come into existence. But if they timorously sit back, thet current superstars on the cancer scene will get even more money to bolster their egos. ?E APRII, t972 . ' ~ t' . . . . . . .r x '. . '"'rF..a.•::: ~.

390 Great Lakes Water :Treaty Signed President Nixon and Canadian Pnme Mlnister Pierre Trudeau on 15 .,.~„~,,,, April signed the Great Lakes ~Vater Quahty Agreement, the first pact between two nations designed to protecf and resuscitate a shared en- vironmental resource. The :agreement follows 6 years of study by the , International' Joint Commission, (IJC),'a body set up in 1909 to define the two countries' rights and responsibilaties"over the Great Lakes, and years of detailed negotiations over mu`tuall water quality goals. . ~-:. The signing of the agreement comcldes with the beginning of the re+ ~ .. ,International Field Year for the Great ~,akes,' which features a detailed (;tiYz x= • analysis of Lake Ontario being ` nducfer~ by the National Oceanic and q Atmospheric Administration. N *oy The Great Lakes coznprise "ffie world`s most extensive bodies of fresh ,~water1 and account for 20 percent of ihe fresh" ' water in the lakes and ~tivers of the earth. Some 37 million people inhabit their shores, and this number is expected_to double by. the end of the century. The agreement calls for dramatic-reductions in the pollution of Lake . Erie, Lake Ontario, and the international; portion of the St. Lawrence Seaway, as well as for preventive maintenance 'to forestall the decline of Lakes Huron and Superior. Lake Michigan; ` which is encompassed by ~•U.S. land, is omitted from the agreemene Ecological Freedoms efined The pact holds' that the lake'slhave•,ra nght to five freedoms: from ,.c toxic substances, nutrient overloading, oil, sludge, and noxious colors aad odors. It spells out in tortuous detail the exact levels of filth and 'r-poison that will ultimately be deemed acceptable and calls for a Joint " Contingency Plan to deal with oil spills. All the programs must be either implemented or en route to implementation by the end of 1975. The agreement calls for no sew.money or legislation from the United States, although its facilitation will •"iely heavily on the new water quality bill, which is now wallowing.m,House-Senate conference with no eompromise version in sight:' The . United States is expected to put about $3 billion into Great Lakes water quality over the next 5 years. 'Some $2 billion will come from 'f.ederal, state, and local sources for municipal waste treatment; $700 million to $1 billion is what industry " is expected to put into waste treatinent -and recycling facilities. The Canadian expenditure over the sa'1•i'te period will be around $400 million. '-The only controversial part of the 'agreement seems to be the matter detergent phosphates, which contribute heavily to eutrophication, the "'chief pollution problem in-tfie two lower lakes. Canada has ordered the ' proportion of phosphates in detergents down from 20 percent to 5 per- '`=cent by the end of the year, and ultimately to 2.2 percent. The United States, in view of the fact that no viable alternative to phosphates has been found, is leaving the:rnatter to local discretion and is concentrating on the construction of treatment ~larl;s T e- agreement envisages that `phosphorous loadings into Lake Erie should go'$own from 32,000 tons this year to 16,000 in 1976, but conservationists say that eliminating • phosphates coul& bring the 1976 input down to 11,000 tons. The IJC has been instructed to form a Great Lakes Water Quality Board which will have representatives from all the eight states and two provinces affected by the agreement. The commission will be given money to set up a new office somewhere in the,-Great Lakes Basin, and has beem assigned the tasks of' monitoring th~-cieanup, issuing annual reports on progress, and recommending adjustments in the agreement. It will have no enforcement powers, but the high-level nature of the pact is expected to supply motivation. Besides, Environmental Protection Agency Director William Ruckelshaus says the United States now has a"solemn commitment" to keeping the lakes alive`and pure.-=C.H. . w. ;~~r~,.:.... . ,. greater efforts should be instituted to get information AlIt the benefits of ~-. . aggressive chemotherapy in '; certata -4 : cancers, such as leu6mia, out .of the ~~. major centers and into the practice;of~;:~ medicine at large. x ~ ~:. ;. How the National Cancer Act which , became effective only last February, will ~ ultimately be implemented, how:- tltat $1.6 billion plus will eventually be,de- i~~ ployed, is something that, iri theory at. least, will be decided in. detat~ ~soon. Whether the program can be conducted efficiently, whether it can be,.effectively • coordinated to get results, remains to be seeII a..+. ~3t5ht~-.•~.4,4w? . ~; An exercise :in rational planning was ~`{ initiated last!"winter by Baker, who con tracted w•ith a local. management firm ' to assemble the National Cancer Plan. The NCI appointed sonie 250 investi- gators to 41 panels, sent them at van= ous times to Airlie House,'a"conference center outside Washington, tow review their fields and draw up plans for future : research, and 'thereby got for itself. ,:- massive quantities of data and a$900, 000 bill: Baker, 'many close to the ! project say, first saw the undertaking as a ploy to 'satisfy the scientific com- munity's desire to be rhea d e 7esults of their labors, however, were, in the words of one NCI staffer, "far more valuable than any of us anticipated." Said another, "It showed that the in- vestigators broadly agree. on -'what is needed, and; by laying the problem out, , we've. been able to see " gaps _in our knowledge that have to be filled -ia before we can proceed." Copies of the rough draft of the Nationali Cancer Plan have been circu-...Q. lated' among the nation's scientists. The Q plan is now being honed into shape by O the NCI staff and by the chairmen of Q the 41 panels. An executive report of N e' the plan should b available by late rP1 May. _; ;.., . . The challenge facing Rauscher, the W panel, and the board is one of taking what, even in final form, will be a mass (~ of data reflecting thousands of indi- vidual pieces of research and making some coherent sense of it. They will have to look at all the bits and pieces of knowledge we have about the malig- nant cell and, as Albert Sabin said not long ago, "coordinate them and attempt either to derive meaningful patterns or to delineate the gaps in our knowledge which prevents the synthesis of mean- ingful patterns." That is no mean task. -BARBARA J. CULLITON ' 176 SCIENCE, VOL.