NYSA TI Single-Page 4
Abstract
Once the negative effects of cigarette s.moking became clearly established, it became mandatory for official pubIic health agencies to offer help to the general public in attempts at smoking cessation. To lcarn more about the relative effectiveness of a wide variety of traditional public health techniques, the Social Science Program of the New York City Health Department initiated a research program aimed at testir~g these techniques.
Fields
- Named Organization
- Air Force
- American Cancer Society
- American Heart Journal (scientific periodical)
- American Journal of Cardiology (scientific periodical)
- American Journal of Public Health (periodical)
- American Medical Association (physicians group)Professional trade group representing American physicians.
- American Public Health Association (Public health organization)Professional organization for people working in public health
- Arbitron (Rating Service)
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- Baxter (national foodservice distribution program directed to needs)national foodservice distribution program directed to needs of hospital market, created an alliance with Kraft Foodservice in 1989
- Boston City Hospital
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- City College of New York
- Columbia University
- Daily News (newspaper)
- *Department of Health and Human Services
- *Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) (use United States Departmen (use @hew_dept)
- Downstate Medical Center (in Brooklyn)
- Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
- Federal Trade Commission (Enforcement agency for laws against deceptive advertising)Enforces laws against false and deceptive advertising, including ads for tobacco products. Ensures proper display of health warnings in ads and on tobacco products;collects and reports to Congress information concerning cigarette and smokeless tobacco advertising, sales expenditures, and the tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide content of cigarettes.
- Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- Gastroenterology (scientific periodical)
- Geological Survey (USGS)
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- *Health and Human Services (HHS) (use United States Department of Health and Hum (US)
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- M. D. Anderson Hospital
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- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- National Tuberculosis Association
- New England Journal of Medicine
- New York Academy of Sciences
- New York Times
- New Zealand Medical Journal (scientific periodical)
- Office on Smoking and HealthResponsible for creating reports on the health effects of smoking. Created by the Public Health Service.
- Preventive Medicine (periodical)
- Public Health University (Located in Bangkok, Thailand)
- Radiological Society of North America
- Research Council
- Scientific American (periodical)
- Senate
- Swedish Tobacco
- Temple University
- Temple University Medical School
- Tobacco Institute (Industry Trade Association)The purpose of the Institute was to defeat legislation unfavorable to the industry, put a positive spin on the tobacco industry, bolster the industry's credibility with legislators and the public, and help maintain the controversy over "the primary issue" (the health issue).
- United States Public Health Service (Headed by the Surgeon General)United States Public Health Service is headed by Surgeon General of the United States.
- *University of California Berkeley (use University of California at Berkeley)
- University of Chicago
- University of Florida
- University of Michigan
- Warner Lambert
- World Health Organization (Concerned with global public health)International organization concered with public health worldwide
- Named Person
- Allen, Harvey
- Alvarez, Walter C. (Professor Emeritus, Mayo Clinic)Wrote a series of health columns for the Mineapolis Star.
- Bloom, Sherman
- Blum, Alan Mayer M.D. (Doctors Ought to Care (DOC) Founder, Plaintiff Expert)
- Brody, Jane E.
- Brokaw, Tom (Reporter, NBC News Anchor)
- Castelli, William P., M.D. (NIH Framingham Heart Study Director)Plaintiff
- Cromwell, Norman
- Friedman, Gary D., M.D. (CTR Grantee, Epidemiologist, Stanford U)Defense
- Garcia, Rafael
- Goodenough, Robin
- Gordon, Robert S., Jr.
- Gross, Neal R.
- Gross, Nell R.
- Herbst, Arthur L.
- Horn, Daniel, Ph.D. (Dir., U.S. Nat'l Clearinghouse for Smoking & Health, c. 1968)Born: 28 May 1916, d. October 7, 1992 Frenchtown, NJ
- Joyce, Edward R.
- Knapp, Peter H.
- Lubben, Mary
- Lucky, Anne W.
- Mcgill, Henry C.
- McMillan, Gardner C. (TWP, National Heart Inst.)Defense
- Nolan, David C.
- Paten, Jane, Sr.
- Phillips, Roland (authored study on ETS using Seventh Day Adventists)
- Pugsley, Phillip C.
- Rios, Jorge C.
- Rosemond, George P.
- Rosenfield, Allan
- Rosenfield, Robert L.
- Rosenlof, Robert C.
- Rosenthal, Mitchell
- Salerno, Louis
- Schachter, Stanley
- Snider, Arthur J.
- Stadel, Bruce V.
- Stein, Jesse
- Steinfeld, Jesse
- Stolley, Paul D.
- Terris, Milton
- Tunstall, Hugh
- Waite, Charles L., M.D. (TI Medical Director)Charles L. Waite was Medical Director for the Tobacco Institute. (PMI's Introduction to Privilege Log and Glossary of Names, Estate of Burl Butler v. PMI, et al, April 19, 1996)
- Wald, Nicholas J., Ph.D. (Colleague of Sir Richard Doll, coauthor with Law of secondha)Professor of Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of London, Colleague of Sir Richard Doll, coauthor with Law of secondhand smoke metaanalysis
- Washing, George
- Washington, George
- Wells, Jeff
- Master ID
- TI09781644-3113
- TI09781644 DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 74-544 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE Public Health Service
- TI09781828 Indermight
- TI09782012
- TI09782380 f_or (a mm_ si_ _Ung a fall). t_m_ of t_ _vid_
- TI09782564 4- Reading an A_erican magazine recently, I cane across a state=ent about what is happening in
- TI09782748 the )nehostion of fl find- many ueh as invade Fig, 7. Roentgen film of the chest showing a
- TI09782932 0 I_f. B. Rosenblat'r
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Memphi~ TN 38163
TI09782197
T109782198
9
Use of Group Therapy
Smoking Cessation
in
DANIEL I~OSENBLATT and HARVEY ALLEN
Once the negative effects of cigarette s.moking became clearly established, it
became mandatory for official pubIic health agencies to offer help to the general
public in attempts at smoking cessation. To lcarn more about the relative
effectiveness of a wide variety of traditional public health techniques, the Social
Science Program of the New York City Health Department initiated a research
program aimed at testir~g these techniques. The hypothesis was that lectures,
literature, and films would be largely ineffective in stimulating a major learning
experience that would deter established smokers from pursuing their habit.
However, the research also aimed at exploring the use of group therapy as
means oflntervemlon for smoking cessation,i
The re.search dcsign called for experimental groups who were to participate
in a variety of situations which represented modifications of group therapy.
In one siluation, for example, it was planned to have the equivalent of
cohesive group with a natural leader to head the group. Subjects were selected
as optimal in the group for the results intended. Probab}y no one, it
reasoned, would be better subjects than bright, highly verbal, somc~ha~
TM, reaearch w=s ~Upl~Orted by the D.ivhion of Chronic Di,~, U.S.
~adon ~New Yo~ ~ty~
~. Other accoun~ of the u~suc~ful im~lemem~tlon o~ g~up
quit a~ ~portc~ eh~her¢ (Allen and Fackler, 1967; Michelin, t966; R~, 1967).
T109782199
~-- Smoking, ~ealth, ....
and Behavior
ROBERT Ro EVANS
Universi~ of Arizona
ALDINE PUBLISHING COMPANY
~7~200
Attitudes , Inf_0~tion and Behavior of College Students
Toward Smoking and Smoking Cessation*
Daniel Rosenblat t,
Berv~rd Rosen~
and Harvey Allen
New York Ci=y Health Departm~n=
April I, 1966
* This investigation was suppor~e~ by t~e Divls£on of Chronic D~seases, Publ~=
Health Service, under con=rac~ CD 00104. ~e funds were administered by the
Me~Ical an~ Health Research Assoc~a~n of New York City, Inc.
T109782201
q2
In troduc £ion
The data presented in this paper are part of an interim report on re-
search currently in progress. The aim of the larger study is "to demonstrate
whether or ~ot it ~s feasible to use. ~xoup interaction techniques as a means
of chap4~i~ smok~ng habits," and "to evaluate the different p~-;er of tra~i-
tlonal techniques such as films, literature, a~d lectures as opposed ~o the
technique of group interaction," among college students.
As a first step toward assemblln~ experimental groups, college freshmen
~gereadmlnlstered a questionnaire which dealt w~th theirsmo~in~hab~ts, th~se
of their friends and famil~es, students' knowledge an~ a~t~tudes toward smoklnE,
their motives for wishing to continue to smoke or desire to stop, etc.
For purposes of this paper, we have chosen to focus on the "dimensions
of a model for smoking behavior change" as presented by Daniel Horn and Selwyn
Walngrow.l In their statemen[ before the Amerlcan Public Health Association
last October, Horn and Waingrow In~£cate four dimensions ~hlch they consider
essential to "the construction of any comprehensive model of smoking behavior
change. They are:
1. The motivation for change
2. The perception of the threat
3. The development and use of alternative psychological mechanisms
4. Factors facilitating or inhibiting continuing relnforeemen~'2
As a first step toward th~ utilization of this stimulating model, in the
following working paper, we have been guided by .their suggestions. The elm of
this paper is to determine how fruitful this model can be in the analysis of
data collected from within a college population. For this reason~ the body of
the dataanalysis proceeds along the lines indicated by their model. At the
same t~ne, it should be pointed out that our questionnaire data are unsuitable
for "the development and use of alternative psychologlcal mechanisms." Al-
though we cannot contribute to this section inthe follow~ng paper, it is our
hope tha~ the work In th~ Stoup sessions will provide fruitful material for a
later disc~sslon of th.~s ~m~ortan~ area of w~rking ~hrouF~h the problem of be-
coming an
A smoking behav£or questionnaire was developed ar~ then a~mlnistered to
1466 students at Queens College, City Universlty of N~York. The subjects
were all r~e~ular day students at ~e colleEe~ and,~n terms of ethnlc, bac1~
~roun~, were ove~whelm/~lywhlte and from m~ddle cIass househo~s. The
questionnaire was administered durlnE class hours of the Contemporary Civl-
lizationcourse, which is required of all freshmen.
An analysis of the smoki~hablts'of the students reveale~ the
follow~m~:
TI09782202
q3
Smoking H~stor7
Non-smokers
Regular cigarette smokers*
Occasional cigarette smokers**
Cigarette smokers who have stopped
Cigarette smokers who ~witche~
to pipe or cigar
Regular pipe or cigar smoker
Total
.50 728
21 307
18 261
1 11
I00 1466
more than one pack per week
less than one pack per week
Thus, of the total population, 59~ were nonlsmokers, where 41~ smoked cigars,
cigarettes or pipes. "
~en~y-seven students volunteered to participate in group discussion as
a means of changing their smoking habits. In addition to this group of 27
volunteers, a sample was selected for analysis which included i00 non-smol~rs,
I00 ex-smokers, and 200 smokers. The 200 smokers were comprised of all of
the heavy smokers (those who smoked over ten cigarettes per day) and 134 ligh=
smokers (those who smoked ten cigarettes or less per day).3
A homogeneous sample was selected on the basis of age, sex, marital
status, academic class, and soiial class. The average age of the students
was 18 years; 997. were unmarried;- 777. were freshmen; and another 17% were
sophomores; 507. were males and 50~ females; and almost all were from the
middle class. With regard to religious preference, Judaism was indicated by
577. of the students, Catholicism by 31~, and various denominations of Pro-
testants by 97.; the remainin~ 3% stated "none."
Factors Facili~ati~ or Inhibitin~ Co~tl.nui~ R#Inforcement
Horn and Waingrow suggest tha~ t~e decision not to smokeor to give up
smoking is part of a cont%~u~nE process en~ not a slm~le evento¢ %m o~e= to
tap various dimensions of the factors which facilitate or ~nh~b~
they suggest examrnrng the role of primary groups, maj~ ins~itutlonal groups~
and the mass med~a.5 Our own data examrnes the role of ~he first two agents:
pr~nary groups and major instltu~ions.
a. Influence of l~imary ~ups
We asked ~e students about the smokL~E habits of their parents, ~helr
older sibllnEs, the~ir friar, s, and their steady dates or spouses.
With regard to ~e~nts. the smoking habits of neither mother nor father
currently appear influential ~n the behavior of their late adolescent off-
spring ~ather: x2=9.78, p=~ot Significant; Mother: x2=6.02,°p=~ot Si~nlfibknt)
(see Ta~les I and 2). At the same ti~e, it sho~1 ~e noted that the highest
T109782203
• percentages recorded for parents who do n~t smoke or who have stopped smoking
are located among the student groups who also do not smoke ~r who have stopped
smoki~4~. Thus, although the role of the parents as exemplars appears weaker :
than m~ht have been anticipated, there is a trend in the predicted direction.
I= £s possible for this group of late a~olescents that while the importance
of parents as exemplars is diminished, that of the older sibllnE or the peer
group ~s increased. :-
With regard to older sibllr~s., the exemplar role appears more pertinent.
More of the heavy smokers i~icate that their older siblings also smoke
(6~) than is true of those who have never smoked (40~) or those who have
stopped smoking O1%). (x2:9.85, p <.05) (see Table 5).
The same relationship is even stronger with regard to friends. Amo~
those students who are non-smokers, 55~ report that their friends do not
smo1~e in contrast with the heavy smokers who report that only Z~. of their
friends do not smoke. The light smokers and those students who have given
up smoking, represent an intermediate group with 157. ana 2~ respectively
indicating that most of their fr~e~s smoke (x2=75.04, p <.001) (see Table
Therefore, it would appear that for a group of college students, the
Influence of the smokin~ behavior of the parents assumes less ~mportance than
is the case of the older sibling and, more important, the peer group. It is
possible, h~-;~.ver, that the relative importance of parents and peers is re-
lated to a developmental sequence. In the upper levels of grade school and
amon~ secondary school students, the exemplar role of parents is possibly of
great importance. With the shift towards greater independence and maturity
that ordinarily accompanies co.llegiate study, the peer group assumes" primacy
as the group to emulate.6
We were also interested in learning about the relationship of the
smoking habits of the st.e__ad~ date or Spouse_ and the various student groups.
Within the freshman class, the smoklnE habits of steady dates and spouses
appear to have little i~_~luence on their partners (x2=8.83, p=Not Signlf~cant)
(see Table 5). Nonetheless, as with the pa~ents, the h~4~hest percentage was
re~o~ed amon~ those s~eady da~es an~ spouses who, ~O not smoke and those
• students who do not smoke (5.97,), Once aEa~n~ on a developmental level,
smoklnE habits of the s~ady da~e an~ ~%e spouse may as. ~same Ereate~
fence at a later stm~e, say the senior year or the eaTly post-~ra~uate years.
It is also worth pointing out the special nature of the V~lunteer
with regard to the role of these ~nterpz~sonal forces £n their effec~ on the
continuation of ~ki~. Wi~ re~ ~ ~e s~i~ h~ of f~!y
be~s, the VolunteeT ~oup. ~epoz~s ~n~l eo~en~e be~een their
t~ a~t~pt Eo stop s~k~ ~ the ~~ of the~ f~ly ~ peers.
the Volunteer ~p~ ~ of the lathes ~, ~ of the ~thers ~o~, and
~ of ~e e!bli~s s~. At the s~ t~, th~ also r~port ~at 96~
the~ frie~s also smog. ~Is ~p ~s, ~erefo~, under the ~reatesz
s~l pressure f~ their ~~te e~~ent to continue ~k~.
~ t~t o~ of ~e re~ons f~ Vo1~te~s to ~o~ 8ro~Ds is ~at ~hey received
T109782204
so little additional support from their friends and families that they feel
the need to seek o,,tside affiliation a~ reinforcement. It should also he
~oted that the smokin~ habits of steady dates and spouses of the Volunteer
Group most resembles the pattern of the non-smokers and ex-smo~ers. Addl-
tional research-is needed to determine the si~niflcance of this sex ~roup
as an important source of strength in stopplr4~ smoklv~.
b. Smokln~ and Sex Roles
In this connection, we were concerne~ about the relationship bet~een
smoklnE and the attitudes toward masculinity and femininity. We as~ stu-
dents to agree or dlsa~ree with two questions in this area: "Smoking makes
a man appear more masculine," and "SmoklnE makes a woman appear less
femini~." 7 "
Non-smokers and ex-smokers agreed more than any of the other groups
that smoking makes a woman appear less feminine (p ~.01) (see Table 6,
Item l).. In addition, non-smokers and ex-smok~rs also dlsa~reed most that
smoking makes a man appear more masculine (~ <.05) (see Table 6, Item .2).
Thus, for the non-smol=er as well as those who stopped smoking, smoklnE is
rela~ed to their perception of sexual attractiveness. The degree to which
this attitude motivated their decision either not to smoke ~r to stop smoking
remains for future research to answer, With regard to smo~ers, it is p~sslble
that if they perceive the activity as offering reinforcement for sex roles,
this may be one of the means by ~.~nlch they also experience tension release
(see. section on Hotivation for Chan~e).
e. Governmental a~d Legal Supports
We also polled the students about their attitudes to~.;ard governmental
and legal institution policies with regard to smoking. We asked students
to indicate the extent of their agreement or disagreement with the state-
ments, "~le government should be doing more to dls¢ourage cigarette smo|¢inE,"
and "Str~ng legal action should be taken a~ainst vendors who sell cigarettes
to minors."
W~th regard to the statement about dlsco~rae~n~ cigarette smok£ng, the
ran~ erder of the means !nd£c~teS that the ~t~en~s most in a~reemen~ were •
then those who vol~teered to Join a group. - ~ose le~t in agre~ent were
the he~y an~ l~h~ s~kers (p <.05) (see ~le 6, Item 3).
sell cigarettes ~ m&nors~ we ~ al~s~ Id~c~ r~:~ts. ~e
of ~e ~ams ~a~s that the st~ents ~n st~es~ ~e~nt were those
who ~ nev~ s~k~, roll,ca ~ ~e ~l~teers ~d t~se who h~ st~
~0~. ~ose In least ~re~e~ were the l~t ~ hea~ smo~rs.
ever, ~ this i~ce, the differences helen ~e ~u~ were
c~t (see ~5~ 6, Item
T109782205
